ws Ne pomne : ere eo Reed par vane * ’ * 4 ; . Eaees rpg tenes yee ; sadaemert> > si eee Strang Car rawr brScik yes ries cuenatet CGwerese tt fewest ey Bier seiche eR Ree) & et a pans The Ontario Research Foundation JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical fl . b Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.) © ; Edited and Published for THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION By J. R. MOHLER, WASHINGTON, D. C. j EXECUTIVE BOARD George Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; S. E. Bennett, 3d Districty J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. H. Stange, 5th District; R. A, Archibald, * 6th District; A, T. Kinsley, Member at Large SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL George Hilton R. A. Archibald Index to Volume LVI NEW SERIES VOLUME 9 October, 1919, to March, 1920: WASHINGTON, D. C. 1920 SF bo | AS V.SG 65'7328 Re LY. 4.57 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS New Series Volume IX Associ1aTIon NEws All Aboard for New Orleans, 91. Famous Old French Opera House, New Orleans, 95. Texas State Veterinary Association, 104 A Group of A. V. M. A. Members ‘at Pearl River, N. Y., SpecrAL REPORT ON THE Histo-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS Fig. 1. Section through chronic glanders nodule in horse, 186. Fig. 2. Sections through omentum of guinea pig, 186. Fig. 3. Low-power view of acute glanders nodule in omentum of guinea pig, 187. A Case OF SPINDLE-CELLED SARCOMA OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES Fig. 1. Dressed carcass of a hen, Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of a apindieceian alveolar sarcoma, 193. INVESTIGATION OF THE DEATH oF CuHIcKs. CoccipIAN HEPATITIS Photomicrograph of a section of liver showing coccidia, 195. Portrait oF Dr. VerAnus AtvA Moore, 240. THE DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES BETWEEN MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA Pisté 1. fise: 'ty2.. 35) age. Plate II, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, 254. Plate III, figs. 8, 9, 10, 259. Plate IV, figs. II, 12, 13, 14, 261. THE Pacrnsyhtny AND DIsTRIBUTION oF TUBERCULIN BY THE BurEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY Diagram ‘1, 286. Chart \1, 290. Portrait or Mr. Harry C. Moore, 346. PorTRAIT OF PresipentT C. A. Cary, 351. e MeEmMorIAL TABLET AT ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE, 423. Dr. FREDERICK WILLIAM GRENFELL AND SONS, 561. REPRODUCTION OF BeETTER-S1RES PosTER, 565. BACTERIOLOGIC STUDIES OF A PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES A spontaneous case of the disease, 587. MemoriAL Hatt, Cotumsus, Oun1o, 671. (ii) Index of Authors Avery, Lawrence, 265. rnes, M. F., 570. Berg, William N. «» 125, 270. er, Fred, 570. _ Bruce, E. A., 72. Burson, W. M., 188. Cahill, "Edward A., 177. Cambon, Pes y.; 58r. Cary, c& A., 609. Cooley, A. S., 625. Cooper, Dean, 153. Dalrymple, W. H., 2, 233, 237. Day, L. E., 636. Dick, G. A., 37. Dorset, M., 282. Eichhorn, ‘Ss 5I.- Gould, J. N., 615. Graham, Robert, 378, 431, 489, 586. Grove, J. S., 164. Hall, aurice C.,'89,°71,. 169, 265, 394. Hadwen, S., 439. Hart, — H., 425. Hill, J. F., 378, 489, ‘586. Hobday, Bcinickt 75. Hollingworth, W. G., 47. Houck, U. G., 3509. Jorgenson, G. E., 4. Kaupp, B. F., 191, 194. MeMurdo, C. D., 30. Marsh, See 40, 186, 319. Marshall, C. J., 468, 570. Mohler, 7. R, 302. Moore, V. A., 20, 238. Munce, T. E., 14, 570. Ransom, B. H., 356. Records, Edward, 291. Reynolds, Francois H. K., 378, 480, 586. Schreck, Oscar, 158, 188, 4or. Schroeder, E. C., 360. Scott, John W., 448. Smith, E. I., 353, 424, 568. Stone, W. E., 278. . Trippeer, H. A., 455. Walker, C. C., 5. Watson, E. A., 317. Wigdor, Meyer, 169, 189, 394. Wright, Lewis H., 444. (ili) Index of Subjects Papers: Abortion, Bovine Contagious, Diagnosis of, 459. ; Abortion Disease, Contagious, 37- Abortion Disease of Cattle, The Etiology of So-called Infectious, 369. Address of the President, 238. Anthelmintics, Studies on, 59, 169, 310, 394. Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum, The Relative Po- tency of Tail: Bled and Carotid Bled, 177, , Bactecalann Studies of a Peracute Disease of Horses and Mules, 378, 489, 586. Caesarian Section in the Sow, 615.- Carbon Bisulphid, The Use of, in Infesta- tions with Bots, Gastrophilus Spp, 265. Catarrhal Vaginitis in the Dog, 400. Deficiency Diseases, 609. Endocrine Glands, The Influence of: the, upon the Animal Body, 278. Glanders, Special Report on_ the Pathology of, 40, 186. Hog-Cholera Control, Progress in, 359. Hog-Cholera Control, The Present Status Histo- Ob 52: : Hog-Cholera Serum, The Purification and Concentration of, 291. Humane Methods, Veterinarians Advocate, 47. Impaction in the Horse, 455. Inspections for Interstate Live Stock, 164. Intussusception of the Intestines, "600, 627. Long Bones in Infectious Equine Anemia and Other Conditions, A Comparative Study ‘of, 444. Malignant Catarrhal Fever, 570. Meat Inspection, Federal, as a Safeguard to Public Health, 302. Melanosis: and Melanosarcoma, The Differ- ential Features between, 140, 250 Should Movement of Milk, Sanitary Production and Handling of, 581. Potassium lodide in Malnutrition of Pigs, 508. State Law Relative to the Physical Exami- nation of Cattle, 20. Swamp lever, Notes on, 4390. Swamp Fever or Infectious Anemia, Ex- perimental Transmission by Means of Insects, 448. Tuberculin Test, The, 4. Tuberculin Tests, 5. Tuberculin, The Preparation and Distribu- tion of, by the Bureau of Animal In- dusiry, 282. 2 erp ins Eradication in Pennsylvania, Typhilitis and Perityphilitis, 158. United States Army Veterinary Corps Ser- vice of the Interior, 468. Veterinarian and the County Agent, Rela- tionship between, 153. Veterinary Corps of the Army, The Fu- ture, 30. Veterinary Education, How to Raise Stand- ards in, 125, 270. Clinical and Case Reports: Blackleg in Sheep, Outbreak, 3109. Coccidian Hepatitis. Investigation Death of Chicks, 194. Eneuresis, 188. of the Fecal Examinations of Dogs, Study of, 189. Interesting Case, 188. Iris Poisoning of Calves, 72. Pork Measles, An Estimate of Number of Cysts in Case, 71. Sarcoma, Spindle-Celled, of Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues, 191. Toxin-Antitoxin Method of Diagnosis for Ulcerative Lymphangitis (Bac. Priesz- Nocard), Note, 317. 1,000 Imported Abstracts: , Abortion, Infectious, in Cattle, 324. Adaimantinoma, Bovine, 81. ess in the Nervous Form of Distemper, Aaeetiee Jugular Vein in the Horse, Ate- companied by a Jugular Carotid Aneu- rysmal Anastomosis, 196. Anthrax in Morocco, 76. ‘ Aphthous Fever, Auto-Vaccino-Toxinother- apy in, 402. ? Colloids, 77. Feeding of Flesh to F arrowing Sows and Habits of Pigs, 79. ie Passing Virus in Certain Diseases, Footand Moun D (See Aphthous Fever.) : Fowl-Cholera Bacillus, Intestinal Wnneemon of Man, 405. ° Glanders, Discovery of a Case in Man through Serum Diagnosis, 509. Joint-Ill in Foals, Etiology, 197. Mallein, Nature of, Reaction, and Heredi- tary Transmission of ’ Anti-Glanders Bodies, 403. Narcosis, 618. @pium, Tincture of, Intranenanin Injection, Disease. 405. Osseous Melanosis, | 198. Osteoporosis of the Horse in the Belgian Congo, 196. Paraphymosis and Malformation of Penis — after Castration, Adams’ Operation, 75. nie a> Se Treatment with Patient's Own Blood, oleae "OF Fowls, 322. Pulmonary Vessels, Action of Some Drugs upon, 322. ‘ Rabies, Vaccination of Herbivora with “Ether-Virus,” 402. Rupture, Spontaneous, Sow, 618. Tracheostomy, 323. Tuberculosis, Experimental Study of Ther- apy, 404. of. Uterus in a. Army Veterinary Service: Guard, Major Willard F., 83. Reorganization of the Veterinary Corps, 515. Surgeon General’s Office, News from, 83, 200, 406, 514, 622. Association News: American Veterinary Medical Association Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting, 203, 326. Program of the New Orleans Meeting, Partial List of Papers and Authors for the, 98.. (iv) INDEX Vv Records of Service, etc., retary Mayo, too. Reduced Rates for the New Orleans Meet- ing, 91. Other Associations B. A. I. Veterinarians, National Associa- tion of, 110, 675. ag Columbia Veterinary Association, Central Canada Veterinary Association, 107. Central New York ‘Veterinary Medical Association, 420. ve. Tuberculosis-Eradication Conference, ianfais State Veterinary Association, 216. Illinois-Missouri Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, 330. International Association of Dairy. and Milk Inspectors, 423. Towa Veterinary Association, 213, 667. aga Veterinary Medical Association, Siottand Veterinarians, Conference of, 556. Minnesota State ‘Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, 330. — eterinary Medical Association, New. York a ia Medical. Asso- ciation, aot 4 New York Licersity, Alumni of, 555. New York Veterinarians, Conference of, 422 Northwestern Illinois Wisconsin Veterinary Medical tion, 220. Northwest Wisconsin Veterinary Associa- tion, 331. ote ‘Veterinary Medical Association, 418, 671 Oklahoma State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation, 672. Ontario Veterinary College Alumni, 423. Oregon and Washington Veterinary Medi- eal Association, 214. Pennsylvania State Medical Association, 420. Saskatchewan Veterinary Association, 106. Southeastern Michigan ‘Veterinary Medical iation, 221. United States Live Stock Sanitary Asso- ciation, 102, 409. Virginia Veterinary Medical and Southwestern Associa- Veterinary Association. Veterinary ag Association of New York City, 226 Western ew York Veterinary Medical Association, 330. World War ‘Veterinarians of America, 672. Proceedings of Nem sixth Annual Meeting, V. A., New Orleans ee. on ed Veterinary Service, 32. . Discussion on Paper on Intussusception of the Intestines, 627. Discussion on Swamp right 640. Election of Officers, 656, Horse Publicity Meiielation 630. ie Article on Infectious Anemia of the Horse, 642. Place of Next Meeting, 662. Proceedings of Meeting, 519, 625. Mayor Behrman’s Address of ‘Welcome, 519. Report of Executive Board, 526, 654. Report of Secretary, 531. : Wanted by Sec-' Report of Treasurer, 534. Reports of Committees, 540. Report of Committee on Bovine Tubercu- losis, 545. Response by Dr. David S. White to Ad- dresses of Welcome, 524. Section on General Practice, 625. Section on Sanitary Science and Police, Salmon Memorial Fund, 542. Welcome by Dr. Oscar Dowling, 522. Editorial: A Change, 233. Adulterated Drugs and “Substitutes,” 234. oars Problem in Communicable Disease, 0, 24 Dean and Director Dalrymple, 435. Echoes from the New Orleans Meeting, 353- International Veterinary Congress, 437. Last Appeal, The, 122. Let Us Have a Rousing Southern Meet- ing, 1. More and Better Live Stock Versus Para- sites, 356. National Research Council, 43 New Home of THe JouRNAL, The: ac ae? ges Editor—Dr. John R. Soler, President’ C. A. Cary, ri Readjustment, 433. Review of 1919, A, 354. Serum that Saved Human Life Made from Sheep’s Blood, ‘568. Southern Veterinarian, The, 568. Tolmie, Dr. Simon F., M. P. 8 FOr Unfortunate, 120. ‘Veterinarian’s Relation to the Better-Sires Movement, 563. Book Reviews: Studies on Acari, No.. 1—The Genus Dem- odex Owen. Stanley Hirst, 512. Surgical and Obstetrical Operations. W. L. Williams, 510. Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeu- tics. Kenelm Winslow, 621. Vegseneern Ophthalmology. Eugene Nich- ols, 511. Communications: Dr. Blattenberg Desires It. International Veterinary Congress, 676. New Orleans French Opera House Burned, Correspondence, 424. Profession Needs Advertising, The, 339. Pus in Frontal Sinus, 425. Necrology: Ashcraft, Watt, 343. Bird, » 342, 679. Buchanan,* Henry, 228. Colson, Charles S., 228. Debold, W. O., 112. Doris, Hugh Francis, 342. Morgan, William J., 112. Moore, Mrs. Hamlet, 344. Moore, Harry Coleman, 228, 346. Parrish, W. W., 228. Plaskett, Joseph, 679. Prucha, Joseph W., 680. Reichmon, BoA, 112. . Ross, Edward C., 112, 342. States, Harry E., 557. Treadway, Charles R., 113. Towne, George B.,: 680. Urba, J. M., 558. Werntz, Maceey Grant, 679. Vit INDEX Miscellaneous: Breeders and Veterinarians Discuss Tu- berculosis, 426. British Honors for Colonels White and Marshall, 325. “Cooperation” the Keynote sis Eradication, 428. Cornell University Official in Tuberculo- Publication, 232. Equine Hero, The, 115 Facts and Figures Needed in Live-Stock Industry, 229. Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Live-Stock Im- ports from England Prevented by, 432. Horse Meat Is a Fact, 230. Influenza, Horse and Human, 345. Knowles, A. D., Resident Secretary of Montana, Letter, 116. Names of Ontario Graduates Wanted for Roll of Honor, 199. Pacific Coast, A Trip to the, 558. Patriotic Veterinary Family, A, 560. Philippine Islands, News from "the, 231. Roberts, G. A., Sao Paulo, Brazil, Card from, 118. Rutherford, J. G., 113, 124. Schooled Veteritiarians Get Good | Posi- tions, 347. Two Most Excellent Articles, 116. University of Wisconsin, Notice, 349. What Part Should the Farm Adviser Take in the Control of Animal Diseases? 431. Why the Band Played “Dixie” at the In- ternational, 431. Winchester, J. F., 117, 348, 340. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A. Moors, President, Ithaca, N. Y. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. M. Jacop Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gro. HILTON, 1st District; T E. Muncs, 2nd Tiistrict; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District; J. R. Mouuer, 4th District; C. Lf. Sranen, 5th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 6th District; A. T. Kinsiey, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MOHLER GEO. HILTON R, A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JoURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. ; VoL. LVI, N. S. Vou. 9 OcTOBER, 1919 No. 1 LET US HAVE A ROUSING SOUTHERN MEETING. The 56th annual meeting of the A. V. M. A. will soon be upon us. In forty-eight days the veterinary forces of the United States and Canada will foregather in the metropolis of the South for the second southern meeting in the history of the organization. That they will be welcome, is a foregone con- clusion, as such an event has been looked forward to with pleas- ure for, lo, these many yeears; and no doubt many of the mem- bers, having long anticipated a trip South, will now be delighted to feel that their desires are about to be gratified. Indications point to a large attendance, and with this pros- pect. in view, those in.charge at the southern end of the line are putting forth every effort to add to the success of the meet- ing and make it an event that will be long and pleasurably re- membered by all who are fortunate enough to attend. Some further useful and interesting information by Dr. E. I. Smith, chairman, Committee of Arrangements, may be found in this number of THE JOURNAL. New Orleans has become a great convention city, where many of the largest organizations in the country meet; and 2 EDITORIAL being one of the most unique in the United States, it offers to the visitor many interesting things that are not to be seen in any other part of the country. The date selected for thee meeting is a very propitious one, so far as weather conditions are concerned, and should do away with the impression, which some may still entertain, that the weather is always hot in that section of the country. The literary part of the program will, we are assured, be excellent in every feature; and added interest will be given to it by a strong contingent from the Army Veterinary Corps, with its recent and ripe experience gained in active service both at home and overseas. . The Association is so rapidly increasing in membership, and with increased problems to be solved for the good of the whole profession, that important topics for discussion will no doubt come up at the New Orleans meeting which should invite a numerous attendance. Besides, the South is now largely repre- sented in the Association; and as it is not probable that another meeting will be held so far south for some time to come, it should behoove the members to try to make the coming convention one whose presence will not only be appreciated for the time- being, but whose effect will be lasting in adding and benefitting the profession in the South, where such is so much needed, and, incidentally, the stockowning public, whose interests are yearly growing in importance. We repeat, therefore, let us have a rousing Southern meeting, in November, in the Crescent City. THE CARRIER PROBLEM IN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE. j Shaw! made the statement, that, ‘‘ with the advance of scien- tific research our old pet theories go on the scrap heap while new theories are evolved. Now that transmission of disease through the air and by fomites has been disproved, the present explanation is that communicable disease is transmitted only by means of infected persons, unrecognized cases and healthy carriers.’’ This statement was made in connection with the subject of cerebro-spinal méningitis in human beings, and might apply to other infections in the human family. It has an appli- cation, however, to disease of a communicable nature in the subjects with which the veterinarian has to deal. Take the ques- EDITORIAL ‘ 3 tion of anthrax, for example. Morris,? of the Louisiana Experi- ment Station, proved, by experiment, that numerous animals, of the flesh-eating variety, and also carrion-feeding birds, were capable of spreading the spores of this infection, after feeding upon anthrax-infected flesh, or artificially-prepared ingesta containing the organisms. These carriers included the hog, dog, eat, oppossum, chicken and the buzzard, and with the exception of the buzzard, spores were found in the feces. -In the case of the buzzard, however, while the excrement did not contain spores, infection was found on the beak and feet of these birds after they had fed upon anthrax material. Later,® the same investigator found that blood-sucking flies, of the skin-piercing variety, as well as mosquitoes, after they ’ had fed on the blood of anthrax-infected animals (guinea-pigs) were capable of transmitting infection to healthy ones. And still later,* Morris found that non-biting, or surface sucking flies, such as the common house-fly, ‘‘blue-bottle’’ fly, ete., could carry infection from anthrax flesh to a healthy ani-— mal by simply walking over a fresh surface wound on the latter. Instances and references might be multiplied in the case of this, as well as other infections, to show that the solution of the carrier problem in communicable disease is of the utmost im- portance in the control of this class of diseases; but of* greater importance, to the veterinary sanitarian, especially, is the care- ful and sanitary treatment and disposal, or destruction, of the sources from which the numerous living carriers obtain their supply of infection. And in a great majority of cases, at least, this resolves itself down to the effective manner in which germ- laden carcasses are disposed of. So that we may have our live stock sanitary laws and our protective agents in the way of biologics, but until we can have those laws rigidly enforced, especially with regard to the thorough destruction of infected carcasses, and the sources of supply eliminated, the carrier problem is going to remain a very serious one in its relation to some of our most decimating animal infections. 1. Shaw, H. L. K.: The Cause of a “Sporadic” Case of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis, Am, J. Dis. Child. 18: 101 (Aug.) 1919. 2. Louisiana Bulletin No. 136, (Nov.) 1912. 3. Louisiana Bulletin No. 163, (March) 1918. 4. Louisiana Bulletin No. 168, (May) 1919. Dr. Chas. H. Higgins (Montreal) will lecture this year at the New York State Veterinary College, New York University. THE TUBERCULIN TEST. G. E. JorGENSON, Clermont, Iowa. In the July number of the JouRNAL there is a very interest- ing report on a test and retest of a herd of cattle by Dr. D. H. Jones, of the Ontario Agriculture College. This article brings us face to face with two very important points. They are, Ist, the reliability of the test based upon its proper application, and, 2nd, the time for the retest. : 1st—The reliability of the test based upon its proper appli- cation. In my opinion the success or failure depends primarily upon the patient, careful and painstaking work of the prac titioner. There is a great tendency on the part of many busy practitioners to do this work in between calls. This results in irregular, inaccurate and often prematurely concluded tests. This absolutely will not do. What is worth doing at all is worth doing well, and in this case it must be done well or it is worse than if not done at all. There is only one thing to do; and that is to demand enough for the work so that one can afford to devote one’s entire time to that particular test or let someone else do it who has the time and patience. I want to cite a case which I disposed of for the State a month ago. This was a seven-year-old grade cow tested in the usual way with a number of others in a town where for the people’s safety a test ordinance had been passed. The post tuberculin temperatures in this case had been concluded on the 16th hour. The next morning, 32 hours after the injection of tuberculin, she developed an ailment composed of a temp. of 106.5 and a slight induration of the left posterior mammary gland. It was both possible and probable that this was an extemporaneous and subsequent mammitis having no bearing on the test whatever; however, I absolutely could not place any reliance on the test as made, hence upon conferring with Dr. Wall, State Veterinarian of lowa, I placed her in quarantine for a retest on suspicion, and made several smears and inoculations on proper media with the milk from the affected quarter after treating it with antiformin. Out of twelve smears I demonstrated the characteristic acid- fast organism in 2 smears, but was not able to develop any growth upon the media. TUBERCULIN TESTS 5 On retest this cow reacted on the 16th hour, and upon slaughter showed lesions in the mesenteric glands. Smears from the milk now negative and the mammary gland normal, while a few organisms were found in the feces. I thmk that this case is a most convincing example upon which to base my above stated argument. 2nd—The time to retest: Up to the present I have not heard of any theory or explanation of the phenomenon of reaction out- side of anaphylaxis. This consists of the presence in the body of protein splitting lysin specifically developed against the Bac. tuberculosis by the presence in the reactor of the toxins and or- ganisms. When a dose of tuberculin is injected, this causes-an anaphylactic réaction and the lysin stored up is used, hence it seems logical to believe that the proper time to make a retest is sometime hence when the production and accumulation of lysin has again occured.. The reaction following the retest by Dr. Jones may be due to only a partial use of the lysin in the first test; however that will not hold in every case, as another veteri- narian and myself did some experimental work along this line several years ago which seems to prove this. We injected a large (double) dose of tuberculin into two reactors 5 and 15 days apart, respectively, with no reaction whatever. On postmortem the disease was demonstrated in both animals. On the other hand I have applied the retest to several, both reactors and non-re- actors 60 days after the first test, and in the case of reactors have been able to prove up the reliability of this procedure. TUBERCULIN TESTS.* By Dr. C. C. Waker, Helena, Montana. It is indeed with some hesitation that one takes up the sub- ject of ‘‘Tuberculin Tests,’’ as many abler men have discussed the various phases of this question. However, a few facts and data obtained during the last two years in tuberculosis eradica- tion work may be of interest to you. As most of you know, my whole time has been given to this work since I came to Montana. It is unnecessary for me to diseuss the technic of either the subeutaneous or the intradermal tests. It may be well to state, in a general way, the manner in which a combination of tests *Paper read Pete Montana Veterinary Medical Association at Butte, Mont., June 26-27, 1919. 6 Cc. C. WALKER can be applied to a herd with some show of getting the most out of each. We may also include the ophthalmic test, which, I am convinced, can be used under certain circumstances with ex- cellent results. From all the data I have been able to obtain.and from my own experience, I would say that the intradermal test should have a clear field for at least 48 hours before the subcutaneous is used, if it is intended to use both on the same herd for the pur- pose of obtaining comprehensive results or as a check test, and should be used in herds which have not been recently tested, say within 60 days, by any test. As a general rule, to which there may be exceptions, the subcutaneous test may follow the intradermal in 48 or 72 hours or any longer period with good results. What little data I have would tend to show that the ophthalmic has no blocking effect on either the subcutaneous or the intradermal tests. On the other hand the ophthalmic seems to give more definite reactions when given with or following any of the tests. The second ophthalmic, when given about 48 hours after the sensitizing dose, always shows a more marked reaction than the first test. For this reason it would seem that we had a good agent in this test to pick out plugged reactors or to help decide between suspicious and real reactions to the other two tests. : When we wish to find out the real condition as to tuberculosis in certain herds we can use all three tests to good advantage. In our field work where our time is valuable and we want to get as much work done as possible, we can give the intradermal injection and insert ophthalmic dise at the same time. An ob- servation of results of first ophthalmic is not essential, or not absolutely necessary, as same animals will show a more marked re- action to the second ophthalmic, when careful observations should be made. This reaction may be seen as early as 6 hours and, in some cases, as late as 18 hours after insertion of dises. We can give the subcutaneous test 48 or 72 hours after making intra- dermal injection and the insertion of first disc, taking the tem- peratures in the regular manner. The second ophthalmic dose, double the first or two dises, may be inserted at the same time the subcutaneous injection is made and observations can commence at the same time the postinjection temperatures are taken. If this method of procedure is followed no time is lost in waiting around and I believe the results will be excellent. I have not tried this TUBERCULIN TESTS 1; method many times so I make the, statement with reservation. The combination of these three tests will assist us in clean- ing up herds with a bad history as we may be thus enabled to eliminate all or a larger proportion of the tubercular animals at the outset instead of waiting six months for a retest to remove tubercular animals which may pass the first test. It is an unde- niable fact that some animals will pass any one of these tests and very frequently—too frequently for our peace of mind— some of these are spreaders and new animals will be infected before it is time for a retest under our rules governing the time for retests. On the other hand it is also true that we get ap- parent reactors to any of these tests as shown by our postmortem reports. We have been taught that the test was correct in about 98 or 99 cases out of 100. Those of us who have posted a lot of reactors know that the efficiency of the test is rauch less than has been supposed. Even so there is no other method anywhere nearly as good for eliminating the tuberculous cow. Therefore, if we can get a combination of tests, or can alternate the tests, we may get better results than we have in the past. - Some of the advocates of the intradermal test claim that 100 per cent of the reactors will show lesions on postmortem if the test is given by a well-trained man, and also if one does not find lesions he does not know how to give the test. I believe that neither of these things are necessarily true; that there are ap- parent reactors in non-tubercular cattle, in a very few cases, as there are with the subcutaneous and eye tests, and a few are passed by it as with the other tests. I base my opinion on the results of my own work and of the other men associated with me in this work. All of us will admit that there is a great difference as far as accuracy is concerned if we consider the work of a man who has made a large number of tests and has followed up his reactors with postmortems, as compared with the work of a be- ginner. Nevertheless it occasionally happens that a good man will find a nice typical swelling and fails to find any lesions. This occurs so seldom that it militates very little against the test. It may be claimed that the fault is always due to lack of careful search for lesions when we get these intradermal reactors as is usually claimed in similar cases of subcutaneous reactors. We commenced to test for the accredited herd in this State in August, 1917, using the subcutaneous test. In most cases the herds we tested had been tested more or less regularly over a 8 Cc. C. WALKER period of years. For the most part these had been tested by the intradermal method during the three or four years prior to the accredited herd work. As a general rule the results of our tests were in agreement with the previous intradermal tests as far as one would expect to find from the individual history of the var- ious herds. I shall now refer to some of the differences we found and will cite herds tested with one, or two kinds of test, and with a combination of tests. HERD No. 1 (133 head Purebred Holstein). History: Had been tested at least once a year and no reactors found for over six years. Both the subeutaneous and intra- dermal tests had been employed, the last test being intradermal. No untested animals had been admitted to the herd for some years, Results: There were 5 reactors to subcutaneous test, one being slaughtered and no lesions found; the others passed later tests. The following is a chart of reactors: 2pm 5pm 9pm bam 8am l0am 12m 2pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 1 1.2 1.8 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 4.5 4.4 3.7 3.4 2.0 2 1.4 1.6 16°. 2.2 4.0 3.5 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 2.9 1.8 3 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.2 3.2 2.4 3:2 4.0 3.8 Continued 8pm 10pm 12m 5am Tam 9am ; 5.8 5.8 5.0 4.1 3.9 2.2 6an n 8am 10am 12m 2pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 4 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.6 - 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.6 4.1 Continued 8pm 10pm 12m 5am Tam 9am 3.4 5.4 3.1 2.3 2.2 2.0 5-7 day retest, 3am 5am Tam 9am 10am ilam ipm 2pm 3p 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.0 2.0 2.7 2.8 4.8 5.6 5.2 5.5 4.9 oe bd Cow No. 1 slaughtered, no lesions. HERD No. 2 (150 head Purebred Holstein, State owned). History: The last reactors were removed 8 years previously and herd had been regularly tested up to time of our test, 4 times subcutaneously and 3 times intradermally. No untested animals had been admitted to herd. Results: 2 reactors and 2 suspects found. One reactor and, by error, one suspect killed, no lesions found. See chart. 2pm’ 5pm 7pm 5am 8am liam 2pm 4pm 5pm 0.8 18 18 36 838 8.9. 0.6 pole 6. Ob eilled. ; : { : 0.6 Susp. killed, no lesions. 99.8 1.0 1.0 Not killed. HERD No. 3 (18 head Purebred Holstein, State owned). History: Reactors removed two years prior to our test, but no reactors on test one year before. Pole Ob to mor i) Oo bor ~ bo oo i) oo Com CO AND i) ~ TUBERCULIN TESTS 9 — Results: 2 reactors, no lesions on postmortem. See chart. 4pm épm 8pm 5am Tam 9am llam ipm 4pm 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.4 4.6 3.6 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.0 1.8 16 40 5.6 3.4. 2.0 1.6 1.6 HERD No. 4 (70 head Purebred Holstein, State owned). History: Had been regularly tested for some years and no reactors found, last three tests by intradermal method. Results: 2 reactors, one of which was killed but no lesions found, and the other one year later tested during the same period with the subcutaneous, intradermal and ophthalmic with no reaction to any of these tests. 2pm 5pm 9pm 6am 8am 10am 12m 2pm 4pm 1 Rr et O4 BB Oe £16 2 ef 8 5.1. 4.0:.. 3.8 2 0.6 21.2 %21.7 °45 56:0 6.2 456.8 °3.3 3.0 Killed, no’ lesions. HERD No. 5 (about 85 head mostly Purebred Holstein, State owned). History: Had been regularly tested and no reactors found for over ten years. Same herd passed first test for accreditd’ herd but found one reactor on second test. See chart. 2pm 5pm 9pm 6am 8am il0am 12m 2pm 4pm 5pm bin, 28 1.6 2.2 1.4 4.0 3.2 2.4 2.2 2.2 1.4 Killed, no les. HERD No. 6 (140 head Purebred and grade Holstein). History: Had been tested about 2 years previously with no reactions. - Results: 3 reactors found on first subcutaneous test. Lesions demonstrated in one but not in other two. Six months later on intradermal test 2 reactors found and these two were given subcutaneous tests 72 hours after intra- dermal, large doses, 15 ce., and both passed last test. Both of these cows were killed, one showing positive lesion and the other nothing definite macroscopically or microscopically. 3pm 5pm 8pm 5am 8am llam 2pm 4pm 5pm be 1 2.2 2.0 2.8 4.2 3.4 1.6 2.0 2.0 No. lesions. 2 1.9 2.6 2.7 2.2 2.8 4.8 4.5 5.6 5.4 No lesions. 3 2.0 1.2 1.9 0.8 1.2 2.8 4.0 4.2 2.0 Lesions. 2nd test intradermal rengion injectad ae hours previously : 4 1.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.8 2.0 1.4 1.2 5 1.6 1.8 1.8 32 1.8 aa 30 2.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 HERD No. 7 (about 50 head Purebred Holsteins). History: Had never found reactors on the place and herd tested about once a year for five years. Results: An intradermal test showed two reactors; these were given the subcutaneous test about 96 hours afterward and neither showed any reaction. They were left in herd as they had not signed up for accredited list. 10 Cc. C. WALKER HERD No. 8 (69 head, mostly grade Jerseys). History: No definite history of tests but owner said herd had been tested but no reactors found. Results: 2 reactors to intradermal test, neither of which showed definite lesions. HERD No. 9 (35 head Purebred Polled Durham). History: Nothing definite as to tests but presence of tuber- culosis was suspected. Results: One reactor to first subcutaneous test, lesions on postmortem. About 4 months later same herd tested intradermally and 8 reactors found, all of which showed lesions, three being general- ized cases. One old cow passed the first subcutaneous test and two sub- sequent intradermal tests, but reacted to third intradermal, was the worst case of generalized tuberculosis I ever saw. About 6 months later the same herd was tested by the intra- dermal method and 7 reactors found. All of these showed lesions with one exception, and this cow had nice typical swelling. HERD No. 10 (40 head Purebred Holstein). History: This herd had been tested more or less regularly for two or three years and a few reactors were taken out from time to time. From all the results we have had in this herd it would seem that all or nearly all of original herd were plugged reactors at time they were shipped to the state in 1914. At any rate there were tubercular animals in the herd before its pur- chase by present owner. This may account for the fact that sey- eral of these cows passed the tests and that they had at time of our first test eliminated the effects of tubereulin injections. Results: 16 reactors and 6 suspects on first subcutaneous test. All of the 16 showed marked lesions, 8 of them being con- demned as unfit for food. The advice was given to also dispose of 5 of the 6 suspects at same time, but this was not done. In about 3 months the whole herd was given the subeutaneous test and all passed, including the suspects. (Two calves re- acted. ) In about another 3 months a subeutaneous test was given and two of original suspects reacted, the rest passing. These two showed well-marked lesions, TUBERCULIN TESTS ae About 6 months later all three tests, the subcutaneous, the intradermal and the ophthalmic were given. The intradermal injection was made about 3 p. m. on May 7, 1919, and the first ophthalmic inserted the same evening at 8 p. m. Observations were made the next morning at 6 and 9. Three cows showed suspicious reaction to ophthalmic. On afternoon of May 9, preliminary temperatures were taken and at 8 p. m. the sub- cutaneous injection was made, about 8ec. being given each cow, 15 to bulls, and at the same time two dises of ophthalmic tuber- culin were inserted. The subcutaneous was given to eight cows and two bulls and ophthalmic to ten cows and the two bulls, one cow very near parturition and one having a metritis. The younger animals were given the intradermal only. Observations and first temperatures were taken at 4 a. m. on May 10. Two of the cows suspicious to first ophthalmic showed marked reaction and the other one still suspicious. Both cows showing ophthalmic reaction also reacted to intradermal test ; one had a very typical swelling but other was not very typical. There was no rise in temperature in one cow and the other showed a rise from 2.2 before injection to 3.5 after injection, or may be regarded as a suspect to subcutaneous test. This cow was one of original suspects and showed marked lesions of bronchial and mediastinal glands. The other cow showed a tubercular arthritis in one hock and a tubercular lesion in lung as big as a pigeon egg. The other cow suspicious to eye test passed the intradermal test and on June 5-6 another ophthalmic and the subcutaneous test was given with no reaction. As this herd now stands all of the older cows have been killed with one exception and she is one of the original suspects; the other suspect is 4 years old and is the one last tested in June. The bull was a suspect but was very hard to handle on the first test. He has passed all other tests. It is fair to presume that we have removed the spreaders, as none of the younger cattle react to the later tests. It is advised that the bull and these two cows be slaughtered in case more valuable animals are to be added to the herd. HERD No. 11 (about 125 head Purebred Holstein). History: This herd was imported into the state from three Eastern States and was tested before being shipped, some six or 12 Cc. C. WALKER seven years ago. Two or three years passed before they were tested in this State. The history goes back to November, 1916, when the first test was made. Results: First test, intradermal, November, 1916: 74 tested (milk cows), 27 passed, 9 suspects, 38 reactors, 52 not tested. Owner wanted subcutaneous test and the herd was given this test in January, 1917; 122 tested, 72 passed, 8 suspects, 41 re- actors, 4 not tested. Original intradermal reactors kept in quarantine but in- cluded in this test. Forty of the 41 subcutaneous reactors were posted and lesions ' found in 39; the other, which was suspicious to the intradermal but reacting to the subeutaneous, showed no lesions. A comparison will show that 20 intradermal reactors either passed or were only suspicious to the subeutaneous test. Out of the 27 passed by intradermal, 4 reacted and 1 was suspicious to subcutaneous test. Out of the 38 reacting to the intradermal test 13 passed the subeutaneous, 6 were suspicious, one not tested, and of those suspicious to the intrager a 2 were passed and one suspicious to both tests. Third test: Subcutaneous May 1917; 93 tested, 64 ea 7 suspects, and 22 reactors. The former intradermal reactors (20) were in this test. Of these 20 intradermal reactors 14 passed this test. : The 22 reactors were posted and all showed lesions. Nine of the 14 former intradermal reactors passing this test were also posted, all showing lesions. Fourth test: January, 1918, subeutaneots : 73 tested; 50 passed ; 10 suspects; 13 reactors. The 5 remaining intradermal reactors were in this test and a dose of 15 ce. was given to each cow. One reacted, two were suspicious and two passed the test. The 13 reactors, one being former intradermal reactor and also reacting to this test, and the remaining 4 intradermal re- actors, making 17 in all, were posted, all showing lesions. Fifth test: Intradermal: April, 1918: 61 tested; 2 reactors, the same animals also reacting to the ophthalmic which was given at same time. These two reactors showed iesions. Sixth test: Subcutaneous: 39 tested, 1 reactor. September, 1918. Reactor showed lesions. Some young animals not tested. TURERCULIN TESTS 13 Seventh test: Subcutaneous: November, 1918, 58 tested, nu reactors. Eighth test: Imtradermal: March, 1919, 81. (including calves) tested; no reactors; no suspects. Note: There was one 11-year-old cow which had lost con- dition ; this had been noticed for 4 or 5 weeks, and this led to the supposition that she was suffering from tuberculosis and for this reason she was given, besides the intradermal, the subcutaneous, the first and second ophthalmic and the intrapalpebral tests, but failed to react to any of them. As cow was about to die she was posted and it was found that she was suffering from acute nephritis, but a close examination of the glands revealed several tubercular nodules in one bronchial gland. These were apparent- ly of the healed variety. This cow had passed all tests given the herd. We have killed over 100 animals out of this herd and it is probable that we have it cleaned up as far as tuberculosis is concerned. A combination of tests will be of value in making the next test of this herd. In order not to have all the data on one side I should like to refer to one herd of Purebred Polled Angus cattle of 82 head which were tested by the subcutaneous method, 40 reacting and lesions being found in 39 head of these. In this case all sus- _ pects were called reactors with owner’s permission. One suspect’ did not show definite lesions. Another herd of Shorthorn cattle, 170 head including calves, ‘were tested by the intradermal method, 56 reacting; all of these, with one exception, showed lesions on post mortem. The last two herds were posted in Butte and Billings respectively under B. A. I. supervision. - In one of the largest herds tested, about 750 head, these were tested by the intradermal method; there were 170 reactions. All these animals were killed under B. A. I. supervision, part of them in Butte and part of them in Chicago. About 100 head were shipped to Chicago under the new quarantine law last fall, and all showed lesions except 4 or 5 head. A careful consideration of the facts presented will convince one that we have something to learn about tuberculin tests. It is almost impossible to draw definite conclusions from these various and conflicting data. It would seem that in some herds the intradermal test was more efficient than the subcutaneous and in 14 T. E. MUNCE others it was about the same with either test. In any herd with a large percentage of tuberculosis, no recent tests having been made, either test is very accurate when applied by trained men. In herds which have a fine history, and which would seem to be entitled to a place on the accredited herd list, we may get a very few supposed reactions to any of the tests. It would seem that we have a valuable agent in the ophthal- mic test to check up the findings of the other two tests. This can be used in herds having a large number of reactors and in herds which have been clean and in which we get reactors or doubtful reactors and want to find out the real facts. TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA.* T. E. MUNCE. Harrisburg, Pa. In Pennsylvania, herd owners have two methods to choose from in eradicating tuberculosis. In brief, they provide as follows: Ist. Officially Accredited Herd Plan. Codperatively be- tween Federal and State Bureaus to establish throughout the United States what is known as Officially Accredited Tubereu- losis-Free Herds. To secure this codperative assistance, the herd owner must comply with the requirements contained in the agree- ment between the United States Bureau of Animal Industry and Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. The examination and tests are conducted at stated intervals by Federal and State Bureau agents free of charge. The owner is partially in- demnified for condemned cattle by payments from Federal and State Bureau funds as available by legislative appropriations. In some instances payments are deferred until moneys are avail- able; but there has been no default of payment. Condemned cattle are appraised at market value as agreed between owner and agent. The law limits the payment of indemnity by the State to $70.00 for a registered and $40.00 for an unregistered animal. In addition to the amount paid by the State, the Federal Bureau may pay not more than $50.00 for a registered and $25.00 for an unregistered animal. The law limits the amount the owner may receive from all sources, 7. e., the State, the Federal Govern- *Presented at Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medi- cal Association at Harrisburg, Penna., January 22, 1919. TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA 15 ment and the butcher, to 90% of the market value as established by the owner and State agent. : 2nd. Unofficial Plan. The owner may arrange for the test- ing of one or more animals, or the entire herd, but no indemnity will be paid and the owner is under no obligation to continue the testing. Examinations and tuberculin tests are conducted at owner’s expense, by a veterinarian selected by the owner, provided such veterinarian has been approved by the State Bureau. All tests must be reported promptly and the condemned animals handled according to law. This plan is to take care of herd owners who are unable or unwilling to obligate themselves under any prescribed plan in the effort to rid their herds of tuberculosis. ; The first formal application under the officially accredited plan was received April 1, 1918, four months after the plan was adopted at Chicago. We have not been pushing this proposition vigorously by urging our breeders to test their herds. Had we done so, we could have had many applications to report today. We do not deem it good policy to urge tuberculin testing upon our farmers, believing it far better to be content with the policy of calling their attention to the economic losses that result from neglecting to check the progress of tuberculosis in their herds and to acquaint them with the best known methods for detect- ing and eradicating the disease. We have in Pennsylvania approximately 1,532,000 cattle with an estimated value of $101,176,000 which, in the speaker’s opinion, is low. Of that number, 914,000 are said to be milk cows, estimated to be worth $75,000,000, which is certainly conserva- tive. In the herds tested under the officially accredited plan, 5% were condemned. Granting there are 1,000,000 milk cows in the State and 5% are tuberculous, we had last year in Pennsylvania 50,000 tuberculous cattle with an assessed value of $72.90 each, or $3,645,000. A further insight as to the waste resulting from: tuberculosis may be gleaned from the records of post mortem examinations made by Federal and State agents at establishments in Pennsyl- vania outside of Philadelphia and Chester. These records show that out of 100,000 cattle killed under inspection, 3,273 (8144%) or 131 car loads were diseased ; 1,076, or one long train of 44 cars, were so badly diseased that they had to be tanked, and tubercu- 16 T. E. MUNCE losis is spoken of as a preventable disease. The records for Philadelphia, our largest slaughtering center, and Chester were not available, but had they been obtained they would have shown the losses even more appalling. Another thing to remember is that these figures represent only approximately one fourth of the cattle slaughtered in Pennsylvania. Furthermore, keep in mind that the worst cattle are, as a rule, killed at establishments at which no inspection is maintained and data, therefore, is not available. . The foregoing figures relate to cattle alone and do not include losses from tuberculosis in hogs. f If we accept the foregoing as true, then we are confronted by. the question: Is it worth while, economically, to attempt to check this disease? I say economically because everything in- dustrial, social, and even moral, it seems, is reckoned nowadays in dollars and cents. The public wants to know, and rightly too, what a thing will cost and what it will yield when produced. The question, then, is one of production and preservation. Does it pay to produce livestock? If your answer is affirmative, then it will pay to preserve it. If a thing is worth producing, it is equally worth preserving. If a product is not worth preserving, it is not worth producing. The two go hand in hand, we cannot get away from that. The laws of nature teach that and we see it on every hand. Some oppose the tuberculin test as a practical proposition, on the ground that it is not accurate and suggest postponing the work until a perfect diagnostic agent is brought forth. Such a theory may be good, but do such advocates apply this principle to other things? We think not. They use, as a rule, the best agent avail- able. I say as a rule because they do not always take advantage of the best, being willing at times to use a substitute for the best, the almost as good product. If our home caught fire we would not inform the fire department to keep hands off just because they failed to extinguish every fire in the community. If our wife or child contracted a dangerous, infectious disease, we would not refuse to call our physician on the ground that some of his patients had died from the same malady. We do not refuse to ride on trains because of accidents. We do not dispose of our automobile because of occasional carburetor or tire trouble. Those of us who have had anthrax or blackleg among our cattle do not refuse to vaccinate annually against these diseases because TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA 17 the vaccine occasionally fails to produee the desired immunity. We do not refuse to have anti-hog cholera serum administered because, in a previous outbreak, some of the vaccinated hogs con- tracted the disease and died. Our grain binder occasionally misses tying a sheaf, yet we do not discard it and return to the reaper or cradle and tying by hand. These agencies, like hun- dreds of others, are not perfect by any means, yet we constantly employ them. Why? Because they are the best at hand. ‘'hey are practical illustrations, matters of daily occurance, yet we take little, if any, account of the failures, but continue to use such agencies as we have, imperfect as they are, almost in full confidence and as though they were exempt from liability to mistake. For this there is a reason. Is it not because we see for our- selves the disaster that will follow and the losses which will be sustained if a remedy is not applied? Is it purely a matter of understanding application of the theory that seeing is believing? If our power of vision were increased to a degree that we could determine by the naked eye, see for ourselves whether our cattle are tuberculous or healthy and, if diseased, we could observe the progress of the malady from day to day, most herd owners would have a different vision of this important problem. As it is, the disease is hidden and we cannot observe its presence; moreover, its progress is usually slow, which further obscures its prevalence. If the breeders and feeders could be present at the slaughter of the cattle and hogs they raise and dispose of, they could then see for themselves the seriousness of the disease, get a better conception of the enormous losses and waste that take place yearly in our livestock industry. It has been suggested that the time will come when the farm- ers who breed and raise the livestock will be called upon to bear the losses resulting from animals killed for food and condemned on account of disease instead of the butchers, as at present. As to whether-this is the proper time to advocate such a policy, we are not prepared to say, but some day such rule or law will un- doubtedly be adopted. When the time comes for the breeders and feeders to make good such losses, then, and not until then, will our people as a whole, appreciate the seriousness of the situation and realize that it is to their individual financial interest to give closer attention to the health of their stock. When the pocket book is touched, relief will be sought and a real and 18 T. E. MUNCE united effort made to produce and maintain healthy herds. This, then, is no time to stop and loiter by the wayside. We must keep going at full speed. The ravages of disease and the waste which follows must be checked and such men as you must help to do it. If it was necessary, in the midst of the war, to stop waste and speed up production, it is, my friends, even more essential to do so now during the years of reconstruction. We have more people to help feed today than during the war or in the history of the world. To those who advocate waiting until an absolutely accurate diagnostic agent is discovered before starting tuberculosis eradi- cation, the answer is: No, the people are not willing to wait. Such a procedure is not in accord with the Yankee’s way of doing things. We all know that when American citizens recog- nize the existence of a menace, they want to get rid of it as soon as possible and, to do so, they employ the best methods available. It is not the history of this country for its people to stand back and wait for the infallible—the dawn of a perfect day. They take the best at hand, use it and while using it, they perfect it. We are not boosting this work. Tuberculosis eradication is forced upon no one. In Pennsylvania, tuberculin testing is now and always has been optional with the cattle owner and, further- more, so long as we have anything to do with formulating the livestock sanitary policies, it will remain so. The accuracy or inaccuracy of the tubereulin test is not, in our judgment, the basis upon which the question of bovine tuber- culosis should be considered and discussed. The tuberculin test should be regarded incidental rather than paramount to the main issue. If we ever expect to successfully eradicate the disease in this country, it will not be sufficient to confine the work to re- moving diseased animals from the herds but the effort will have to be in the direction of building clean herds from healthy off- spring. Remove the cause by breeding and raising healthy stock and not wait until the disease appears, then undertake to eradi- cate the trouble. In other words, build your herds from healthy foundation stock and surround the young with fitting environ- ment as they grow into maturity and you will have done more toward solving the tuberculosis eradication problem than all the tuberculin testing that has been done on mature animals which have been kept under unsuitable and haphazard conditions. Go almost where you will and you will see the calves shifted TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION IN PENNSYLVANIA 19 7 here or there to suit the convenience of the owner, unusually back in an out of the way corner where fresh air and sunlight seldom, if ever, reach. Discontinue the practice of keeping the calves and other growing cattle in the same building with mature animals. Pro- vide separate quarters including exercise yard or runway for the young cattle. These quarters should be situated, if possible, on ground with natural drainage. The side or end of the pen facing the south should not be enclosed. This will allow the cattle to go and come as they please and will permit the entrance of sunlight and fresh air, and last, but not least, they should have constant access to plenty of pure water, all of which are indispensable to good health. Cattle matured under such con- ditions will enter the milk line or feed lot in sound health and with a sturdy constitution sufficient to withstand the strain incident to the present forced method of milk and beef produc- tion and which will better enable them to ward off the common diseases cattle are heir to. Tuberculin is an important factor in speeding up tubercu- losis eradication work and in protecting our herds against out- side infection, but most important of all, the essential thing is to breed and raise our herds under healthful environment. In districts of America where cattle are raised in the open, bovine tuberculosis is rare as compared to sections in ‘which they are closely confined in poorly ventilated dark stables, as for example, most of our eastern bank barns. Do not understand me as con- demning or even belittling the tuberculin test, because we have as much faith in the virtue of the test as ever. It is unquestion- ably the most accurate diagnostic agent available, but like all other human agencies, it is not infallible—it has its limitations. Unfortunately, most people, including many veterinarians, ex- pect too much from tuberculin. They look upon and use it as sort of a cure all for tuberculosis. They apply a test, then go about their ordinary business affairs until it is time for another test. In short, they depend entirely upon tuberculin 1nd ig- nore the truly essential things: breeding, feeding, sanitation, ete. "Tuberculosis eradication is a business proposition and any herd owner who is not prepared or is unwilling to carry on the work as such, and with a determination to succeed, had better leave it alone. To herd owners who have studied the propo- sition and see that it is to their intertest to have healthy herds, 20 v. A. MOORE we are ready to cooperate with such owners to our fullest ability and with a resolution to win. To those who are interested but undecided and desire additional information, we will most gladly counsel with them at their convenience. Permit me to say in closing that in tuberculosis eradication we may postpone the day of reckoning, but we cannot avert the imposition of the penalty. Bovine tuberculosis has got to go from our fair land. Your counsel and advice in perfecting plans for carrying on the work is most earnestly solicited. THE STATE LAW RELATIVE TO THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF CATTLE.* VeERANUS A. Moors, Ithaca, N. Y. Section 98, Chapter 311, of the Laws of New York, as amended and approved by the Governor May 3, 1919, contains the following provision for the physical examination of dairy cattle. ‘‘The Commissioner shall cause a physical examination to be made by competent veterinarians of dairy cows whose milk is marketed in liquid form or manufactured into butter, cheese or other food for human consumption, where the conditions are such as to make it necessary, in order to prevent the products containing pathogenic bacteria, and he may cause a bacteriologi- cal test to be made of the excretions or secretions of any herd or herds of dairy cows or of any cow or cows within the state. Such physical examination may be made as frequently as avail- able funds appropriated will permit and as the conditions may necessitate.’’ This law was enacted on the recommendation made by the New York State Commission for the Investigation of Bovine Tuberculosis appointed by Gov. Glynn and which made its re- port in March, 1915. This Commission was appointed for the purpose of ascertaining, if possible, what changes should be made in the law that would reduce, or tend to minimize, the amount of bovine tuberculosis in the state. The Commission consisted of 19 ment, deeply interested in the control of this disease. Their *Read at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, July 24, 1919, Brooklyn, N. Y. Theobald Smith, chairman, Henry L. Best, Herman M. Biggs, Albert L. Brockway, Herbert E. Cook, Parker Corning, James A. D. S. Findlay, Calvin J. Huson, O. U. Kellogg, Henry H. Law, V. Everett Macy, Albert Manning, Veranus A. Moore, Henry L. K. Shaw, Edward Van Alstyne, Phillip VanIngen, H. J. Wright, Linetey R. Williams, Secretary. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF. CATTLE ics recommendation on physical examination took the form given in the statute referred to in 1917. The economic conditions oc- casioned by the war prevented the Commissioner of Agriculture from enforcing this statute until after the armistice was signed and then his appropriation was insufficient to carry it out in full. This subject received very careful consideration by the Com- mission and the recommendation was voted unanimously. It was agreed by all that this measure would be beneficial in combating bovine tuberculosis. It was not intended as a substitute for any specific test nor does it change in any way the law relative to the use of tuberculin. When it came to the enforcement of this statute, the question arose as to whether or not such a pro- cedure would be of sufficient value to justify it. The objectors based their argument on the fact that it was impossible to detect a very large percentage of tuberculous animals by a physical examination, and that after all the suspicious cases were re- moved, that could be detected by it, there would still remain many. infected individuals. Some of those, who oppose the measure, feel it is unwise to employ a method of this kind when, as they say, there is a more efficient means of detecting infected ‘animals, namely, the use of tuberculin. As those who have ques- tioned its efficiency are, so far as I know, veterinarians, it seemed desirable to point out some of the benefits it was be- lieved would accrue from its enforcement and, further, to em- phasize the importance of physical examination and the part it can play in control. From statements that have been made, it appears that some veterinarians are experiencing difficulty in understanding the value and limitations of the various methods for the detection and control of bovine tuberculosis. With the development of newer methods for diagnosis, there is a tendency to put aside pro- cedures heretofore employed. Many members of the medical professions seem to have forgotten that the physical examina- tion formed the basis of all diagnosis in the earlier years and, more than any other method, continues to bring into operation the power of observation and the skill of the practitioner as dis- tinguished from those of the herdsman. If one turns to the early history of veterinary medicine, he will find that by this method quite remarkable achievements have been accomplished. In the Fourth Century, for example, Apsyrtus, the . official 22 v. A. MOORE, veterinarian of the Roman Army, diagnosed glanders by the physical examination alone; and by isolation and quarantine brought it under complete control. In the latter part of the last century, Dr. James Law diagnosed tuberculosis in one of the large state herds and by repeated and thorough physical ex- amination and the removal of suspicious animals, eliminated it. For a number of years after tuberculin came into use, not a reactor was found in the herd. It is to be regretted that this foundation to the art of medicine should be surrounded by so many doubts and misgivings because, with greater knowledge of infections, we recognize that at any one time, all of the in- fected individuals cannot be detected by it. This condition has always existed. It is in America alone that veterinarians have. tended to abandon this fundamental method for detecting dis- ease and apparently for the astonishing reason that it is not one hundred per cent efficient. In the rapid succession of new knowledge of infections, asi special methods for their identification, there is a tendency to accept the last discovered test as the most reliable means of diagnosis. Already there are filed on our shelves the descrip- tions of many such tests that have been excluded from regular routine because of their limitations. Again, one cannot follow the evolution in diagnosis without recognizing how quickly an apparently satisfactory procedure becomes, for the best results, dependent upon some subsequently discovered or devised method of precision. Accurate diagnosis has become more and more dif- ficult. In this country, there has come to be more or less ¢con- fusion in the profession as to what is meant, by physical exami- nation and clinical diagnosis. It has become a habit of certain veterinarians not to differentiate between these two, and, what is more appalling, to look upon certain specific ‘‘tests’’ as being separate and distinct from either of them. As did the artists of old, so let us return to the teachings of the masters and see what is meant by each of these methods for detecting and identifying morbid conditions and infections. The term physical examination means the systematic study of the various parts of the animal body by means of the ordinary senses. This was the only method, known to the ancient veteri- narians and to the veterinary profession as such from the time of Claude Bourgelat to the dawn of the newer pathological pro- cedures. more than a hundred years later. During this tinie, all PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF CATTLE 23 knowledge of specific diseases and their differentiation, one from another, was based on the findings of a careful examina- tion of the body. There developed methods or systems of phys- ical examination consisting of the orderly arrangement of the knowledge of the normal organs. No one, who has carefully analyzed the ‘‘Outlines of Clinical Diagnostics’? by Malkmus, will fail to understand or appreciate the significance and com- prehensiveness of this examination. In applying it, one examines each system of organs in the body, such as the respiratory, circu- latory, digestive, nervous, etc., so that when he has finished, he knows whether or not there is any deviation from the normal ‘in any part of the body that can be detected by the human eye, hand, or ear. It is self-evident that to be able to make these examinations, the examiner must be thoroughly familiar with anatomy and the functions of each of the organs. As disease is a variation from the normal, it is evident that before one attempts to determine a morbid condition, he must know what the healthy organ is like. The physical examination enables one to ascertain by means of inspection, palpation, per- cussion and ausculation whether or not the normal condition exists. If it does ‘not, there must be abnormal changes. It is pos- sible, therefore, if there are deviations, to ascertain in what sys- tem and in what part they are located. The ability to make an efficient physical examination is one of the most difficult, and at the same time, most important acquisitions for the practitioner of either human or veterinary medicine. In the great schools of Europe, the teaching of this subject occupies a prominent place in the curriculum. In this country, on the contrary, we sometimes hear both practitioners and teachers of veterinary medicine refer to it with an air of contempt. The essential difference between the great clinicians and the average prac- titioner is the superior ability*of the first to make a physical examination. With the development of definite knowledge of the etiology and tissue reactions to invading organisms, methods have been devised for making positive identifications. These supplement the findings on physical examination and constitute clinical diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis, therefore, means the finding of morbid conditions on physical examination and identifying their nature by any means or tests that science has brought forth that may be applied to the living animal. Among these may be 24 v. A. MOORE mentioned the microscopic examinations, chemical analyses and , specific reactions. The terms physical examination and clinical diagnosis are used often erroneously as synonyms. It is well to recognize that they may be likened to two variables, gradually approaching the same limit. The purpose of the physical examination is now, as it always has been, to find any abnormal condition that can be ascertained by means of the trained senses. This naturally brings up the question as to the degree of accuracy of such examinations in (1) finding morbid conditions and (2) identifying any particu- lar disease. In acute troubles, there are symptoms accompany- ing the lesions that aid materially in the identification of the trouble. In chronic maladies, however, they are more often absent. It is clear that a careful examination of the lymphatic system would indicate whether or not one or more of the glands, located beneath the skin or in reach by a rectal examination, are enlarged. It is impossible, from this fact alone, to state the specific cause for the enlargement. The same would hold with abnormal findings in other systems such as dullness on percus- sion or rales on auscultation. If, however, the morbid changes are well defined, they usually take on a form that is more or less characteristic of the disease with which they are associated. This, however, is not always true for frequently diagnoses based on such an assumption, prove to be erroneous. There are cer-- tain specific diseases such as tuberculosis, actinomycosis, glan- ders and some others that can be determined in a very large per- centage of cases by the physical. examination when the tissue changes have advanced to a certain stage. If the nature and general course of each of these diseases is understood, it is pos- sible from the location and general character of the lesions, to be reasonably sure of the particular disease present. The degree of accuracy of such a diagnosis js determined necessarily by the knowledge of the disease possessed by the examiner and the relative frequency. of other causes giving rise to apparently like manifestations. In most cases where the physical examination indicates an abnormal condition, positive diagnosis depends on evidence ob- tained by certain supplemental methods, such as the tissue chan.res, the detection of the etiological factor or the presence of some specific reaction. The diagnosis, therefore, by physical examination, at least in cases of specifie diseases, is presumptive. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF CATTLE ~ 325 This presumptive diagnosis stands in exactly the same position as many laboratory presumptive tests. For example, in the bacteriological analysis of water, the fermentation of certain carbohydrates with the production of a definite quantity of gas and acidity are presumptive evidence that the colon _ ba- cillus is present. The finding of acid fast bacteria in the micro- scopic examination of milk or excreta would be presumptive evidence of tuberculosis; a normal temperature in a certain percentage of cattle following the use of tuberculin is presump- tive evidence that such individuals are free from tuberculous infection. Yet, no one familiar with these subjects would be willing to accept as positive the accuracy of the presumptive tests without more definite determinations. In like manner, the presence of obvious tissue changes, suggestive of tuberculosis, such as enlarged subcutaneous lymphatic glands, a hard and in- durated udder or pronounced pulmonary disturbances, warrant the same degree of consideration as other presumptive tests which are accepted as sufficient evidence for action in every health department in the country. However, the question at issue is to what extent can’ bovine tuberculosis be detected and controlled by a physical examina- tion. As the first element in control is diagnosis, the question resolves itself into the accuracy of the physical examination in detecting disease. As the lesions are usually local and spread with varying degrees of rapidity, it is obvious that their presence cannot be detected in more than a small percentage of infected animals at any one time. In certain tuberculous herds, it may be impossible to find any of the infected individuals, especially if the tubercles are in the mesenteric glands, spleen or other deep seated organs. In most cases where lesions can be detected a positive identification is impossible without confirmation by some of the agents included in clinical diagnosis such as a bac- teriological examination or the application of tubereulin. In other words, the physical examination makes possible a pre- sumptive diagnosis in all cases where lesions can be located. The significance of the physical examination is not measured entirely by the percentage of infected individuals it will detect but rather that the cases which can be found by it represent the more dangerous animals, that is, those that are more likely to be eliminating tubercle bacteria or are lable, in the near future, to do so. It is not presumed that it will detect all cases 26 Vv. A. MOORE that are spreading infection but it is known that it will find many of them and, if properly made and repeated at short inter- — vals, it will single out in a reasonable time many of the infected animals before the lesions approach the stage where they can spread the specific organisms. If all such animals are removed, the chances for the sound cattle in the herd to escape infection are increased. Both Ostertag and Poels have assured me that, if carefully applied, a system of physical examinations with the removal of the suspicious cases, will check the spread of the disease and allow healthy calves to be grown up to take the place of the diseased adults. The physical examination cannot detect the occult cases and undoubtedly many of them, in which pul- monary lesions are discharging tubercle bacteria, cannot be found. If, however, it is supplemented, in herds where there is evidence that there are spreaders, by one or more of the clini- cal methods such as sputum cup or tuberculin, the dangerous” individuals most likely will be detected. It was the intent of those who recommended the physical examination that in prac- tice it should include all that could be hoped for in the clinical diagnosis. It was well understood by the Commission that this method would find, on any single examination, but a small fraction of the animals that were actually infected but that repeated examinations would detect them as they developed and, it was hoped, before they became spreaders. It is clear to all who have studied or worked with tubercu- losis that the use of tuberculin has been somewhat of a disap- pointment as the sole diagnostic agent in official methods of control. Again, the numerous theories and opinions regarding the nature of tuberculosis, that have found their way into popu- lar bulletins, have prejudiced many people against using it. For these and perhaps other reasons, certain cattle owners have become indifferent to any and all efforts to detect and eliminate tuberculosis. The great advantage of the physical examination is its ed- ucational value. If the statute is‘enforced, it will bring all owners of tuberculous herds in the state in contact with their veterinary advisers. If'the latter are men possessed of a true professional spirit, they will utilize this opportunity to instruct their clients regarding the nature of the disease and the pro- cedure that should be followed to purify their herds. They can explain the things that are essential and necessary in maintain- Ee —— —_ se? = PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF CATTLE , 27 ing tuberculous free herds and they can guide their clients in the disposal of diseased animals in such a way that they will cause the least loss and also do no further damage. The authori- ty of the law creates a channel of friendly approach, a means of cooperation and an opportunity for veterinarians to gain the confidence of the farmers. The eradication of tuberculosis can never be accomplished without the desire of the owners them- selves to have sound herds and their active cooperation in the work. By establishing this point of contact, the law has given the practitioners an opportunity to be the educators and ad- visers of cattle owners in all matters pertaining to the control of this disease. The prevention and eradication of disease is the principal reason for which the veterinary profession exists. The prevention and eradication of tuberculosis will be accom: plished through the agencies of technical knowledge applied through professional service rather than by legislation. The introduction of the accredited herd plan and the value com: mercially of the sound herd, are helpful agencies to assist the veterinarian in accomplishing this purpose. It should be clearly understood that the‘law calling for a physical examination of the dairy cattle of the state is to supple- ment the tuberculin and other specific means officially recog- nized for the detection of diseased animals and not to replace them. Experience has taught that there are many and serious limitations in the value of tuberculin. But recently, I knew of the testing of seven animals with it. Two reacted and five did not. Of these, three were condemned on physical examination and all five were tuberculous as shown by the post mortems. Not long since, a dairy that was being tested annually, yielded a large number of reactors each year. When physical and clini- cal examinations were made, a cow that had repeatedly failed to react to tuberculin was found to be eliminating tubercle bac- teria in her sputum. After her removal, no further cases de- veloped. These may be exceptions but they emphasize the fact that in the detection of infected and diseased animals, it is not safe to depend entirely upon any one method. In the control of tuberculosis, we have to deal both with the infected and the diseased animals. There are at least three well defined procedures for detecting tuberculous individuals, namely: (1) the physical examination; (2) the use of tuberculin ; and (3) the bacteriological examination of excreta, the sputum 28 ; Vv. A. MOORE cup method being the most valuable for pulmonary cases. There is no way of detecting the recently infected animals, that is, before the tubercules begin to develop. To eliminate the disease quickly, all of the known methods are required. Each pro- cedure has its special significance and should be accepted for what it is worth and no more. The physical examination enables the examiner to ascertain: 1. The advanced cases of tuberculosis. 2. Supplemented by the bacteriological examination, it en- ables him to detect practically all animals that at the time are eliminating tubercle bacteria.* 3. The skilled examiner can detect the location of lesions in a large percentage of less advanced cases so that the suspicious animals may be removed and the disease positively diagnosed by clinical agencies. 4. It will teach the cattle owner that there may be, and often there is, a direct relationship between tuberculosis and un- thriftiness, chronic bloating, low production, ‘‘bad quarters,”’ chronic cough, sterility and other miscellaneous ailments to which other causes are usually assigned. 5. It fixes the minimum requirement that Public Health interests should place on all cattle that produce market milk. The health authorities of every community should insist upon this examination being made in as thorough a manner as possi- ble. The physical ‘examination has certain marked limitations, namely : . 1. By it, the examiner cannot detect more than a small percentage (1 to 5) of the infected animals at any one time. For this reason, its value is restricted to the control of the disease within the herd. 2. As the occult cases cannot be detected by it, it is of little value in interherd control. Tuberculin is undoubtedly the most efficient agent known to medical science for detecting tuberculosis. Its value is epitomized in the following statements: 1. When tuberculin is properly made and applied and a reaction to it follows, the individual can be considered tuber- * Tuberculosis resembles weeds in a garden. If one pulls up every weed as soon as it comes in evidence and before it goes to seed, the garden will become clean eventually. Likewise, if every animal in a herd infected with tubercle bacteria is detected and removed before it becomes a spreader or “goes to seed”, the disease will, in a few years, be eliminated. It is in allow- ing infected animals to “go to seed” that keeps tuberculosis flourishing. if PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF CATTLE 29 culous. The reaction is, so far as known, positive evidence of the existence of tuberculosis. 2. It will produce a reaction when the tissue changes are slight and consequently it is of inestimable value in detecting early cases. The failure on the part of the animal to react to tuberculin, however, is not positive evidence that the disease is absent. A long experience in its study and use has shown that it has cer- tain limitations which are referable to (1) the preparation of the tuberculin itself; (2) its improper use and the failure to in- terpret the reaction it produces and (3) the failure of the tissues in certain cases to respond to it. The limitations may be stated categorically as follows: 1. All strains or cultures of tubercle bacteria apparently do not make an efficient tuberculin. 2. When the cultures of tubercle bacteria, to be used in making tuberculin, are not properly grown, that is, when there is too much liquid in proportion to the surface area, the liquid does not contain an adequate quantity of the specific products of the organism to enable it to produce a reaction. 3. When, in the application of tuberculin, the observations of the person making the test are insufficient to detect the response to it, the reaction is missed.* 4. When the interpretation of the manifestations following the use of tuberculin is not made in accordance with (1) normal physiological variations and (2) the laws governing the reaction, it may be misleading. 5. When tuberculin is applied in the period of incubation, a reaction cannot take place. Later when the tubercles begin to develop, the animal will react. 6. When the tuberculous lesions are arrested, healed, en- capsulated or when they are very extensive, tuberculin sometimes fails to produce a reaction. 7. After tuberculin has been administered repeatedly, a reaction is liable not to follow a further administration of it. The bacteriological examination for the specific organism, while forming the basis of the so-called Manchester method of *The usual time for the temperature reaction to occur, after the in- jection of tuberculin, is between the sixth and tenth hour, The elevation continues for from six to twelve hours thereafter. Occasionally, however, reactions take place very early and sometimes they do not begin until from eighteen to thirty-six hours after the injection. See article by J. G. Wills and Chas. Linch on “Delayed Reactions following Injection of Tuberculin.” Report U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association, 1913, p. 78. 30 MAJ. C. D. MCMURDO combating the disease, should be utilized not as an independent method but in conjunction with the other procedures. It involves too much labor and expense to be applied generally and, like the physical examination, it would not detect animals with lesions in deep seated organs and, like tuberculin, it would very likely allow the arrested cases to escape. When all the facts and principles involved in the complex question of the detection, prevention and eradication of tuber- culosis are considered; and the auxiliary factors connected with it are taken into account, I am of the opinion that Section 98 of our Agricultural Law was not only justified but also that it offers the greatest possible opportunity for accomplishing re- sults that can come with a single procedure. For this reason, the veterinary profession should do all it can to assist in the en- forcement of this law. No one claims that it is anything more than a distinct part of the great composite of physical and ¢linical methods required to detect infected and diseased animals. The problem before us.is to eradicate tuberculosis. Theoretically, the law requiring physical examination is well founded but if it has weak places, they will not be found until it has been put to a fair and just trial. | THE FUTURE VETERINARY CORPS OF THE ARMY. By Magsgor C. D. McMurpo, Veterinary Corps. With the prospect of the adoption during the fall months of legislation for the reorganization of the Army, it would seem wise for the veterinary profession to consider carefully some of the possibilities which this legislation may hold for veterinarians in the military establishment. Under the provisions of the National Defense Act of June 3, 1916, the army veterinarians were given for the first time the rank of commissioned officers and the Veterinary Corps made a part of the Medical Department. It is understood that this move was with the tacit consent of the Quartermaster General. The work of transferring the officers in their new affiliation was barely completed when the United States entered the war and no organization had been completed. Consequently the Veterinary Corps under the Medical Department is only about two years old. With all the stress of actual warfare during FUTURE VETERINARY CORPS OF THE ARMY 31 this period it has of course been practically impossible to orga- nize and develop the Veterinary Corps along the broad lines which could be followed in quieter days of peace. Emergencies had to be met as they arrived, leaving many questions of policy ‘and procedure to be worked out when time should permit. Notwithstanding these facts there has been apparent in cer- tain quarters considerable agitation as to whether change in the affiliations of the Veterinary Corps is not advisable when Con- gress legislates for the new army. Several moderately well de- fined plans appear to have been suggested. First. That the veterinary service be organized and kept a separate Corps. Second. That it be united with the remount organization under a common head into a new Corps. Third. That it become a part of the Quartermaster Corps. Fourth. That it remain a part of the Medical Department as at present. _ In the nearly thirty years that I have been connected with the army as a veterinarian, and more particularly during the past eighteen months in which I have served in the capacity of a general veterinary inspector, I have had an opportunity to study the work of the Corps, and perhaps understand its possibilities as well, or better, than any one who remained on this side of the Atlantic, and the arguments for and against these plans present themselves to me in the following order: There is: perhaps no more pleasant vision than that of the Veterinary Corps as an independent organization, with its own brigadier general and staff, its own training camp and school, its enlisted personnel, and its duties clearly defined, with every member of the Corps working for the common good. However, no one who has had any experience with the military establish- ment, believes this vision can become a reality. _ Military history shows a constant repetition of the struggle for existence by the small organization and for supremacy by the larger one. ‘‘The survival of the fittest’’ has been written many times over in the Army. It is doubtful whether as a separate Corps thé veterinary organization would last a fortnight. Per- haps a typical illustration of what is meant may be found in the history of the old Commissary Department. This Department had its birth during the Civil War, when, because of the need for greater efficiency, the Commissary was separated from the 32 MAJ. C. D. MCMURDO Quartermaster Department. It had its own Commissary Gen- eral and as an individual organization it rendered excellent ser- vice. It gave its officers and men training in its particular line of work and developed a high degree of proficiency. In 1912 it was absorbed by the Quartermaster Corps (together with other staff departments), the principal argument for such absorption being that the Quartermaster Corps could by adding one column to its books, carry on the work of the Commissary Department along with its own. No sooner was the absorption of this De- partment completed than its dissolution was begun. Its educa- tional work has been discontinued, its esprit de corps has disap- peared. Practically all that remains today of the Commissary Department, is the crescent in red which appears upon cases containing subsistence supplies. The possibility of the union with the remount organization in- to a new Corps seems to have been the subject of discussion in the A. E. F. It is understood this plan contemplates the withdrawal of the remount branch from the Quartermaster Corps, and by union with the Veterinary Corps under a brigadier general, form a new organigzation or Corps. It has been claimed that the work of the remount service and the work of the Veterinary Corps are so closely associated that they might well be united under a common head. Except for this union at the head, it is contemplated that each organization would function along its own particular lines. Two points of objection to this plan present themselves. It cannot be conceived that the Quartermaster Corps would allow the withdrawal of the remount division, and the removal of its work from the Quartermaster Corps as it exists at the present time. Quartermasters and public animals have been as- sociated since the beginning of military history, and the present policy of the Quartermaster Corps is to extend its field of opera- tion rather than to contract it, and it is not believed that it would look with favor upon the withdrawal of the remount service. Although the remount service and a certain branch of the work of the Veterinary Corps are closely associated, the same is not true of all of the veterinary service as regards the animals of the army nor of that other and important branch of the veterinary service, the meat and dairy inspection. Just how this branch of the veterinary service is to be codrdinated with the remount work is not clear, FUTURE VETERINARY CORPS OF THE ARMY 33 The veterinary service is quite essential to the successful functioning of the remount service but the reverse is not true and a veterinary service is maintained at many points quite independently of the remount service. One unacquainted with military methods might, with excellent logic on his side, argue that rather than allow the Veterinary Corps to be made a means of enlarging the powers of the remount service, the Veterinary Corps might well be extended by assigning to it and to its of- ficers the purchasing powers at present reposed in the Remount Service. It is, of course, unnecessary to point out that the Veterinary Corps must from the nature of things function as a professional staff corps and not as a purchasing or procure- ment branch. It might appear to the causal observer that the Veterinary Corps would render the best service to the Government by being affiliated with the Quartermaster Corps, for the reason that its work lies along the same general lines. All animals purchased for the military forces are purchased by the Quartermaster Corps, but pass the joint inspection of quartermaster and veteri- nary officers. Public animals, while in charge of quartermaster officers, are supervised and treated by veterinary officers with a view to preventing inefficiency and relieving disability. All purchases of meat for food products for the military forces are made by quartermaster officers, but their inspection is placed under the control and supervision of the veterinary officers. Forage and grain for the public animals, purchased by the Quuartermaster Corps is, or should be, inspected by veterinary officers. This similarity of duties, has warranted the conclu- sion that these two Corps might well be amalgamated. ‘There are, however, these general reasons why such a pro- cedure would not work to the best advantage, either of the Veterinary Corps or the military service. The inspection of animals and of meat and dairy products and of forage, should be conducted as separate and distinct from the purchase of these articles. In other words, the purchasing office should not be concerned in the determination of the quality of the supplies or animals offered. The inspecting officers should not be interested in the price paid. The accepted and published specifications are to be the sole guide in the determination of acceptable supplies or animals. 34 MAJ. Cc. D. MCMURDO Because of the absence of professional literature, laboratory equipment and educational institutions in the Quartermaster Corps, and the well known tendency of the layman to belittle professional training, the tendency of the Corps under such an affiliation would, it is thought, tend toward a lowering of stand- ards, rather than a raising of them. If affiliated with the Quartermaster Corps, quartermaster officers would determine the qualifications of the veterinarians eligible for commissions. One needs but to glance over the history of the veterinary organi- zation at the time of the Spanish-American War, to find ex- amples of the haphazard method by which the veterinarians were chosen for military sezvice: at that time a number of veteri- narians employed by the Quarternasse? Corps were unskilled, uneducated non-graduates. If the reader has any doubts as to the correctness of this statement, let him consult with some of the older Mae ip A of- ficers in the present Corps. As viewed by the onlooker the Quartermaster Corps is a tre- mendously large and constantly changing organization. Begin- ning with the absorption of certain staff departments in 1912, it has during the past emergency undergone a series of trans- formations. Within itself there are smaller departments and branches. The Director of Finance and the Director of Traffic have been separated to a degree. The Motor Transport Corps has been an offshoot, in fact, the entire Corps may be compared to a huge maelstrom, in a continual ferment, and where the Veterinary Corps would end once it became a part of this mass, is difficult to conceive. The principal objection to the ocvaial plan of having the Veterinary Corps under the Medical Department, may be found in the fact that the Veterinary Corps functions under the con- trol of medical officers. The answer to this objection is that at the present time we have not a sufficiently experienced personnel from which to draw our administrative officers and so long as the Veterinary Corps is a part of the Medical Department it must bé adminis- tered by representatives of the Surgeon General. It is confidently believed however that as the veterinary officers become better qualified in administrative duties, they will be allowed a higher degree of authority and experience less and less official inter- ference from medical officers. ye FUTURE VETERINARY CORPS OF THE ARMY 35 Under either of the two plans outlined, however, the Veterin- ary Corps would operate under outside officers. It seems then for us to choose in our own minds at least whether we will remain under the medical officers, or be placed under non-professionals. In consideration of these two controls, it is suggested that you ask the men who had experience under both departments, whether they would prefer to work under the Quartermaster Corps, or under the Medical Department. Remember that for more than twenty years, a large number of veterinarians in the army had been a part of the Quartermaster Corps. In that twenty years they have been granted the magnifi- cent salary of $100.00 per month and denied the privileg of wear- ing the army uniform, and the veterinarians in other branches of the military establishment have attained the lofty height of donning the army uniform, drawing the pay and allowances of second lieutenents, mounted, but denied the rank. Preventive veterinary medicine is closely allied to preventive human medicine. The two sciences proceed along parallel lines and the results of the investigations of one are frequently of valuable assistance to the other. The work of the veterinary officers in connection with meat and dairy inspection, is essentially sanitary. The sanitation of the army is a part of the work of the Medical Corps, and by extend- ing the training of its members, they could take over the work at present as done by the Veterinary Corps. With the Veterinary Corps a part of the Medical Department, there will be no oc- easion for such an extension, but with the Veterinary Corps as a separate organization, it is not difficult to imagine conditions under which such an extension might be given serious considera- tion. The Veterinary Corps has had limited experience in or- ganization and administrative work. This is through no fault of its members, but due to the lack of opportunity. To endeavor to administer its affairs with inexperienced men surely would result in disaster. Some experiences to illustrate this point might be cited from the history of the Corps during the past few years. It was only through the untiring efforts of the Surgeon General that the rank of major was restored in the Veterinary Corps. That the leading and patriotic members of our profes- sion, who gave up lucrative practices and comfortable homes, 36 MAJ. C. D. MCMURDO some even their lives, to serve their country in her hour of need, were not compelled to serve as second lieutenants, was due to the vigorous insistence of the Surgeon General, who appreciated their need of greater rank. In my work as general veterinary inspector during the war, I have been frequently in conference with officers of the Medical Corps regarding sanitary conditions in the camps. I have in- variably received the heartiest cooperation from them as well as many valuable suggestions. In several instances I have had to solicit their aid in convincing the commanding officers that sug- gestions made by the veterinarians were practical and necessary to the health of the command and should be carried out. Without their assistance it would have been a very much harder, if not impossible task to have established and put in force regulations governing the thorough inspection of all. meat, meat products and dairy products consumed in the various cantonments and army camps. The Medical Corps has always stood for higher education and a strict adherence to professional ethics. Associated with them we have the benefit of their extensive libraries and laboratories, as well as their instructors. As a strong argument in favor of the Veterinary Corps remaining a part of the Medical Depart- ment, it is only necessary for the reader to compare the results accomplished by the Corps in the United States with what was accomplished across the water, where it seemed that chaos reigned, not through any fault of members of the Veterinary Corps, as they knew what should be done and tried to accom- plish results, but were hampered in their efforts through being placed under the Quartermaster Corps and having a layman at their head, while in the United States, under the interested and scientific direction of the Surgeon General, they not only worked in perfect harmony but developed an organization which secured results. An efficient corps has been built up in the past two years. The material to work with was excellent, but it was entirely un- organized and woefully ignorant regarding military system and discipline. . In presenting these views to the veterinary profession, I have only one thought in mind, namely: that in considering this very important matter, important not only to the Veterinary Corps but to the profession as a whole, we may decide upon a CONTAGIOUS ABORTION DISEASE 37 plan which will meet with the approval of the majority of the members of the profession. No plan is acceptable which has not for its basic aim, the building up of a Veterinary Corps com- posed of scientific veterinarians of the highest professional and personal qualifications—a corps second to no other and in every way a credit to its members, to the army and to the profession. We shall never be unanimous in details, but we should be united upon a general plan for the future. It is hoped that present grievances or prejudices will not be allowed to influence our decisions. Apparently the future of the Veterinary Corps promises much if we remain with the Medical Department. We shall share in the fruition of its plans. The Army Medical School will be open to veterinary officers. Its laboratories contain the veterinary section. Its training camps make provisions for its officers and enlisted men. With the officers and men of its three Corps mingling thus intimately, in class rooms, laboratories, libraries, and camps, much will be done for the veterinary profession, in a professional, educational and social way. I believe in this direction our hope for the future lies. Much has been accomplished under the Medical Department in the last two years. Shall we reject all that we have accom- plished, and start out on a new and untried venture? I sincerely hope not. I feel sure that any member of the profession giving this matter mature consideration will concur in my opinion that the Veterinary Corps will attain the. best results, both for the Government and for themselves, to continue as at present in close affiliation with the Medical Corps. I will venture to predict that after the continuation of the present affiliation for a few years, the results will be so excellent and so acceptable to the veterinary profession as to have completely and for all time obliterated future attempts to bring about a change. CONTAGIOUS ABORTION DISEASE.* By G. A. Dick, Philadelphia, Pa. Since January, 1916, the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sani- tary Board has been conducting experiments in the manipulation of the ovaries in cattle to correct disorders of those organs and *Report presented January 238, 1919, before the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association. 38 G. A. DICK to determine the value of Abrechtsen’s method of douching the uterus for the control of contagious abortion disease, and cor- rection of abnormal conditions of the reproductive organs of the cow causing sterility. Inasmuch as the value of said treat- ment in aberration of reproductive function has been reported, it is the purpose of this paper to bring to your attention the results obtained in the control of this disease. This report is on three herds, A, B and C. HERD A. New animals were added to this herd at various times during the past three years because a sufficient number of calves were not raised to keep the herd up to the required number; by this practice new centers of infection may repeatedly have been introduced. The aborters, also those showing a discharge, and a few that calved normally were treated by administering the uterine douche containing Lugol’s solution. Shortly after birth all calves were removed to an adjacent farm where they were kept away from infected cows, and fed raw milk from the main herd. Later, however, they were bred to the herd bull and pastured in a community pasture, coming in contact with other cattle which were possibly infected with abortion disease, and this may ac- count for the disastrous results which followed as shown below: Normal Percentage Year Abortions Parturitions Abortions WOES eS eh, 28 bre pelts hoa rt:, PaNbe 3 51 5.5 PUA 7% Recta. gi Se letee ee GR aE saeco 5 106 - 4.5 ie eh EP so COLE SR. St Par LA ok Re SS 28 95 22.7 Perens Perse nity Mit bs angele 67 , 8.2 PRORRONIEL Clots "shee ve G4 She, 5 ote oc OED 28 44.0 Heifer calves had never been raised on this farm until the beginning of this experiment; 1918 shows the results from first lot of heifers. HERD B. Care, management and treatment was similar to herd A with this difference, that new cows were added but once (1917) in the three years, and the calves instead of being pastured in a community pasture were kept in a separate lot on the same farm but the segregation was not absolute. The following is a sum- mary of the results: Normal * Percentage Year Abortion Parturitions Abortions DUE abled ig RRR Ret Tobe'e'S Fabs eco 6 Sieua 11 37 22.9 Diets ge cnet WHEE atsistaGiel« Geecaiats Ssvae ase «ok 17 30 36.1 PR cy SOME AG s Vigie/s RIN Gato 0 0'e ad 4 43 : 8.5 DATION WS a Soo a. fs vididle's 0 6.6.050 oes 2 33 5.7 PALM LEGO SE ok! hi digas bRiaie en. 3.06 44% 2 10 16.6 CONTAGIOUS ABORTION DISEASE 39 HERD C. No new cattle added, as a sufficient number of young stock were raised. The cows about to calve were removed to a barn constructed for that purpose, while the aborters were isolated on another farm until the end of a normal period of pregnancy. The sheath of the bull after each service, the external genitals, thighs, and tails of the cows, also the floors and walks of the stable, were daily washed with an antiseptic solution. The calves were stabled near the main dairy barn and fed raw milk from the herd until they were four to six months of age. At the ex- piration of this time they were removed to another farm where they were kept until ready to breed. Then they were returned to the main barn, bred to the herd bulls and kept there during their period of pregnancy. The above system of management was in effect up to 1916 but in spite of all these precautions the disease was not checked. Since March, 1916, all aborters and those calving normally have received the uterine douche, the aborters being returned to the main herd as soon as the reproductive organs were in a healthy condition. The calves instead of being returned to main herd to be bred—as was the practice prior to this time—were kept on a separate farm until within two weeks of calving time; thus a system of complete segregation was practiced. The following is a summary of the results of this system of management: Normal Percentage Year Abortions Parturitions Abortions UN ts 2 A 2 17 10.5 EE TR a high a ood. «. ¢.0:0 ai9.0. 00% 0x08 8y0 7 31 18.9 1908 . ie 50 15.2 RUNG es ow cle wise cele cle tis aades 19 37 33.9 EN 5 ago 5 0. 6d vis 00 0.00 00 owe 6 67 8.2 1911. the 72 17.2 Egle 0 Fs usin Wd oc w wea 680 i 62 10.1 At igen 12 91 11.6 MCR ET LLG Fie fol g' os, 6 os of whale fab.e 18 66 21.4 Sein di o.9/ e's 6.60 vai e0 a ie-oie i 14 87 13.8 NE ee EAE Tae oso s'c ee abis « Whe-kon is 10 87 10.3 OT eo BL as cbc 0 we Sie eidiacee of Rs 6 78 71 SG en tlhe occ e s sige se wsiaes 3 79 3.6 RECORD OF HEIFERS IN HERD C. UNDER PRESENT SYSTEM OF ; MANAGEMENT. Year Abortions Parturitions Abortions RE i 5 cig. ale ajeirwis «0s oes MRSA, Gg 1D os Ske 6 wredtes oss es NORO 23 fagay 222222 ILI ane 23 Prior to 1916 a large percentage of the heifers aborted each year. 40 -CAPTAIN HADLEIGH MARSH The above figures indicate that raw milk from an infected — herd has no deleterious effect, as far as contagious abortion is con- cerned, when fed to calves, and that the most effective means of preventing abortion is early separation and isolation. Some of the cows that received the uterine douche aborted, — indicating that the uterine douche is either not a specific treat- ment for this disease or that the methods of administering same must be improved. SPECIAL REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS. ° By CAPTAIN HADLEIGH MarsH, V. C. In the work of the Department Laboratory at Fort Sam Houston on the laboratory diagnosis of glanders, it has been found that in some eases positive glanders lesions have been reported by field veterinarians upon post mortem examinations of horses which have been negative to the serological test. While these discrepencies may in some cases be explained by the facet that cases showing old healed lesions may properly be negative to serological tests, there is another factor to be considered, which is the correct interpretation of post mortem findings. That is, the question arises whether lesions reported as glanders nodules may not in some cases be caused by something else. An attempt has been made to check by laboratory examina- tion as many post mortem findings as possible. Since all the ani- mal inoculations from glanders specimens received at this lab- oratory have been negative, the importance of establishing a diagnosis by microscopical examination of the tissue has been realized. In this connection it was found that the descriptions of the histology of glanders lesions in the literature available at this station were indefinite and somewhat contradictory. There- fore it is thought that a report on the findings in the tissues that have been submitted to this laboratory might be of value. It is regretted that this work was not taken up a year ago when a large number of specimens could have been obtained and pre- served for histological study. None of this work was done dur- ing 1918, and during the first six months of 1919, only twenty- six tissue specimens have been received at this laboratory for examination for glanders. Of these only fifteen were suitable REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS 41 for sectioning, and only a few were received in condition permit- ting of perfect fixation and imbedding. Of the fifteen specimens, taken from twelve horses and mules, which were sectioned, nine were negative as far as microscopic examination is concerned. The six tissues which showed in the sections lesions which were considered to be caused by glanders were taken from five animals, all of which had given positive reactions to the intra- dermic mallein test. Guinea pigs were inoculated, with negative results in every case. The tissues were fixed in formalin and imbedded in paraffine, and the sections were stained with eosin and hematoxylin. In three of the cases the sections were also stained for bacteria by Leeffier’s method, but no organisms were found in any case. In connection with this series of tissues, glanders nodules in three guinea pigs inoculated with pure cultures of the glanders bacillus were studied and compared with those found in horses. It should be noted that the condition in the horses was chronic, while the guinea pigs developed acute glanders and were killed in three to five days after inoculation. However, in the absence of material from horses having experimental glanders, the known glanders lesions in the guinea pigs were of some value for com- parison. The following is a detailed description of the | sections of each of the six positive specimens : SPECIMEN No. 11. This specimen was a nodule from the lung of a horse which was destroyed for glanders on a positive intradermic mallein test. This nodule showed no calcification, and was apparently active. Guinea pig inoculations were negative. The lung tissue is replaced by a fibrous connective tissue nodule, the section showing seven foci of inflammation imbedded in the connective tissue. Each focus consists of a central necrotic mass, sharply circumscribed, approximately circular in shape, and taking the eosin stain very deeply. At the center of the necrotie area is a small circular opening, containing a little amorphous material. Immediately surrounding this necrotic area is a thin con- nective tissue capsule. Outside this there is a wider zone con- taining a few connective tissue cells, with lymphoid -cells, large mononuclears, some polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, and a few 42 CAPT. HADLEIGH MARSH eosinophiles. Beyond this zone is the main body of the lesion, consisting of connective tissue, infiltrated with lymphoid cells, epithelioid cells, a few polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, and a very large number of eosinophiles. In some of the nodules, between the necrotic mass and the connective tissue capsule, there is at one side a narrow area con- sisting chiefly of polymorphonuclear neutrophiles. The walls of the blood vessels are much thickened. No bacteria were found in sections stained with Leeffier’s methylene blue. SPECIMEN No. 24. This tissue was from a mediastinal lymph gland from a horse destroyed for glanders on a positive intradermic mallein reaction. The tissue was received packed in borax, and was not in good condition to fix for imbedding. Guinea pig inoculations were negative. The sections of the lymph gland showed an area containing several small nodules which had become partially calcified. Sur- rounding the calcified centers there were fibrous connective tis- sue nodules, with a small amount of active tissue containing a large number of eosinophiles. There was a small amount of lung tissue attached to the gland, sections of which showed bronchitis and thickening of the alveolar walls. The bronchi showed a desquamation of epi- thelium, the lumen being nearly filled with epithelial cells. Immediately surrounding the bronchus is a fibrinous exudate, with some connective tissue cells, and an infiltration of lymphoid and epithelioid cells, and many eosinophiles. The walls of the alveoli all through the section are thickened by a similar exudate. The walls of the blood-vessels are hypertrophied. No bacteria were found in section stained with Leeffler’s methylene blue. SPECIMEN No. 25. This specimen was from the liver of the same horse from which No. 24 was taken. ‘ The sections showed two nodules just beneath the capsule. Each nodule contained a central necrotic mass which was partial- ly calcified. Surrounding this central mass was a connective neutrophiles, epithelioid cells, many large mononuclear cells and a great many eosinophiles. Outside this zone is another REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS 43 tissue capsule. Outside this capsule is an incomplete zone con- sisting of connective tissue infiltrated with polymorphonuclear composed chiefly of connective tissue, beyond which are the liver cells. bE sag 1.2 Seattered through the liver near the nodules, are small areas of connective tissue reaction around the small bile ducts and polymorphonuclear eosinophiles are frequently found among the liver cells. The liver cells show cloudy swelling. SPECIMEN No. 26. This was from the spleen of a mule destroyed for glanders on a positive intradermic mallein reaction. This material was received packed in borax, and in poor condition for section- ing. It was hardened in formalin and the sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Guinea pig inoculations were negative for glanders. The sections showed that the spleen capsule and the: trabecule were very greatly thickened. There was one nodule just beneath the capsule, consisting of a necrotic, partially cal- cified center, surrounded by dense connective tissue. The spleen pulp next to the nodule was congested and contained a large number of eosinophiles. SPECIMEN No. 27. This was from the intestinal wall of a horse destroyed for glanders on’ a positive intradermic mallein test. The specimen was received packed in borax, and was in poor condition for fix- ing and imbedding. Guinea pig inoculatioris were negative for glanders. The sections showed a nodule in the outer muscular coat, consisting of a central necrotic mass, partially calcified, sur- rounded by a connective tissue formation, infiltrated with a large number of eosinophiles. Throughout the mucosa, sub- mucosa, and outer muscular coat, there is a very great number of eosinophiles, and also an increase in connective tissue cells. SPECIMEN No. 28. This specimen was a group of mediastinal glands from a horse destroyed for glanders on a positive intradermic mallein test. The glands themselves did not show any lesions, but in the fatty tissue adjacent to them was a fibrous nodule containing several small foci and two very small points of cal- 44 CAPT, HADLEIGH MARSH cification. This tissue was received packed in borax and in ex- cellent condition so that it was possible to imbed and section it perfectly. : | A portion of the normal appearing gland tissue was inocu- lated into a guinea pig with negative results. The sections show that the lesion consists of a fibrous tissue nodule about twelve mm. long by six mm. wide, of an irregular shape, with strands of connective tissue running out into the surrounding fat. The nodule contained a number of small foci or nodules of irregular shape, tending to be circular, imbedded in a connective tissue matrix. This matrix consists of fibrous connective tissue with epithelioid cells, some lymphoid cells, and a very large number of eosinophiles. The older nodules consist of a sharply defined central mass, more or less circular in shape, taking the eosin stain very deeply. Degeneration of the cells has taken place, leaving the nuclei intact, and all of the nuclear material staining with hema- toxylin. Most of the nuclei appear to be from lymphoid cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. There are a few intact eosinophiles. At the center of the nodule is a small cireular opening, containing some amorphous material. Immediately surrounding the central mass is a narrow zone consisting chiefly of connective tissue and epithelioid cells. Out- side this is a wider zone in which lymphoid cells predominate, with many epithelioid cells, large monorfuclear cells and eosino- philes. Outside this zone is the main body of the lesion, where eosinophiles predominate, in a connective tissue matrix. There are some small foci in this connective tissue formation in which connective tissue cells are absent, and there are only a few eosinophiles. The foci consist of lymphoid cells chiefly, with a few large mononuclear.and epithelioid cells. In some of the smaller foci, it appears that the eosin stain- ing mass at the center consists of the freed granules of eosino- philes, with nuclei still staining but free from the cytoplasm. The walls of the blood vessels in the nodule are greatly — thickened. Sections stained with Leffler’s methylene blue and Good- pasture’s stain failed to show any bacteria. Sections were made of the omentum of guinea pig 265 and of the testicles of guinea pigs 246 and 258. Nodules of the same character were found in all sections but the most marked reaction .REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS 45 occurred in the omentum of guinea pig 265. A detailed de- scription of the lesions in the omentum follows: The sections show numerous small nodules, some distinct and some confluent. In general, they assume a circular shape, but the reaction extends out into the loose tissue in irregular areas. The center of each nodule consists of an accumulation of lympho- eytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophiles, some eosinophiles, and a large amount of free chromatin granules and broken down cells. Around the periphery of the nodule are epithelioid cells infiltrated into the connective tissue framework of the omentum. At the edge of the nodule the connective tissue cells are com- pressed, forming a marked limiting zone. The larger nodules show in some portions a great number of eosinophiles, especially along the border of the nodule. In some of the nodules is found the peculiar type of giant cell described by Mallory as characteristic of glanders. This consists of a large lobulated cell body containing several nuclei. In these sections the appearance was that of several mononuclea cells being fused. ; In these sections the lymph channels are greatly distended, and the glanders nodules apparently develop along the course of these channels. The blood vessels of the region are injected. Leeffler’s methylene blue stain shows the glanders bacillus in great numbers throughout the nodule, but not in the sur- rounding tissue. All six specimens show the same pathological condition in general, with slight variations due to differences in‘ the tissue involved and the age of the lesion. The general nature of the lesion is that of a chronic inflammatory reaction to infection. The lesions usually consist of several foci of inflammation imbedded in a fibrous connective tissue nodule of irregular shape. Each focus has at its center a sharply circumscribed necrotic mass, approximately circular in shape. This is sur- rounded by a connective tissue formation infiltrated with eosino- philes. In most of the sections there is just outside the necrotic area a zone consisting mainly of lymphocytes, polymorphonu- clear neutrophiles, epithelioid cells and large mononuclear cells. In part of the nodules the central necrotic mass is partially ealcified, In comparing the type of lesion found in the horses with those described in the guinea pigs, we find sufficient resemblance 46 CAPT. HADLEIGH MARSH to warrant the assumption that the one is the chronie condition due to the same infective agent as the acute condition in the other. In the guinea pig nodules there is no sharply defined necrotic center, but the cells at the center of the nodule are degenerating, and the necrotic center would probably develop if the disease became chronic. The formation of connective tissue so prominent in the chronic lesions is also absent in the nodules from the guinea pigs. Except for the absence of new connective tissue in the acute lesions, the types of cells forming the nodules and the form and distribution of the nodules, are very similar in both eases. A very striking characteristic of all the tinayes from the horses was the very great accumulation of eosinophiles. As this was a condition which is not described as occuring in glanders, and as Hutyra and Marek mention the presence of large num- bers of eosinophiles as diagnostic of parasitic nodules, quoting Schiitz as saying that eosinophile cells absolutely do not oceur in glanders nodules, it was thought that some of the lesions being reported as glanders were really parasitic. This view was given support by the fact that all our guinea pig inoculations were negative and we were unable to find bacteria in the sections. But study of the acute lesions in the guinea pigs showed that known glanders nodules contain large numbers of eosinophiles. This was not found to be true in the smallest nodules, but in the larger ones eosinophiles were present in very large numbers indicating that the number increases as the lesion gets older. As a result of this study, it appears that in the six specimens studied the pathological lesions were all of the same type, and showed characteristics which were distinct from those of any other condition. It has been assumed that the glanders bacillus is the cause of this lesion, as the animals all reacted positively to the intradermic mallein test, and the guinea pig nodules cor- responded to those in the horses as closely as an acute condition could correspond to a chronic state. . If our conclusion is correct that the nodules described above are glanders lesions, it should be possible to confirm a post mor- tem diagnosis by microscopical examination, providing that cal- cification of the. nodule has not become complete. REFERENCES. Hutyra and Marek: Pathology and Therapeutics of ais Diseases of Domestic Animals, 1912. Vol. 1, pp. 691, 726-727. VETERINARIANS SHOULD ADVOCATE HUMANE METHODS 47 — Moore: Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Dis- eases of Animals. 1908, pp. 155-163. MacCallum: Text-book of Pathology, 1916, pp. 552-554. Coplin: Manual of Pathology, 5th Edition, 1913, pp. 139-140, 634. , Mallory: The Prineiples of Pathologic Histology, 1914, pp. 158- 161, 460. Delafield and Prudden: Text-book of Pathology, 9th Edition, 1911, pp. 226-227. VETERINARIANS SHOULD ADVOCATE sles METHODS. By W. G. HoLLINGWoRTH, Utica, N. W. Shakespeare says ‘‘The humane way is the best.’’ Tender- hearted, kindhearted, compassionate, sympathetic, humane, should be the war cry of every veterinarian. They all express active endeavors to find out and relieve suffering and especially to prevent it. He should stand as an index or representative, a leader of a party who advocates such a procedure. The veterinarian depends upon the dumb animals for a livelihood to a very great extent. The necessity of their care and protection to him is of the most vital importance. To him the community is now looking for such action, as they too de- pend on the livestock interest to a very large extent for food and clothing and on such interests depend much of the pros- perity of this nation, as agriculture is the foundation of such, and without livestock agriculture would be at a low ebb. It be- hooves us as guardians of health of such interests to act in such a capacity to build a suitable structure upon the foundation laid for us at the school from which we received our degree. If we do not comply with the teachings laid down, although not in a course of lectures, but alluded to at different times, by the many lecturers, calling attention to the practicing of hu- mane methods, it is no fault of the college. The faculty did their duty, it is for us to make good. ‘Today the veterinarian is looked upon as a person of intellectual ability, a promoter of methods that will increase his standing in the estimation of the community within his jurisdiction. He today is an authority, his opinions are sought, his decisions bear weight, much differ- 48 WwW. G. HOLLINGWORTH ent than former days, when they were looked upon with dis- respect, a man who had no feeling for our dumb friends, a heartless wretch. But mind you, I am not saying that all veterinarians are inhumane, but believe me there are many of them. There can be no work more elementally benevolent than that which seeks to help those who cannot help themselves, nor recompense you for the aid you gave them. When a human being looks at the suffering of the inferior animals and with a heart full of love seeks to alleviate those sufferings, he is pat- terning after a true conception of boundless munificence and love and philanthropy of the good.and great creator of all. Such a man or woman cannot be otherwise than kind to all, for if sympathy is deep enough to reach the lower animals, surely it will include the higher or human as the greater sentiment includes the lesser, and what an exalted place our profession would attain to if such benevolence and sympathy could be made common among us all, and who dare say such a condition of things is unrealizable when we look at the progress of the hu- manitarian views in the last few years. Deeply imbedded in man’s nature, stultified and covered up oftimes by lack of fore- thought, lie unexplored sources of good which may yet be de- | veloped into incalculable blessings to man in the care and love to animals. All that is needed is to sow the seeds of humani- tarianism on the deep fruitful soil and not on the surface. To get rid of cruelty, whether-expressed toward a child or animal, which is an induulgence in the lower impulses that remain as a reminder of barbaric times, the cruel veterinarian does more than inflict unnecessary pain on his subject, he injures himself. The impulse that leads him to cause uncalled for suffering to the dumb beast, is the same that raises his hand brutally against his own offspring. The progressive veterinarian of today is fast adopting anes- thesia, both general and local in his daily practice. Prof. Woold- ridge said, in a broad sense the term means a suspension of sensation whether due to disease or injury. The chief use of anesthesia is the abolition of pain during operations and the prevention of various reflexes and muscular relaxation. We are using anesthesia not only to operate but to make a more per- fect diagnosis. ‘ Our clients are asking and some demand such. Their investment demands the most efficient procedure. The VETERINARIANS SHOULD ADVOCATE HUMANE METHODS 49 idea of a client objecting to the small extra expense is fast fad- ing away and it is a poor excuse for the veterinarian to fall back on. They are fast advocating the abolition of pain as the advantages of general and local anesthesia are becoming so plain to the owner and operator. The time is not far distant when it will be compulsory and I will be one of those who advocate , it, that no operation involving pain should be performed with- out the assistance of an anesthetic or an analgesic. A great many of us should study respiratory anesthesia more generally and become more proficient in its use. I am of the opinion that many of us are too timid for fear of unpleasant results. That can be overcome by experience. I do not think that a veterinarian should depend upon an inexperienced assistant, rather do it himself. I have always done my own anesthetic work, it takes time I admit and some expense, but the pleasure is yours. Patient, quiet, insensible to pain, client well satisfied and a legitimate way of bringing your name before the public as a humanitarian, which is the public sentiment now days. To me the veterinarian who practices surgery without alleviat- ing pain to a minimum, is not doing his duty to himself, family, community, college from which he graduated, client nor patient, and to my way of thinking he ought to be the subject of cen- sure. There is no reason under the sun why we should torture our dumb animals, because we can put them in such positions under restraint. They are very sensitive to pain. While it is under our power to relieve them, why should some persist to so act. How often we read articles in our veterinary journals written by men high in our profession, advocating operating under methods without relieving pain or torture first. This is very painful to me and others who believe as Shakespeare did that ‘‘The humane way is the best’’. There is just as much humanity in caring for the sick animals as those who are subject to operation to see to it that our patient receives the proper care and sanitary conditions, and here is where the veterinarian vught to be an educator, to instruct the caretakers to act in as humane a manner as possible so as to give the poor dumb crea- ture such care as is necessary for his or her comfort, whether the result is convalescence or death. One of the greatest acts of humanity that can be performed on our dumb friends is in their destruction at the proper time. To this the veterinarian s 50 W. G. HOLLINGWORTH must be judged. Here his opinion is asked very frequently, and here is where he must be a student of conditions. His sense of observation must be very keen. Would it not be better to destroy at once rather than to have his patient bear the pain of suffering if an invaluable animal is the outcome? Here again the veterinarian should educate himself to be governed “by his first impression which if this motive has been his constant study and thought during his professional career, it will be the most lasting and to a very large extent the most correct. Now how is this to be done the most humane way whatever that may be and that may differ under different conditions. Alleviate the pain and suffering as soon as possible with the least pain and excitement and here is where you will get the good will of the sympathetic owner and looker-on. Now in regard to the sympathetic person. Sometimes they go to extremes, overdo it so to speak, can only see humanity from one side, in fact some do not want to take the other side into consideration. To my way of thinking, to cause slight pain or inconvenience is far less harmful and more humane than to let conditions go on unat- tended to whereby results may occur which may cause the worst kind of agony and death to untold numbers, whether it be to the human or brute family. Now I believe the true humani- tarian ought to be broad minded enough to take all things into consideration and look at humanity in the sense of prevention, and that.is the age we are living in now. Prevention is better than cure. There is a vast difference today in regard to the methods of experimental medicine as compared with that prac- ticed years ago and that is due to the teachings of the practice of humanity where ever possible. No one now a days is going to practice animal experimentation just from choice, but unfor- tunately there is no alternative. I am at the head of a humane society in my city and surrounding towns and believe I have as true humane feelings as one can have, in fact it is natural, being * placed in the position that I am through my profession, and seo the things I do and know the consequences, which would have cecured through lack of knowledge, and still there is more to learn and will continue as long as our great aim is preven- tion. It makes me feel that the sufferings of a few is more hu- mane than to allow scourges to sweep the land, carrying sickness, and suffering of incalculable numbers and a great many deaths. a ra aaa es i ll ee PRESENT STATUS OF HOG CHOLERA CONTROL 51 Is it more inhumane to subject a few of the animals as I have mentioned for scientific purposes under as humane conditions as possible, than trap fur-bearing animals for their furs, shoot . feathered birds for their plumage? To me it is not necessary to go into detail regarding the sufferings these animals have to endure. I personally have noticed some of these people who are so bitter against animal experimentation to adorn them- selves with furs, feathers and birds, and think nothing of it. I think if the American Veterinary Medical Association would take some action in regard to the practicing of humane methods among our patients, and let the public know it, it would be received with open arms by all persons interested in the welfare of animals, and one of the greatest assets our pro- fession could receive. THE PRESENT STATUS OF HOG CHOLERA CONTROL. A. EICHHORN, Pearl River, New York. At no time in the history of veterinary science in this country has the subject of diseases of swine been of more importance and greater interest than at present. One only need to look over the programs of the meetings of the various veterinary medical as- sociations in the country and become readily impressed that the subject of controlling infections in hogs is given a great deal of attention and furthermore that there appears to be @ greater con- fusion in our knowledge on such infections than at any time in the past few years. The statement of Dorset that aside from hog cholera, other in- fectious diseases of swine in this country are negligible, has been refuted by some observers who claim that in certain localities losses from other infections surpass, those sustained from hog cholera. Unfortunately up to date such statements have not suf- ficient conclusive scientific backing and we are still in the dark with regard to the significance of other diseases than hog cholera as being responsible for great losses among hogs. The publications from the Bureau of Animal Industry in the past two years have shown conclusively that losses from hog chol- era have been materially reduced through the use of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum and Virus, these statements being backed up by 52 A. EICHHORN conclusive statistical data. On the other hand the frequent reports of continuous losses in herds which have been vaccinated against hog cholera and also among hogs which have not been vaccinated, from infections of hemorrhagic septicemia and nec- rotie enteritis are indeed alarming. The writer has attempted to obtain data to what extent these so-called mixed infections occur independently of cholera and fol- lowed up cases in which a primary diagnosis of either hemor- rhagic septicemia or necrotic enteritis has been made on post- mortem and bacteriological findings, to note whether such diag- nosis was justified. In about two-thirds of these cases, however, a subsequent diagnosis of hog cholera had to be made from post- mortems on animals which died in the progress of the outbreak. There is no doubt but what we have at the present time a different condition in infections in hogs than at the time of the earlier hog cholera investigations. That is, we are confronted more frequently with complications or independent outbreaks with pathogenic organisms which were heretofore justly con- sidered only as secondary invaders in association with virus cholera. . The question arises what has brought this change about. Various factors might be considered as being responsible for the apparent increased pathogenicity of some of the infectious agents. From our knowledge of pathogenic organisms, espec- ially of those known to be facultative pathogenic, we know that by continuous animal passage they may increase their virulence to a very marked degree. This no doubt has been the case with some of the organisms now being met with in the various swine infections which condition might have been brought about by natural sequence such as occur in the ordinary course of epi- zooties as for instance in foot and mouth disease, hemorrhage, septicemia, influenza, etc. That is at the beginning of the out- breaks the disease is less virulent in type and gradually gains in intensity until the height of the curve is reached from which a gradual diminishing of virulence is observed. By passage through animals the so-called mixed infections in diseases of hogs might gain such an increased virulence and consequently they have now become by far more pathogenic than they have been in the past. PRESENT STATUS OF HOG CHOLERA CONTROL 53 Another factor and to my mind a more important one whereby these so-called mixed infections are occuring now more frequently is due to the spread of the infection by so-called virus carriers. Virus carriers which are apparently healthy individuals are now being recognized to be the greatest menace to the sanitary police authorities and are probably responsible to a greater extent for spreading disease than any other cause. Thus in infectious diseases of man we are especially confronted with these sorts of spreaders. I only desire to mention typhoid fever, diphtheria, spinal meningitis and others in all of which the menace from virus carriers is greater than from the patient sick with the respective diseases. Virus carriers in animals are also now being recognized as big factors in spreading contagions. Thus from all appearances normal animals may harbor the infection and at favorable op- portunities communicate it to susceptible animals. Influenza, dourine, foot and mouth disease have been proven to be some- times disseminated by such virus carriers. In mixed infections of swine we have principally three groups or organisms which are especially responsible for in- fections and the characteristics of all these organisms more than suggests the probability that they may be present in individuals of so-called virus carriers and at favorable opportunities become factors in the dissemination of these infections. Bacteriological studies of the bacterial flora of the respira- tory and digestive tracts of hogs have shown that the hemor- rhagic septicemia organisms, the B. cholera suis and the B. par- atyphosus are present in apparently healthy hogs. Further- more those who have had the opportunity to conduct many post- mortem examinations on apparently healthy hogs have very fre- quently noted small areas in the lungs undergoing hepatization which in many instances appear to be chronic in character. These consolidated areas:on bacteriological examination fre- quently reveal the hemorrhagic septicemia organisms and since they occur in apparently healthy hogs they may be readily ex- pelled through the passages and cause infections. On the other hand the B. cholera suis and the B. para- typhosus are types of organisms which are known to remain in their pathogenic state in apparently healthy individuals. In- vestigations along this line have established this fact in human 54 A. EICHHORN beings and to a lesser extent in animals. The very frequent erosions and slight ulcerations around the ileocecal valve which are met on postmortem examination in apparently normal hogs have disclosed a remarkable variety of pathogenic and nonpath- ogenic organisms and no doubt these organisms being evacuated with the intestinal contents may under favorable conditions pro- duce the characteristic lesions of these infections. The name of ‘‘mixed infection of hogs’’ is of course inappropriate, and I simply use the term at the present time as the veterinarians have become used to designating this condition under that name. Finally one must not lose sight of the possibility that in the effort of controlling hog cholera by the extensive use of vaccina- tion has probably resulted in increased resistance in our present hogs and that as a result of this the disease caused by the filter- able virus becomes somewhat obscured and the secondary infec- tions which have always been recognized in connection with hog cholera appear to be predominating. As a result our attention becomes distracted from the true etiological factor and in the absence of the typical cholera lesions the veterinarian is apt to make a diagnosis of either hemorrhagic septicemia or necrotic enteritis whereas actually the true original factor was the filter- able virus. The evidence may be summarized: 1. That we are not confronted at the present time with new diseases in swine. 2. That the infections aside from cholera represent patho- logical processes caused by organisms recognized before as being pathogenic to swine. 3. That due to some favorable conditions they have de- veloped an increased virulence. 4. That due to the tremendous traffic in swine so-called car- riers have contributed to the dissemination of these infections. 5. Finally that’ we must still recognize the filterable virus as being the most important factor as preparing the field for the other pathogenic organisms. "TI have abstained from mentioning the so-called necrobacil- losis since the introduction of this name has never been justified as there never was sufficient scientific data presented by which the B. necrophorus could have beén incriminated as being the primary responsible factor for the intestinal ‘necrotic infections PRESENT STATUS OF HOG CHOLERA CONTROL : S 55 of hogs. On the other hand artificial infections with B. cholera swis and B. paratyphosus have successfully produced lesions commonly met with in intestinal infections of hogs. Thus the presence of the B. necrophorus at the best can be accorded only of secondary importance in such lesions. It is not the intention to discuss the infections caused by | germs pathogenic to hogs but it might be advisable to empha- size the fact that the lesions produced by them are occuring now with greater frequency and that their significence should not be underestimated. The control of these infections, however, is essentially a control of hog cholera and an effective and suc- cessful control of hog cholera would result in a very pronounced diminishing of the other infections. _ Hog cholera control has been exhaustively treated in bulletins and scientific articles appearing in our journals. The disease and its prevention is familiar to most every one interested in the treatment of swine diseases; yet on account of the variations of the symptoms and lesions disclosed by the animal affected with the disease even the most experienced veterinarian is at times ~~ at a loss to make a definite diagnosis either from observation of symptoms of a single or several postmortem examinations. _ This is no doubt due to the fact that the disease manifests itself in many different forms. In some instances it is peracute; other times subacute, and may even develop into a chronic form. The symptoms and lesions vary accordingly and becomé more or less obscure, and due to this fact the uncertainty of a definite diag- nosis by the veterinarian is so common. In the majority of cases, however, the observation of sick animals together with postmortem examination should enable the veterinarian to make a diagnosis. All evidence of the symptoms and lesions should be carefully weighed and if possi- ble the diagnosis should not be delayed. Temperatures should be taken of all animals which very frequently aids materially in the diagnosis. The absence of pathogenic lesions of hog _cholera should not necessarily be accepted as conclusive and in such instances the condition of the balance of the herd should be given careful consideration. In case of any doubt whether the animals are affected with cholera or some other infection the owner should be advised that delay in waiting for definite signs might prove costly and the 56 A. BICHHORN veterinarians should suggest the treatment of the herd for cholera. A differential diagnosis in favor of hemorrhagic septicemia or other forms of mixed infections should not be made unless sufficient evidence is present to justify the same. That is, in ease hog cholera can be excluded by the fact that the animals have been properly vaccinated with potent serum or virus; or if the symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia or intestinal infee- tions are found to exist in several hogs without any indication of a hog cholera infection. It is impossible to enter into detailed desariphien of the dif- ferential diagnosis within the scope of this paper but this phase of the subject has been exhaustively treated in the up-to-date textbooks and also in special publications. However, emphasis is placed again upon the importance not to be misled by the absence of characteristic lesions of cholera and render a nega- tive diagnosis. : . Since the essential feature in the control of hog cholera is ls NOW recognized and accepted to consist of sanitary measures and prophylactic treatment of the animals with Anti Hog Cholera Serum and Virus, it will be advisable to discuss briefly the method of procedure in preparing the products used in this © treatment and the method of administering the same. It has been definitely established that Hog Cholera Serum is one of the most reliable biological products at our disposal, but at the same time we cannot deny the regrettable fact that the develop- ment of the laboratory aspect of this product has been lagging far behind and that very little progress has been made in pro- ducing this product in an improved manner to justify its won- derful effectiveness in the control of this dreaded disease. [t should be considered that in the prevention and treatment of a disease of so vast importance to the country’s live stock industry as hog cholera, the product used for its control should be beyond reproach especially so sinee the effectiveness of the treatment is being justly recognized. It is undeniable that all establishments engaged in the pro- duction of Hog Cholera Serum are making all efforts to produce a potent product, but as it is produced today by most of the laboratories it represents only defibrinated blood from hyperim- munized hogs, a product in its very erudest stage of develop- if eo PRESENT STATUS OF HOG CHOLERA CFNTROL 57 ment as far as the physical make up and its freeness from con- taminating germs is concerned. The production of a clear Hog Cholera Serum without the - presence of corpuscular elements of the blood was practiced in different countries of Europe and also in isolated cases attempts were made in this country to produce such a product. The small yield obtained from such blood was of the greatest detri- ment to engage upon the production of such clear serum by the different manufacturers. Dorset recognizing this fact as a dis- advantage for the development of a clear Hog Cholera Serum undertook investigations along this line which developed in a method whereby practically all serum can be recovered from the blood of hyperimmunized animals and it is to his credit that such clear serum may be produced at a cost not much higher than the ordinary defibrinated blood. In the method of preparation of Anti Hog Cholera Serum as is generally practiced it is impossible to prevent contamina- tions from outside sources; aside from this there is the possibil- ity that the hyperimmunized animals may: contain in their blood organisms which might prove harmful to animals injected with the product. Furthermore, so-called bloody Hog Cholera Serum contains all the corpuscular elements of the blood which have no value whatever in the production of immunity, this fact having been conclusively demonstrated. It must be also recognized that when the corpuscles are injected with the serum they prevent quick absorption and act as irritants at the point of injection, fre- quently giving rise to abscess formation. Thus such serum has not fulfilled the requirements of an ideal and effective biological product. Serum containing corpuscular elements cannot be properly sterilized neither by heat nor filtration, since when heated to a point where the ordinary pathogenic germs are destroyed it coagulates; whereas its Berkefeld filtration is out of the ques- tion. On the other hand clear serum can be readily sterilized by either of the methods and by such sterilization the ordinary pathogenic germs which are dangerous to hogs are readily elim- inated and by freeing it of corpuscles it is rendered more easily _ absorbed, thereby insuring the maximum protection within the shortest time. The fact should not be lost sight of that by 58 A. EBICHHORN eliminating the corpuscular elements from the hog cholera serum it may be injected in proportionally smaller dosage. In advocating a clear and sterilized serum for the control . of. hog cholera it is not in the least the intention to discredit the serum which has heretofore been prepared. However, from a scientific point of view and in consideration of the technical advantages which the administration of a clear serum possesses should induce the manufacturers to enter upon the preparation — of such a serum, especially so since the cost of production is not materially increased and only requires more skillful hand- ling and greater care in the manufacture. Ever since the writer studied the production of Anti Hog Cholera Serum in Hungary in 1909 he recognized the advan- tages of a clear serum and has not failed to point out its supe- riority on every occasion. It is surprising that up to date man- ufacturers have not changed their crude method in preference to a more up to date and satisfactory procedure. May I not point out the fact that there is no country abroad where a serum containing corpuscular elements could be sold; all these coun- tries requiring in their specifications a clear serum. Surely there must be a reason for this. It is the writer’s firm belief that the veterinarians would readily advocate and accept such a product if it would be available. With reference to the virus there should also be an effort made to prepare the same in a more refined form and free of any possible contamination. The advantages of such virus are also apparent. However, in view of the fact that the animals receive only about 1/25 of virus to the amount of serum the danger from this source is not comparable with that arising from a contaminated serum. As the control of hog cholera constitutes at the present time a very important part in the activity of the veterinarians, and as the writer believes that the foundation of the control is vac- cination with a proper serum and virus, the producers in order to assist the veterinarian in his effort should aim to supply the profession with the best that is possible to produce. The striking advantages of a clear and sterilized serum are: Freedom from contaminating organisms and other foreign materials, avoiding complications and ill effects. (eo ~—s T © alee Sees STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 59 Refinement of the product, permitting rapid and complete absorption and giving maximum immunity gh the shortest time. Provision for cleaner and more accurate technic thereby simplifying the vaccination. Sterility, promoting keeping qualities of the product. ‘It should also be recognized that a great deal depends on the proper technic in vaccination as the efforts exercised in the production. of the product may become nullified by careless technic. Sanitation which should be also given due considera- tion does not offer any new problem and should be carried out in accordance with the sanitary requirements of the authorities for the control of this or any other highly contagious infectious disease. The veterinarian in his effort to control hog cholera should give due consideration to every factor including proper diag- nosis and prophylaxis since only by so doing and employing the best means at his disposal for the control of the infection can he expect to serve his clients as he should. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS. IV. EXPERIMENTS WITH COMBINATIONS OF OIL OF CHENOPODIUM AND CHLOROFORM. MAvRIcE C. HALL, PH. D., D. V. j *Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis % Co., Detroit, Mich. Whether a combination of oil of chenopodium and chloro- form might be a valuable one, has been discussed by Hall and Foster. They state: : ‘*Various writers have advocated the use of chloroform in castor oil in connection with oil of chenopodium or other anthel- mintics, and some have claimed a synergistic action for chloro- form and chenopodium. We have not found any convincing evidence of synergistic action. Chenopodium has a certain ~ anthelmintic value for hookworms and chloroform has a greater value; but we have not observed that the simultaneous use of the two drugs adds to the efficiency of the chloroform alone. However, the combination of chenopodium and chloroform is a valuable one, as the chenopodium can be expected to remove *Resigned March 27, 1919. 60 M, Cc: HALL 9 cA ascarids, when t are present in hookworm cases, and ascarids are commonly pré™mt in such cases.”’ The experiments supporting the above comment on the com- bination of chenopodium and chloroform were later published by Hall and Foster as follows: In one experiment, chenopodium was given in the dose of 0.1 mil per kilo, the single therapeutic dose, daily for a total of 6 doses. It was mixed with 10 times its volume of olive oil and preceded by castor oil in amount equal to the olive oil; 1 minim of chloroform per kilo body weight was added to the olive- oil-chenopodium mixture the first day and to the castor oil the following days. This treatment removed 8 out of 8 ascarids (100 per cent), and 94 out of 133 hookworms (71 per cent). In a second experiment, 4 dogs were each given chenopodium and chloroform, each at the rate of 0.1 mil per kilo; the drugs were given in castor oil, from 12 to 40 mils, according to the weight of the dog. This treatment removed 7 out of 8 ascarids (87.5 per cent,) and only 7 out of 61 hookworms (11 per cent). In a third experiment, the dose of each drug was doubled, being given at the rate of 0.2 mil per kilo, and in about 30 mils of castor oil. This treatment removed 100 per cent of the ascarids and over half of the hookworms. Hall and Foster state that 0.1 mil per kilo of each of these drugs is too small a dose for the best results. It is the opinion of Hall, as stated elsewhere, that 0.1 mil per kilo is the proper dose of oil of chenopodium for use against ascarids, represent- ing a dose which will seldom fall below 100 per cent efficacy, as smaller doses do too frequently, and which is naturally less toxic than larger doses. As for chloroform, the dose of this drug for dogs should certainly be at least 0.2 mil per kilo, and 0.3 mil per kilo is well tolerated. | The writer is now of the opinion that under suitable con- ditions of administration, a single dose of both drugs will secure better results than a single dose of either one alone. The following experiments indicate that a single dose of 0.1 m. p. k. of chenopodium and 0.2 m. p. k. of chlor- oform gives. very satisfactory results where the two drugs are both used in the same treatment and the chenopodium is given in the soft, or soluble elastic, capsule. In these if STUDIES ON, ANTHELMINTICS 61 experiments, the dogs were given oil of chenopodium at ap- proximately the rate of 0.1 m. p. k., so far as the dose could be approximated in the administration of soluble elastic 5- and 10-minim capsules, and were given chloroform at the rate of 0.2 m. p. k. in hard gelatine capsules, No. 00. The purgative, for which the kind and amount is specified, was given imme- diately after the other drugs. From what the writer has ob- served of the action of these drugs under these conditions, the chloroform would be very promptly released in the stomach; such purgatives as castor oil would rather promptly begin to pass out with their chloroform content, while such oils as olive oil would tend to remain in the stomach a rather long period; and the soluble elastic capsules, when given with castor oil, would digest or open in the stomach within a half hour or so. The castor oil in the stomach and its persistent purgative action in the intestine would carry along the chenopodium, whenever it left the stomach. g - Efficacy (%) Against |e) 2] & | $ | | Purgative phe Digestive Tract he ' el zal: p/P ESE) RE Flo] 5 < |Z s\/E B\a8 Ber 1a nko 1052) Ol. ric. 30, mils,. ..5;..005,,5. 60% ...-| 100]....]....}Normal 27; 1 AZ’) 15 GAs TIC, OO Wille. ss Ge leis)... se ase Peeger menay ° 0} 100) Normal 28 }°17 | 25 upon vic; OO tile. 's5 eens 22 LARS | DROOL «ose [ads CP RNOR ERAS 30 9/ 15 Soi OU sic, 30 mils. 624i nae cs vee 100) caeb is eh. INGGMal 31 6} 10 “ | Ol. olivae 60 mils. sod. sulph., o” PSR es Re LPO WORE Se PARI ord y's 0 0} Gast.-ent. hem. 32. 7 | 10 “ {Ol. olivae 30 mils............ 100}....]....]....|Gast.-ent. hem. 33 8 | 10 “ |Ol. olivae 30 mils. calomel 2gr.| 100} 57|.... 0} Ent. hem. 34 9} 10 “ !Ol. olivae 30 mils. 2 C. C. pills} 40)....}....|....] Ent. hem. 35 | 8.5) 10 “ |! OL. olivae 30 mils. Elaterin gr. OEE ae Ss oak earacen eas 83} ....]....] 0 | Normal 38 | 10} 15 Sav Ol. lini:60 mills. 05665 6 eure. 100} 92)....|....]Ent. Infl.(mod.) 40 | 10] 15 Patt. fic. GO mile... 4'.4)62 5 Pear 100} 100}....]....] Normal 41 10 | 15 PGA. FIC AGO MUG. «600-25 oc ee No conclusions. Sickly animal; died next day. 60 7110 “ !OL. ric. 20 mils. Ol. olivae 20 We mite, 230 BS veeefe.--] 0 | O | Inflam. 64 oS} 2b. | 0.2) Ol. coco..30 mils.. .....\... }%%. 100...) "0: 4.282) Taam, 67 8! 15° “ /OL. ric. 60 mils. in S. E. cap- 1 a ao OE SPE Ber Ba £8 8 100|....| 100} O |Inflam. 70 9} 15 “ !OL. ric. 20 mils. Ol. olivae 20 aes: gaeaeeillpmrtie: Areas it eet hans i ae ice 0 0 |Hem. TMinims There are 16 dogs in the foregoing table, of which one, No. 41, must be disregarded in drawing conclusions, as the animal, a clinical case of uncinariasis, died the day following treatment, 62 M. C. HALL too early to permit of anthelmintic action. The other 15 dogs had a total of 150 ascarids, an average of 10 per dog; 40 hook- worms, an average of 5.6 per dog. Of these worms, the com- bined chenopodium (0.1 m. p. k.) and chloroform (0.2 m. p. k.) treatment removed 146 ascarids (97 per cent), 35 hookworms (87.5 per cent), 4 whipworms (12.5 per cent), and 1 tapeworm (1 per cent). These percentages for efficacy against ascarids and hookworms are high. The showing against hookworms is especially high for single dose treatments and is better than the average obtained by single doses of either drug alone. It is better than the result obtained by Hall and Foster in giving both drugs at the rate of 0.2 m. p. k. in 30 mils of castor oil. ‘This result can hardly be regarded as a true case of synergistie action, something Hall and Foster have regarded as not present in the anthelmintic action of these drugs, but it is possible that — treatments given in this fashion do allow one drug to supple- ment the other. As was noted already, the chloroform prob- ably passes down the digestive tract promptly, mixed with the purgative, and is followed shortly afterward by the cheno- podium. It is quite possible that worms that are not removed by the chloroform, but are weakened by a sub-lethal dose, suc- cumb to the additional toxic effects of the chenopodium to which they are later subjected. Or it may be that some hookworms not killed by the chloroform are deprived of their fatty pro- tective coating by the chloroform and so exposed to attack by chenopodium, or loosen their attachment to the mucosa, under the influence of the chloroform, and are caught in the lumen of the gut. by the chenopodium. | Unfortunately, we have only speculation on this subject at present. That the combination was efficacious here, however, is not a matter of speculation. A consideration of the condition of the digestive tract in these animals shows the following: Leaving out of considera- tion Dog 41, which was too sick to tolerate treatment and can- not be regarded as a normal animal, 6 dogs had normal diges- tive tracts, 3 had inflamed digestive tracts, and 6 had hemor- rhagic digestive tracts. Since the anthelmintic treatment was the same for all, the reason these findings may be sought in the purgation employed, since the eliminative and distributive action of such drugs as castor oil has been found protective by the writer against lethal doses of such drugs as chenopodium or STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 63 oleoresin of male fern, whereas the tendency of olive oil to re- main in the stomach and be absorbed has been found to result in serious damage to that organ. These findings, published elsewhere by the writer, are confirmed by the findings here. Where castor oil alone was used, the digestive tract was normal five times and inflamed once; where olive oil was used, alone or with a diverse assortment of purgatives, the digestive tract was hemmorrhagic six times and normal once; where other oils, cocoanut or linseed, were used, the digestive tract was inflamed twice. These findings confirm the desirability of using castor oil as a purgative with chenopodium, something which a number of writers have advised, though some have given a preference to Epsom salts. It is likely that either are satisfactory; the important thing is prompt and adequate purgation. In the following experiments, the dese of chenopodium was cut to half the therapeutic dose of 0.1 m. p. k., or 0.05 m. p. k., the dose of chloroform being the same as in the preceding ex- periments. d me Efficacy. (%) Against f 8 z= E F l 2 rer i Purgative é Digestive Tract er lg 8 (Ela ga glee el 2/2) 2 g SEZ ERE = O | 0 < = B/E e/e 5 39 6 B71 O21 OW. ric. 30mg... oi. ahs eee 100} 75]....)....|Normal Set 14: {10 OTIC. OO WAUBL: ats >,05 aus pales 75| 83| O|....|Ent. hem. 43 8 5 ¢ | Ol. Fics 60 miles. 5. 204. Gee 100}....] O | 100} Normal In this diminished chenopodium dosage, the treatment re- moved 8 of a total of 9 ascarids (an efficacy of 89 per cent) ; 8 of 10 hookworms (80 per cent) ; none of 11 whipworms (0 per cent) ; and both of 2 tapeworms (100 per cent). While this is a good showing for ascarids, numerous experiments indicate that this smaller dose of chenopodium, 0.05 m. p. k., will fail in a distinctly larger number of cases than the larger dose of 0.1 m. p. k., and as this latter is well tolerated, it should be used. The efficacy of the treatment against hookworms is unimpaired, a showing in keeping with the undiminished chloroform dosage of 0.2 m. p. k. The digestive tract was normal in 2 of the 3 dogs, and showed some enteric hemorrhage in the third. Castor oil, in. 30 and 60 mil doses, was used. 64 M..C. HALL One dog, No. 47, was given the therapeutic dose of cheno- podium, 0.1 m. p. k., and a diminished dose of chloroform, 1.33 m. p. k. This dog weighed 15 kilos, received 20 minims of chenopodium, 2 mils of chloroform, and 60 mils of castor oil. It passed 6 ascarids and had 3 whipworms postmortem, an ef- ficacy of 100 per cent against ascarids and 0 per cent against whipworms. There were some inflamed areas and some hemor- rhage in the intestine. In another series, the dogs were given double the therapeutic — dose of chenopodium, or 0.2 m. p. k., with a therapeutic dose of chloroform, 0.2 m. p. k. Pr “4 Efficacy (%) Against . & = > |2|2| 8 He s| % l Purgative Re Digestive Tract Z | 4 . a 77) Ps 2), @ 2|/ 2/2] ‘ 8 E = E aE = RS 9) be eh A <|Ds\e e/a | a} 40 | | 00... 49 14 | 40 | 0.2/Ol. gossyp. 60 mils........... 100). claw Ent. inflam.; pyloric hem. 50 «by Ab) bis +39 Ol TiC: SOONG se eee 100}... Sef" O | Gast.-ent. hem. 51 6.) 15 “1 Ol. sesam.'60:mils..........05 100}: FQuh ces Ent. hem. 52 6 | 15 Ol. varach: 6GO-mils. 2... snes LOO} ak 2 0 |Gast. hem. With this doubled dosage of chenopodium, the treatment re- moved all of the 35 ascarids present (100 per cent), and none of the other worms, including 1 hookworm, 10 whipworms, and 24 tapeworms (0 per cent). In the experiments already noted, chenopodium in doses of 0.1 m. p. k. and 0.05 m. p. k. removed 160 ascarids and failed to remove 5. While it might be thought that this established the larger dosage as the preferred one, it really does not do so. Experiments published by Hall and Foster show that chenopodium, in single doses of 3 m. p. k. or 3 doses of 0.2 m. p. k. each on successive days, will fail to re- move occasional ascarids, and these failures are to be attributed, in the present state of our knowledge, to conditions of which we are unaware and over which we have at present no control. No safe dose of any anthelmintic known can be depended on to remove all worms present every time. This fact, coupled with the fact that anthelmintics are toxic substances which should be used with caution, makes the employment of the 0.1 m. p. k. dose of chenopodium advisable. The occasional deaths of weak ‘animals, following the administration of conservative thera- STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 65 peutic doses of anthelmintics, inclines one to avoid larger doses than are necessary for reasonably dependable results, and these results can be obtained against ascarids with the 0.1 m. p. k. dose of chenopodium. These single doses of chenopodium and chloroform removed a total of 43 out of 51 hookworms, an efficacy of 84 per cent. This is a very good showing against a worm that is difficult to remove, and these two drugs administered in the manner noted, give results superior to those obtained as a rule with either drug alone or with drugs other than these. | The failure of most treatments in these experiments to re- - move whipworms or tapeworms is to be expected. The drugs and the mode of administration are not appropriate for these worms. The following experiments are intended to determine the efficacy of repeated doses of chenopodium and chloroform. Dog No. 46, weighing 25 kilos, was given 20 minims of cheno- podium in the soluble elastic capsule, with 2 mils of chloroform in hard capsules and 60 mils of castor oil. Six days later the dog was given 75 minims of chenopodium in soluble elastic capsules, with 5 mils of chloroform in 60 mils of castor oil, and six days later the dog was given this same dose again. Five days later the dog was killed. No worms were passed and 5 whipworms were found postmortem. Even such rather large doses, re- peated at these intervals, were 0 per cent effective against whip- worms, which is not surprising in view of the location of these worms. In the following experiments, the dogs were given 3 doses of oil of chenopodium in soft, or soluble elastic, capsules, each dose consisting of the amount shown in the table and being given with 15 mils of castor oil or without the oil, as indicated. The last dose was followed after an interval of 1 to 1% hours by 4 mils of chloroform in 15 mils of castor oil if the chenopodium was given with oil each time and 30 mils if no oil had been given. Thése experiments, briefly tabulated here, were pub- lished in full by Hall (1919). 66 M. C. HALL ge Efficacy (%) Against g & J eal ee 7 aR | $ M | 3 2 4 2 ag fu Digestive Tract. oe oe 2 s 136) 28] 88 Aa| & S) = eee | SEI AaB 289 21 108 eS eae ois 100 86 | ine ahs | pte Pair. hem. Sot {1b A? 100s Meer ae a: 100'|'< 97}. | Gast. inflam., Ent. hem. 300 | 18 Beir Nowsaesk pains | as ey ya | 50 | Stine | 0 | Few ent. petechiae. 902 |: Sl <) ta | ae occa eed tin awl Bier cas Pree oe 0 !Gast. inflam. From an anthelmintic standpoint, this treatment was de- cidedly successful. It removed 6 out of 6 ascarids (100 per cent) and 127 out of 142 hookworms (89 per cent). In the 3 cases where the capsules were given with castor oil, the treat- ment was 91 per cent effective against hookworms. There were no whipworms present, and it failed to remove any of 17 tape- worms, a matter of no moment, as it is not a teniafuge anyway. As regards the effect on the host, it was especially bad in the case of Dog No. 301, but this dog had distemper when treated and died on the third day after treatment. The writer has pointed out elsewhere that dogs having distemper should not be given anthelmintic treatment until after they have recovered. While there was a production of inflamed and even hemorrhagic areas in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, the condition was not serious and would have cleared up in the course of 10 days or two weeks. ' Compared with the damage done by hook- worms, this is something that may be tolerated, and in view of the high degree of efficacy attained, the treatment outlined here would be the one indicated. It will be noted that where castor oil was not given with each dose of chenopodium, the efficacy fell to 50 per cent. The writer prefers the simultaneous ad- ministration of castor oil with the capsules. Our experiments show that the capsules given with castor oil will open in a half hour or so, so that the worms are first subjected to chenopodium and later to chloroform. In the following experiments, dogs were given soluble elastic capsules each containing 5 minims of chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform. The first series given will consider those dogs, 4 in number, which received 1 dose of these capsules, and the second series will consider those dogs, 11 in number, which received repeated doses. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 67 The following dogs received these capsules to the number stated, followed immediately by 30 mils of castor oil. | Efficacy (%) Against Dog Wt. Cap- Digestive Tract. No. | Kilos. sules + mica Hook- | Whip- Tape- worms worms worms 95 14 hy ees 0) oo Lt he, eee ee Inflam. 96 17 We eh Ass a 0 0 (@) Normal 97 9 Se i snteencahicceae ee 0 0 Pyloric hem. 98 12 OE e Saaled Se fe ee 0 Gastric hem. There were no ascarids present in these dogs. The treat- ment removed 8 out of 19 hookworms, an efficacy of 42 per cent. It failed to remove any of 9 whipworms and 44 tape- worms, an efficacy of 0 per cent against these worms. The digestive tract was normal once, inflamed once and there were hemorrhages in the stomach twice. Apparently the combination of chenopodium and chloroform in the soft capsule is not as effective as the administration of chenopodium in the soft capsule, with the practically simulta- neous administration of chloroform in the hard capsule or dis- solved in the accompanying castor oil, or with the chloroform administered after an interval. Furthermore, the effect on the stomach suggests that where these two drugs are thoroughly dissolved in one another, the chloroform may hasten the local absorption of the chenopodium with bad results. It is prob- able, from other experiments, that the castor oil that might serve as a protection to the stomach against this combination, has passed out before this capsule opéns. Probably the chloro- form exerts a hardening effect on the gelatine. At any rate, the simultaneous administration of chenopodium and chloroform in this manner gives inferior results as regards worms removed and effect on the digestive tract, when compared with their practically consecutive administration as attained by the use of the soft capsules for the chenopodium only. The following series comprises dogs receiving repeated doses of the soft capsules containing 5 minims of chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform. All dogs received 1 capsule at a dose and 30 mils of castor oil with each dose. 68 M. C. HALL } | Efficacy (%) Against Dog! Wt. | Doses Intervals Digestive Tract No. | Kilos. Ascaris | Hook- | Whip- | Tape- : worms | worms | worms 245 13 Ba | SARUR catess eres 100 20. so ee Met ane ee Normal 243 10.5 2: | Avge sree Sasso eee ste 100° 7) SORA. ae Normal 238 9 3 | 4.8 3 Cage h..: 100 42 2 antes | Ripe Gast.-Ent. hem. 239. 10.5 5 1|4,3,4&2 days..|....... 75 79 100 | Gast.-Ent. hem. 230 8.5 5 |4,6,5&2days..!| 100 BO Lt ss Ae es area Gast. hem. 183 nb es 6 |(In 8 days)...... 100-4148 2 Se eae 0 Gast.-Ent. hem. 184 5.5 TO MAGEE AVE 55 ke lA) Siang )ares| a) lot! lazca ed inl otal aa Gast.-Ent. hem. 182 8 7 |(In 8 days)...... LOO | bo lapel stave ca alana Gast.-Ent. hem. 181 13 7. "Thi 8 GAVE ton sale cs ves 100 LOO oT cca ators Gast.-Ent. hem. 177 15 75 1 Ol: 8 Gare) i als a. pre eee 100 5 Al eae vend Gast. hem. 175 19 4) SUES ARGSY vce ise sce es LOO: 14. esiece eee Gast. hem. These treatments removed 56 out of 56 ascarids (100 per cent); 45 out of 64 hookworms (70 per cent); 50 out of 59 whipworms (85 per cent); and 1 out of 2 tapeworms (50 per cent). The digestive tract was normal twice, following 2 doses, and showed gastric hemorrhage in the other 9 dogs, following 3 to 7 doses, coupled with enteric hemorrhage in 6 of these cases. A consideration of the above table and summary indicates that repeated doses of soft capsules containing 5 minims of ~ chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform are entirely effica- cious against ascarids, as would be expected. They are only 70 per cent effective against hookworms, a high efficacy com- pared with chenopodium or chloroform alone in single doses, but not so high as the efficacy (87.5 per cent) attained by sin- ele dose treatments where oil of chenopodium is given at the | rate of 0.1 m. p. k. in soft capsules, and chloroform is simultane- ously given at the rate of 0.2 m. p. k. in hard capsules with 30 mils of castor oil or dissolved in the castor oil, or the efficacy (89 per cent) of 3 doses of chenopodium at hour intervals fol- lowed by chloroform 1 to 114 hours later. It may be noted that in these repeated doses the individual dose was less than the therapeutic dose of 0.1 m. p. k., as it must be in repeated doses. At the same time, the condition of the digestive tract indicates that this combination of drugs is not well suited to repeated doses, being too irritant. The high efficacy against whipworms (85 per cent) is to be expected, as the keynote to treatment for infestation with this worm is repetition, a fact that the writer has pointed out in previous articles. The irri- tant character of chenopodium and chloroform makes them un- suitable for repeated doses and they are best used in single dose so . STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS : 69 treatments or treatments calling only for repeating doses during the course of a few hours of one day. Santonin, on the other hand, has too little efficacy in single dose to be as valuable as chenopodium for ascarids and is of no value for hookworm treatment, but the fact that it does not act as a gastro-intestinal irritant makes it the drug of choice where whipworms are con- cerned, since it can be safely given in the repeated treatments which are necessary to ensure some of the drugs finally enter- ing the cecum and removing the worms (safely, that is, so far as gastro-intestinal irritation is concerned). Experiments with these soft capsules, containing 5 minims : of chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform, after they had been enteric-coated by exposure to formalin, have been detailed in another paper. The results were unsatisfactory. SUMMARY. The best results in the removal of hookworms by a single dose treatment of which the writer is aware, were obtained by the use of oil of chenopodium in a dose approximating 0.1m. p. k., as near as the dose can be approximated in 5- and 10-minim soft, or soluble elastic, capsules, followed im- mediately by 30 mils of castor oil containing chloroform at the rate of 0.2 m. p. k. or with this amount of chloroform given in hard gelatine capsules. Apparently the results so obtained are due to consecutive action which approximates treatment by re- peated doses, as the chloroform in castor oil acts very promptly against the worms, and the chenopodium only after its release at some interval from the soft capsule. The treatment was 87.5 per cent effective in tests on 15 dogs, of which 6 had hook- worms. , This same treatment was 97 per cent effective against. as- earids in tests on 15 dogs, of which 9 had ascarids. The treatment was comparatively ineffective against whip- worms, which require repeated treatments, not. single treat- ments. . The treatment was also ineffective against tapeworms, but neither of these drugs is dependable against tapeworms. Very satisfactory results were also obtained by administer- ing 3 doses of 5 or 10 minims of chenopodium in the soft cap- sule at hour intervals, accompanied each time by 15 mils of castor oil, and followed 1 to 11% hours later by 4 mils of chloro- 70 ; M. C. HALL form in 15 mils of castor oil. This treatment was 91 per cent effective against hookworms in tests on 3 infested dogs. The same treatment was 100 per cent effective in tests on 2 ascarid-infested dogs and may be depended on to maintain sub- stantially this efficacy. These results bear out the claims of Schiiffner and Verwoort for the treatment used by them in Sumatra. They gave 3 doses of oil of chenopodium, in 16-minim doses on sugar, at hour in- tervals and 2 hours after the last dose gave 17 grams of castor _ oil and 3 grams of chloroform. Our experiments indicate that the patient is better protected when each dose of chenopodium is accompanied by castor oil, otherwise a treatment approximat- ing treatment used by Schiiffner and Verwoort should be the best treatment for hookworms in man of those yet published, so far as our experiments indicate. The simultaneous administration of chenopodium and chloro- form by giving a soft capsule containing both of these drugs in the proper proportion, is unsatisfactory. In single dose the combination does not display enough efficacy, and in repeated doses the efficacy is less against hookworm, the particular work for which this combination is intended, than the single dose using soft capsules for the chenopodium only. It shows the in- ereased efficacy against whipworms that may be expected from repeated doses, but shows a corresponding degree of injury to the gastro-intestinal mucosa that makes it undesirable. REFERENCE. : Hall, Maurice C. 1919. Practical methods of treatment for worm infestation. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., v. 8 (1), April, pp. 24-45, 1 fig. . A special course on Humane Laws and Regulations, under the auspices of the American Red Star Animal Relief, will be instituted in October at the New York State Veterinary College, New York University. Dr. W. W. Yard, of Denver, Colo., late of the Army Veterinary Service, will deliver this series of lectures. Dr. Cheston M: Hoskins, Vety. Dept. University of Pennsyl- vania, will lecture this session upon Feline Medicine at the New York State Veterinary College, New York University. i EE —— a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. a0 ESTIMATE OF THE NUMBER OF CYSTS IN A CASE OF PORK MEASLES. MaAuvRIcE’C. HALL, Ph. D., D. V. M. Senior Zodlogist, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry. Through the courtesy of Dr. H. K. Walter, the local in- spector in charge at Washington, D. C., the attention of the writer was called to a case of pork cysticercosis at the abattoir at Rosslyn, Va. The animal in question had been held by the inspector, Dr. Wm. F. Davis, on July 17, 1919. An examina- tion of the carcass showed the following: The carcass was that of a young animal, weighing, with the head and viscera removed, 56 pounds. The meat was riddled with cysticerci and the skin raised in places, notably about the shoulders, by the accumulation of cysts. All the customarily infested sites, such as the tongue, diaphragm, psoas, neck mus- eles and heart, were heavily infested, but there was little to choose between these portions and the hams, shoulders, and ‘other portions of the skeletal musculature. As usual in such cases various other viscera as well as the heart were also in- volved in the infestation, including the esophagus, thoracic and cervical lymph glands, stomach, spleen, and cerebrum. No cysts were found in the cerebellum, spinal cord, lungs, liver, kidney, small intestine, or abdominal lymph glands. The eye muscles and orbital tissues were affected but no cysts were found in the interior of the eyeball. This case offered an opportunity of making an estimate of the number of cysticerci that might be present in a case of heavy infestation. A piece of ham, weighing 5 grams, was dissected and the cysts, 70 in number, removed. The remain- ing muscle weighed 2.5 grams, showing that approximately half the weight of the muscular portion of the carcass was made up of parasites. In 56 pounds of eviscerated headless carcass, it would be conservative to say that the musculature made up more than half the weight. Chauveau states that the skeletal mus- culature makes up half of the body weight. In this animal there was very little fat of any sort and the viscera were re- . 72 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS moved, as was the head, with its considerable bone content. Figuring that 30 pounds of the entire carcass was muscle, in- eluding the diaphragm and heart, this would total 30 times 453.5 grams, or 13,605 grams. Since 5 grams contained 70 cysts, 1 gram would contain, on an average, 14 cysts. The total for the carcass would be, therefore, 190,470 cysts. Stiles has stated that in heavy infestations as many as 20,000 bladderworms may occur in a single carcass; in this case there are apparently almost ten times as many, and the infestation is in a rather small animal. Vosgien states that 3,000 or more cysts have been found in man. In heavy infestations, according to Stiles, the pork is watery and pale, it decomposes easily, and has a disagreeable sweet taste. In the careass in question the meat itself was watery, but it was difficult to ascertain this fact from a gross specimen, as the cut of a knife brought away a stream of fiuid from the numerous cysts opened by the cut. Pieces of the ham were boiled and others fried to ascertain the appearance of the meat when cooked. In boiled ham the conspicuous things noticed were the cavities, where the meat had cooked firm and the cysts had fallen out or broken, and the floating shreds of cysts projecting from the meat or free in the water. In fried ham, the cysts usually opened, sometimes with a pop, and then shriveled, the cysts or their scolices showing as white knots in the meat. IRIS POISONING OF CALVES. E. A. Bruce, Agassiz, B. C. No cases of actual poisoning of stock by iris appear to have been reported. Long mentions that the wild flag was noted by Linneus as dangerous to cattle, Lander that poisoning of ani- mals is rare, and Pammel cites no instances of stock poisoning. Cases are on record where human beings have been poisoned by Iris versicolor (blue flag) which had been eaten in mistake for Acorus calamus (sweet. flag), owing to the close resemblance of the plant before reaching the flowering stage. Many other species of Jris are under suspicion as irritant poisons. They contain acrid resins and an active principle iridin, a glucoside belonging to the group of vegetable purgatives. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 73 Quite recently some interesting cases were drawn to my at- tention by Mr. J. Heath of Abbottsford, B. C., a keen and care- ful observer. While I was not fortunate enough to see these cases personally, the information supplied by Mr. Heath coupled with the fact that there was abundant evidence that iris had been eaten, leave but little doubt as to the cause of the trouble. HISTORY. Nine Holstein-Jersey grade calves from 3 to 6 months of age were placed in an enclosure about half an acre in extent, and which contained a flower border. After the animals had been in this enclosure for four days, three of them were taken sick, the ages of those affected being 3, 4, and 414 months respectively. Two of these died in less than two days, and the third ‘died on the fourth day. Examination of the grounds showed that two clumps of iris roots were exposed and had been eaten off close to the ground; a peony had also been eaten down. The iris roots that remained were removed and no further trouble oc- curred. At some future time it is hoped that the botanical name of the iris in question may be ascertained, for the present it must suf- fice that it was a blue flowering bulbous variety. At first a tendency to lie down and keep quiet was noticed, together with a considerable salivation. Shortly after saliva- tion made its appearance the glands of the head and throat be- eame hard and enlarged, and raised sores appeared on the lips and muzzle. These sores are described as being of the nature of burns, and varied in size from that of a 25 cent piece to that of a silver dollar. They were slightly raised yellowish scabs to begin with, then became darker, and were a source of intense irritation as the animal made frequent attempts to scratch them. Salivation was continuous. Vomiting was not noticed. Un- due thirst was not marked, and the appetite was not affected for some little time after being taken ill. Acute abdominal pain was evidenced. There were no convulsions or unconsciousness. Shortly before death the feces became very loose and contained blood. For about the last hour the animals were practically unable to move. AUTOPSY. A post-mortem was held ten minutes after death on the third calf that died. The first two stomachs were said to be 74 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS more or less normal in appearance, but the others showed un- mistakable signs of irritation. The kidneys, liver, and spleen were very dark in colour. The large intestines showed black patches varying in size from half an inch to six inches; the small intestines were similarly affected but to a much lesser ex- tent. REMARKS. The post-mortem findings although meagre, in conjunction with the symptoms all point to the action of an irritant poison. Abundant evidence existing that iris plants had been eaten, to- gether with the fact that nearly a month has elapsed since the removal of the iris plants from the enclosure without subsequent cases, all points to the cause of death as being due to poisoning by iris. REFERENCES. Henkel, Alice. (1907). American Root Drugs. Bull. 107, U. S. Dept. of Agr. Kremer, H. (1915). Scientific and Applied Pharmacognosy. Philadelphia. Lander, G. D. (1912). Veterinary Toxicology. Chicago. Long, H. C. (1917). Plants Poisonous to Live Stock. Cam- bridge. Pammel, L. H. (1911). Manual of Poisonous Plants. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. GEMS OF TRUTH. When a plumber makes a mistake, he charges twice for it. When a carpenter makes a mistake, it is just what he expected. When a lawyer makes a mistake, it is just what he wanted, because he has a chance to try the case all over again. When the Doctor makes a mistake, he buries it. When a judge makes a mistake, it becomes the law of the land. When a preacher makes a mistake, nobody knows the dif- ference. But when an editor makes a mistake — Goodnight ! — National Provisioner. ABSTRACTS. AN INTERESTING CASE OF ADAMS’ OPERATION FOR PARAPHYMOSIS AND MALFORMATION OF THE PENIS AFTER CASTRATION. - By FREDERICK HosBpAy, F. R. C. V. S., London. The patient was a valuable riding horse, five years old, which had been castrated by Mr. John Young, F.R.C.V.S., by whom I was called in consultation. The operation had ap- parently passed off satisfactorily, but, as a sequel, paraphymosis had set in, and the end of the penis was now turned backwards, the horse being unable to retract the organ into the prepuce. This withdrawal into the prepuce was particularly prevented by an irregularly indurated ring of tissue, about four inches thick in the front and two inches at the back, extending all around the organ itself. The front portion had already be- come abraded owing to friction with the abdomen, and a large sore, fully the size of a couple of crown pieces side by side, had already formed. ; The horse was cast and chloroformed, *Adams’ operation being performed, and the whole of the indurated ring of tissue carefully dissected off. The edges of the mucous membranes at the top and bottom of the penis were then carefully united with interrupted sutures, and the whole was painted with iodine. As soon as the patient got up off the ground the penis was with- drawn naturally into the sheath, and recovery has since been complete. . This operation, which was first performed in America, is a most useful one, and was introduced into the British Army Veterinary Hospitals with great success. In France, especially during the bad weather of the winters and springs of 1916 and 1917, owing to the debility of the animals and the frightfully cold and muddy conditions under which the horses were com- pelled to exist, hundreds of cases of paralysis of the penis were met with. In some necrosis ocurred as a complication, and all *Dr. Jno. W. Adams, University of Pennsylvania. 76 ABSTRACTS were frightfully troublesome. In a very large proportion of cases, even when the horses recovered condition, this paralysis of the penis still existed, and rendered the animal unfit for fur- ther war service. Amputation did away with the pendulous penis, but the risk of stricture was ever present, and Adams’ operation came as a ‘‘godsend.’’ It was beneficial in a very large proportion: of cases, especially those in which there was a heavy roll of indurated tissue around the penis, the weight of this being often very considerable. Once this was removed, the beneficial result was most marked, and in many instances in even a few days the penis was able to be retracted into the prepuce. Its simplicity, safety and freedom from hemorrhage, together with the large proportion of success which followed its performance, has made this operation take its place amongst the neat and practical operations of veterinary surgery, and our thanks are due to our American confreres for their originality and for the lead they have given us in this branch of the vet- erinary art.— Veterinary Journal. ANTHRAX IN MOROCCO. Chauveau’s researches showed that Algerian sheep were re- sistant towards the anthrax bacillus of French origin. This conclusion has wrongly led to a belief among agriculturists that anthrax in the sheep did not exist in Algeria. The recent work of Léhritier, Fléry and Tribout (1912) has shown that the dis- ease cam be observed among Algerian sheep and that death is pro- duced under conditions similar to those observed in outbreaks among French flocks, but the bacillus of Algerian origin is en- | dowed with greater virulence than the French organism. Mar- tin and Henry (1916) have shown that anthrax is not rare in the region of Constantine but outbreaks become manifest under atypical fulminant forms which render diagnosis very difficult. Anthrax is common in Morocco and has been recorded by veterinarians as being widespread in many districts. It is well known by the natives, but, as in Algeria, it is often mistaken by even enlightened Europeans. It makes its appearance after the harvests at the time when land upon which cereals have been cultivated is turned into ‘pastuure. Isolated cases of the disease occur very frequently but it may become more or less ABSTRACTS 77 epizodtic in character although .this is somewhat rare; this cir- cumstance was observed in the case of cattle imported in 1913 and 1914 from Argentina and Portugal for the needs of the army of occupation. In such instances deaths occur regularly as in a true epizodtic but several days may elapse without ob- serving a single death and then the disease re-appears. It al- . ways runs a hyper-acute course lasting only a few hours. The affected animals show only a few ill-defined smyptoms. On post-mortem examination no lesions are often to be found. The spleen may be just appreciably enlarged and some petechiz may be seen on the serous membranes. At the Casablanca abattoir Eyraud was able on several occasions to diagnose anthrax in cattle and sheep which showed only a few interstitial hemor- rhages. The above hyper-acute form of anthrax has been observed in horses as well as in cattle. Microscopie examination systematic- ally carried out enabled the author to discover the role of the anthrax bacillus in certain diseases of a fulminant character appearing in the form of an epizootic among flocks of sheep, where the disease would not have been suspected on clinical or post-mortem examination. — Veuu (H.).— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 1919. Mar. 12. Vol. 12. No. 3. pp. 126-127. COLLOIDS. The following is an extract from a Chadwick Public Lecture on “‘the use of colloids in health and disease,’’ by A. B. Searle, given at the Medical Society of London on Wednesday, Feb. 26th: Sir William J. Collins, x.c.v.0., M.p., Chairman of the Chadwick Trustees, in the chair. ‘“Very remarkable results have been obtained during the past few years from the study of a state of matter which is in- termediate between that generally recognised as ‘‘suspended’’ in a fluid and that in a true solution, and known as the colloidal state. Many substances of widely different composition and characteristics can be obtained in this state and their properties then differ in many ways from what would be anticipated. The particles of colloidal matter are very minute, but by means of the ultra-microscope they may be recognized as en- dowed with violent motion. Many factors conducive to health 78 ABSTRACTS depend on the possession of a colloidal character; thus the pur- ification of sewage depends almost wholly on its ability to form a colloidal solution with the grease and dirt. The researches of the late Henry Crookes—a son of Sir William Crookes—have proved the very effective germicidal power of elementary col- loids; strikingly shown by a number of lantern slides of cul- tures of bacteria. This germicidal property soon led to their being employed as medicines as well as germicides — with re- markable results. Crookes’ work has been followed by further investigations which have resulted in the preparation of silver, copper, mercury, manganese and palladium, and of such non- metallic elements as iodine and arsenic in the form of colloidal solutions which are isotonic with the fluids of the human body. These researches have made available a new series of liquids of great importance in the treatment of some of the most serious diseases. Amongst their most striking characteristics are their freedom from poisonous properties which render the same sub- stances risky when administered in the form of ordinary solu- tions. Large doses of colloidal solutions may be given with impunity, and cures which are ordinarily prolonged, are effected rapidly. ) Although the first remedial germicidal colloidal metals were first prepared in 1910, the rapidity with which they and other colloidal solutions have been adopted, and their extensive use in practice is a certain indicator of their value. Attempts to - produce similar preparations were made by several German chemists, but most of the foreign preparations lack stability, and are decomposed before reaching the seat of the disease. The British colloidal solutions on the contrary are quite stable and effective. The suecess which has attended investigations on the use of colloids as remedial agents is great and affords a basis of hope that further developements will be still more beneficial. It is probable that serum and vaccine thereby will ultimately be re- solved into questions of colloidal chemistry, but in the meantime the use of colloidal solutions of certain elements appears to offer a means whereby they can be accurately prepared and admin- istered with a higher degree of efficiency than is possible with some of the more complex synthetic compounds at present in use.’’ — Vet. Rec. (Lond.) ABSTRACTS 79 SOME NOTES ON THE FEEDING OF FLESH TO FAR- ROWING SOWS AND THE HABITS OF PIGS. By ©. Morean, M. R. C. V. S., D. V. H. Puerto Cabello. Is it unreasonable to suggest that a certain class of diet (such as one containing a large amount of half-cooked meat, which in packing-houses is termed tankage) has a tendency to devel- op a kind of cannibal habit in breeding sows? Several weeks ago a number of breeding sows were fed on tankage as well as on maize. Two of these, about two years old, farrowed litters of strong, healthy pigs, but within the course of twenty-four hours they killed and partially ate them all. The two animals were in excellent condition, and with abundance of milk. We then turned the two sows loose to a large pig-pen where other sows had their litters of pigs of various ages. The two sows had their udders distended with milk. Each of them did not rest until they enticed a litter each of young pigs, about a month old, away from other two sows. These two animals got so fierce that neither human beings nor any other pigs dared approach them. The result was that the udders of the other two sows got dry, and their young pigs clung to their foster- mothers and entirely ignored their own mothers. These foster- mothers caused more violent disturbance and noise than all the other pigs in the pen, which were about one hundred in number. They had previously, before being bought this time, bred two litters of pigs, but they were never fed on a meat diet until they were bought by the present owners. I am inelined to believe that the custom of feeding these sows on the semi-cooked meat was the cause of developing this eannibal craving. In spite of all this, the maternal instinct was stronger than ever, otherwise they would not have robbed the other two sows of their pigs. Cases are on record of mare-mules secreting milk in their udders to such an extent as to influence them to rob mares of their foals. This is also quite a common occurence amongst sheep. It is a well-known fact that pig-breeders have reasons to be- lieve that feeding breeding-sows on raw meat has a tendency to develop bad habits, such as killing chickens, ducklings, and 80 ABSTRACTS even newly-born lambs. I know of several instances where old breeding-sows have entered cowsheds and ravenously eaten part of the cleansing of newly-calved cows. The pig is an omni- vorous animal, and when hungry will devour almost anything that comes across its path, whether clean, unclean, alive or dead. The older the animal the more of these bad habits it develops. The pigs in Great Britain have far more attention paid to their welfare than used to be the case. It was often a custom in some districts to turn the breeding-sow out of doors a few weeks after farrowing to search for part of her scanty diet, and then it was even dangerous to turn young children out of doors in case they might fall the victims of this voracious cannibal. Most people now have come to realise that the pig, like other domesticated animals, should be properly fed, and kept clean, as the better the hygienic environment the better will the pig thrive and pay. A pig, as we all know, is almost destitute of reason. A circus animal-trainer told me once that he possessed patience to such an extent as to even train fleas to perform cer- tain feats, but that his patience was not sufficient to make a successful stage performer of the pig. Yet the pig is gifted with a certain amount of what we might term selfish animal cunning. Anyone who has seen one of these intruders. in a ripe corn-field, with eyes and ears upon the alert, will know that this animal possesses enough cunning to realise that he is a trespasser. Nevertheless, in spite of all his vigilance, it is not of much ad- vantage to himself individually, as he always utters a loud grunt at the approach of a human being, and off he scampers through the rustling corn. 5 ‘Yes, I would certainly keep a pig,’’ says ‘‘Alpha of the Plough.’’ The idea came to him while he was digging his al- lotment, and the same day he met the farmer’s wife and en- couraged her to talk on the thrilling theme. He went indoors, © and the first thing that caught his eye was an article on ‘‘The Cottager’s Pig.’’ He imbibed it with the frenzy of a new re- ligion, and rose filled to the brim with lore about the animal to whose existence (except in the shape of bacon) he had been in- different so long. Yes, it was a patriotic duty to keep a pig. He was an ally in the war. He saw the whole German staff turning pale at his name, as Mazarin was said to turn pale at the name of Cromwell. By night he could have held his own ABSTRACTS 81 without shame or discredit in any company of pig-dealers, and in his dreams he could see the great globe itself resting on the back of a pig. [Irritability and excitement at the time of parturition may bring on transitory dementia in some sows and cause them to kill and eat their litters. Other reasons for the act have been ascribed to lack of flesh diet and consequent liking for it, heredi- tary vice, deficiency of lime salts in the food, ete. Some sows kill their youngsters and do not attempt to eat them. — Sus- Epiror.| — Vet. Journ., (Lond.). BOVINE ADAMANTINOMA. H. Horne published a clinical and histological description of this case in the Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift. In a six-year-old cow of Danish breed, a tumor had developed rap- idly in connection with the lower jaw near the incisor teeth; and had deformed the whole region and displaced the teeth to- wards the left side. The cow was in good condition, and showed no general signs of disturbance; but, as the tumour was grow- ing rapidly, the owner sent her for slaughter. As nothing was known at the abattoir concerning the development of the tumour, actinomycosis was suspected; and the tumour was sent to Horne for examination. Examination showed that the anterior portion of the lower jaw was transformed into a round body which the lower lip could not completely cover, so that part of it was visible through the semi-opened mouth. The tumour was asymmetrical, being more voluminous to the left than to the right. Its measure- ments were 10x 12x17 centimetres; and it weighed, together with the lower lip adhering to it, 1250 grammes. To the touch, the tumour presented almost woodlike hardness in its superficial parts, but was a little more soft in its depth. A longitudinal section showed that the whole tumour was in- fested. by a bony layer which was especially hard and thick where it joined the incisor teeth, while it diminished in the pos- terior portion of the tumour. Beneath this layer the tumoural mass was composed of round and oval islands. Its tissue was consistent, almost transparent, and was divided by means of 82 ABSTRACTS _ bands of connective tissue into small cavities or spaces in which a gelatinous or muco-cedematous mass was disposed. Microscopically, the tissue of the tumour presented a char- acteristic structure. The connective tissue and the epithelium were disposed very nearly as in carcinomatous tissue. The epithelial masses formed ramified or anastomosed cords, or else more or less rounded or oval. agglomerations. Each agglomera- tion was infested, especially at the surface, by a layer of cylin- drical epithelial cells. In the smaller alveoli the epithelial cells which invested the internal face of this layer were very com- pressed; in the larger aveoli, however, these same cylindrical epithelial cells were transformed in the deep and central parts into ramified stellate cells. Here and there in the alveoli a decomposition of the cells with the formation of small eysts would be noted. In the midst of these epithelial elements was found a fibrillar stroma more or less rich in cells. Taken as a whole, the microscopic appearance of this adamantinoma (or ad amantoma) was very typical, and was clearly and easily dif- ferentiated from that of other species of tumour. Cases of adamantinoma are not frequent in the domestic animals. Liénaux has seen two cases in the cat. Folger de- scribed three cases in cattle, and Joset reported three more, also — in cattle. In man, however, similar cases are not so infrequent, and are considered as a species of benign tumour of slow de- velopment, situated in the jaw. As regards the genesis of adamantinoma, it is admitted that it takes origin from the remnants of the embryonic primary enamel organ or enamel germ; for the epithelial formations described above strangely resemble certain portions of the dental tissue, and intermediate stages between these tumours and odontomata are also met with. — La Clinica Veterinaria. | W. R. C. — Vet. Record. (Lond.) Lieut. John R. Shands, who has spent ‘deven years in the Orient, principally in the Philippine Islands, Australia and China, has returned to the United States and ordered to Camp Dix, New Jersey, as Camp Veterinarian. Lieut. Shands was in Chicago on his way from Tientsin, China, to Camp Dix, and had an opportunity of familiarizing himself with some of ‘the Jatest inventions of civilization. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE MAJOR WILLARD F. GUARD. In order to keep the record straight, we are pleased to cor- rect an error concerning Major Willard F. Guard, at his re- quest, which appeared in the August number of the Journal, although the item was published just as it came to us. Major Guard’s name should have been Willard instead of William; he sailed for France May 14th instead of April 14th; and he was promoted to the grade of Major on May 3rd instead of June 3rd, 1919. FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, WASHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS, VETERINARY CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY. On duty Aug. 11,1919 Sept. 11, 1919 ER ee, es cee oa eel ee 0 0 Lieutenant Colonels ..............-. 5 5 a ad ll RR ol So 54 47 RSS Sia oss) soos ao he a RR 119 90 PUMEIPNEEORIQIICD o.oo us os whi a coer aes 187 aM MEICOTABTIES ©, 4 ove es eps bende 178 109 BME 2 te. So ee 611 438 VETERINARY OFFICER DETAILED TO GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE. Lieutenant Colonel John H. Gould, Veterinary Corps, has been ordered to report to the Commandant, General Staff College, for assignment to duty to take the course at the college. The co- “operation and functioning of the Veterinary Corps with all other staff departments in the movement of troops is most essen- tial, and it is important that veterinary officers be trained with other staff officers for this duty. The care of sick animals with combatant troops, the evacuation of animal casualties and 84 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE hospital arrangements for their treatment are very essential features for the successful operation of armies, as experience has ~ demonstrated in France. Lieutenant Colonel Gould only recently returned from France. He was division veterinarian, 88th Division, until December 15, 1918, when he was made chief veterinarian, Second Army, and, upon its disbandment, was transferred to the Third Army (Army of Occupation) as chief veterinarian and served in this capacity until his return to the United States. APPOINTMENT OF EMERGENCY OFFICERS. ‘‘The Chief of Staff has approved recommendations of the Director of Operations, General Staff, providing that in filling such vacancies for commissioned officers as may be provided by legislation reorganizing the permanent military establishment, it is the policy of the War Department to select appointees from. among persons who served as emergency officers between April 6, 1917, and Nov. 11, 1918. Upon enactment of legislation, emergency officers still in service having approved applications on file will be examined for appointment without further action on their part. Upon enactment of legislation, former emergency officers who have been honorably discharged and in whose eases there are approved applications on file will, if eligible, be com- municated with to ascertain if they still desire appointment and will be examined if they so desire. Former emergency of- ficers who have been honorably discharged, but who at time of discharge or prior thereto did not express desire for permanent. appointment may make application for examination. Persons other than emergency officers may be eligible under such legis- lation as is enacted, may make application for examination and will be examined if recommendations and records are satisfae- tory. ‘*No applications, other than from emergency officers still in service will be considered or filed at this time. Regardless of such preliminary or other examinations as may have been held, no appointment will be made without a thorough and satisfae- tory final examination. The final examination will be such as to establish the mental, moral and physical qualifications of appointee. Candidates will be examined for arm of service: selected by them, within limits of legislation. Examinations will not be held for a particular grade. Examining boards will ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 85 be permitted to recommend a suitable grade or grades for appointment, but all candidates will be examined with the under- standing that the grade in which appointment is tendered will be determined by the War Department from consideration of age, length and character of service and recommendations of -boards.’’ COMMENT. The above quoted article was published in the Army and Navy Journal, August 16, 1919. It is the first authoritative in- formation that has been given out by the General Staff regard- ing the proposed plan for the appointment of emergency officers -to the Regular Army. It will be noted in the first paragraph that everything depends upon enactment of legislation by Congress. Until Army reorgan- ization plans are definitely decided upon by the Military Com- mittees and passed by Congress, the number of vacancies and grades that will be open in the Veterinary Corps can not be stated. MAJOR OLAF SCHWARZKOPF, V. C., REGULAR ARMY. ' Major Olaf Schwarzkopf, V. C., Regular Army, was retired from active service August 19, 1919. During Major Schwarz- kopf’s military and professional service he has ranked as one of the foremost veterinarians in America and upon his retirement at this time it seems appropriate to present a brief resume of his active career. His elementary education consisted of nine years’ course at the German Gymnasiums at Bromberg and Thorn where Latin, Greek, French, Higher Mathematics, General History, ete., were obligatory. Graduating from the Gymnasium at Thorn, he entered the Royal Veterinary College, Berlin, Germany, in 1875, and re- ceived his degree from this college in 1880 after a five years’ course in veterinary medicine. From graduation until 1885 he was in active practice in Germany. In 1885 he came to the United States to act as assistant to Professor F. S. Billings, V. S., New York City. He entered the United States Army in February, 1886, as Veterinarian, 8th U. 8. Cavalry, stationed at that time in Texas and served for four months at the end of the Geronimo campaign. In 1888 the 8th Cavalry made the longest march on record in the United 86 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICH States Army to date when it marched overland from Fort Davis, Texas, to Fort Meade, South Dakota, a distance of two thousand miles. » Dr. Schwarzkopf was a member of the command. He resigned as veterinarian, 8th Cavalry, January 1, 1889, to accept the chair of professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Agricultural College, State University of Minnesota. He remained here until 1894 when he was appointed Dean, McKillip Veterinary Col- lege, Chicago, Illinois, at which place he stayed until 1896. In 1897 he was appointed Professor at the American Veterinary College, New York City, and remained at this institution until 1900. He was reappointed to the Army as Veterinarian, First Class, in July, 1900, and assigned to the 3rd Cavalry, for duty. He served with the 3rd Cavalry in the Philippines from 1900 to 1902,taking part in the campaign in Northern Luzon. In 1901 when the Army was reorganized; Dr. Schwarzkopf was appointed Veterinarian of Cavalry and continued to serve with the 3rd Cavalry until 1913. During his service with the 3rd Cavalry they had a second tour of duty in the Philippines from 1905 to 1907. In 1913 Dr. Schwarzkopf was detailed as Veterinary Instructor, Department of Hippology, Mounted Service School, Fort Riley, Kansas, and when the Army Schools were discon- tinued due to the Mexican Border trouble in 1914, Dr. Sehwarz- kopf again returned to the 3rd Cavalry for service in Texas until 1916. From April to August, 1916, he was recorder for the Board of Veterinary Examiners to examine all veterinarians for commissions in the Veterinary Corps organized under the Act of June 3, 1916. _ He was commissioned Captain in the Veterinary Corps, United States Army, June 3, 1916, and promoted to the rank of Major, Veterinary Corps, United States Army, on September 14, 1917. In May, 1917, Captain Schwarzkopf was ordered to the Medical Supply Depot, St. Louis, Mo., as Officer in Charge of Veterinary Supplies and organized the Veterinary Division of this depot. He was stationed here until May, 1918. He was transferred to Fort Snelling, Minn., in June, 1918, as Post Veterinarian, and was at this station until September, 1918, when he was transferred to Fort D. A. Russell, Wyoming, for duty as Post Veterinarian, and was on active service there until his retirement on August 19, 1919. Major Schwarzkopf has been a generous contributor to the veterinary journals and live stock periodicals on all matters ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 87 pertaining to the profession and livestock interests. He has always been active in advocating proper recognition for the _ Army Veterinary Service. In 1887 while at Fort Clark, Texas, he wrote an article entitled ‘‘The Necessity of an Organized Veterinary Corps, United States Army’’ and its recommenda- tions are briefed as follows: 1. The Veterinary Corps to be attached for administrative purposes to the Medical Department of the Army. 2. That there shall be three classes of officers: (a) First Lieutenant mounted. (b) Captain, mounted, after ten years’ service upon passing professional examination for promotion. (¢) Major, mounted. Chief of the Veterinary Corps to be attached to the Office of the Surgeon Gene- ral of the Army. 3. The number of veterinarians to be 40, including all grades. It must be a source of great satisfaction for Major Schwarz- kopf to see the Veterinary Corps being organized as part of the Medical Department along the lines proposed by him in his first article. Some of the articles written by Major Schwarzkopf are given below: 1. The Effect of Loco-weed—A. V. R., July, 1888. 2. National and International Meat Inspection—Proceed- ings, U. 8S. V. M. A., October, 1890. 3. American Veterinarians be Watchful. (Horse-breed- ing) A. V. R., July, 1897. 4. The Revival of Horse-breeding—A. V. R., August, 1897. 5. The Future of the American Veterinary Profession— A. V. R., August, 1897. 6. Docking of Horses for Fashion’s Sake—A. V. R., Octo- ber, 1897. 7. Veterinary Education in New York State—A. V. R., March, 1898. ; 8. The True Story of the Army Veterinarian—A. V. R., August, 1898. 9. The Treatment of the U. S. Army Horse in the Cuban War—A. V. R., December, 1898. 10. The Army Beef Inquiry—A. V. R., April, 1899. 88 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 11. The Schmidt Treatment of Parturient Paresis—A. V. R., June, 1899. 12. Military Veterinary, Hygiene Journal, U. 8. Cavalry - Association, July, 1904. 13. The Structure and Function of the Horse’s back and its Relation to the Form and Use of the Military Saddle—Journal U.S. C. A., September, 1910. 14. The Hygiene and Treatment of the Horses at the Ma- - neuvre Division, Texas—Journal U. 8. C. A., March, 1912. 15. The Changed Status of the Horse in War—Journal U.S. C, A., December, 1915. TRANSLATIONS FROM THE GERMAN FOR THE MILITARY INFORMA- TION DIVISION OF THE GENERAL STAFF. \ 1. Measurements of Breeding Horses and Army Horses. By Professor S. Nathusius. 2. Packing of the Field Saddle. March, 1907. It is with keen regret that the Veterinary Corps sees the passing from active duty of a man who has always given his untiring energy towards the advancement of the veterinary profession in the United Statessand the veterinary service ex- tends to Major and Mrs. Schwarzkopf their very best wishes for a long and happy life. The following officers have resigned from the Veterinary Corps during the past month: Major J. J. Connolly, 2nd Lt., V. C., R. A. Ist Lieut. R. M. Sarde, 2nd Lt., V. C., R. A. Ist Lieut. B. S. Fritz, 2nd Lt., V. C., R. A. Ist Lieut. G. P. Bard, 2nd Lt., V. C., R. A. 1st Lieut. C. Van. W. Morris, 2nd Lt., V. C., R. A. It may be of interest to our readers to know that the Veteri- nary Corps in France in spite of its shortcomings which have been heralded throughout the country did do excellent work with the American Expeditionary Forces and this was appreciated by Commanding Generals as the following copy of a commenda- tion will show. It may be also stated that Major General Robert L. Howze is one of the most prominent cavalrymen of the Army and is now in command of the Mexican Border patrol with station at El Paso, Texas. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 89 HEADQUARTERS THIRD DIVISION A. P. O. 740 A. F. I. G. August 6, 1919. From: Robert L. Howze, Major General, Division Commander. To: Jesse D. Derrick, Major, V. C., Division Veterinarian. Subject: Commendation. 1. The 8rd Division easily won the IV Corps Animal Trans- port show, and now are reported by the Remount Service as being in a finer condition than any other animals received by them. This indicates that the animals of this Division were brought ‘to the standard of excellent. It is therefore fitting that those ‘responsible be commended. 2. The searcity of replacements during active operations resulted in this Division arriving in Germany with many mangy and debilitated animals. Due to the efficient services of the Veterinary Officers and enlisted personnel, mange ‘was eradicated and such animals as were not evacuated, promptly returned to the service. 3. Those Officers deserving particular mention are Captain William C. Keck, V. C., Ist Lieut. Lloyd J. Brown, V. C., Ist Lieut. R. M. Sarde, V. C. and 1st Lieut. Thomas A. Breen, V. C. These Officers during active operations in addition to their Veterinary duties, constantly inspected and supervised the horse lines, encouraging and assisting the men in caring for the ani- mals. Since in the occupied area Captain Agustus Dunean, Inf,, Animal Inspector, 6th Infantry Brigade, has rendered service of the highest character. 4. Those enlisted men deserving particular mention are Set. Ist class Matt A. Ellis, Sgt. James’ H. Rudd, Corporal William Sherman Page, Corporal Ernest L. Tompkins, Farrier Melton T. Hogan, Farrier Burl Hinds, Farrier Harry J. Steb- bens, Farrier William Peter Weber, Horseshoer William W. Woods, Pfe. Dalton D. Long, Pfe. Ira R. Lambert. Sgt. 1st class Ellis with the office of the Division Veterinarian carefully ecar- ried out instructions, displaying accuracy in making reports and cheerfully did anything he could to coordinate the work of the Veterinary Corps. The above enlisted men rendered intelligent and efficient assistance to their officers and of their own accord performed many secondary duties, resulting in the saving of many animals and in the improving of the conditions of others. 90 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 5. The 3rd Mobile Veterinary Section in addition to evacu- ating sick and wounded animals .has also rendered valuable service in bringing up replacements. On one occasion, assisted by casuals, they brought 900 animals from Tronville, France, to Mars-la-Tour, Lorraine. This was after the Division had left the former area. They have also been conspicious in Division, _ Corps and Army Horse Shows. (Signed) ROBERT L. HOWZE, Major General, U. 8. A., Division Commander. Captain Duncan, an Infantry Officer, was assigned to this Division as remount officer, and by orders of General Howze was directed to report to the Division Veterinarian for duty. INDIANA VETERINARIANS SHOW MUCH INTEREST IN STERILITY IN BREEDING CATTLE. Dr. L. C. Kigin, Extension Veterinarian, writes that sterility among breeding cattle is a subject of unusual interest to vet-— erinarians and cattle breeders in Indiana. The Extension De- partment of Purdue University has just made it possible for Indiana veterinarians to hear Dr. E. T. Hallman of the Veterin- ary Division, Michigan Agricultural College, diseuss this im- portant subject. The large number of veterinarians who came out to hear Dr. Hallman indicates the interest every veterin- arian has in this trouble. Through the coming of Dr. Hallman to Indiana there has been awakened a new interest in veterinary science, ' We all feel a debt of gratitude to the Doctor for the effective and splendid manner in which he presented his subject. Examinations and demonstrations of treatment were carried out at many clinics arranged for the meetings. The series lasted from September 8th to 12th. Dr. S. Brenton, of Detroit, Mich., was a recent visitor to Buffalo, N. Y. Dr. C. J. Marshall, of Philadelphia, late of the Army Veter- inary Service, after returning to his post of State Veterinarian in Pennsylvania, has resigned his official place. ASSOCIATION NEWS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. ALL ABOARD FOR NEW ORLEANS. REDUCED RATES FOR THE NEW ORLEANS MEETING. In the June and July numbers of THE JOURNAL, the writer briefly referred to the possibility of reduced rates for the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans, La., November 17-21st, inclusive, and particularly in the July number, page 466, a promise was made that the limit of effort would be put forth to secure rates less than 3 cents per mile for the occasion. After having had con- siderable correspondence with the traffic managers of the South- eastern, Western and Eastern Divisions of the United States Railroad Administration, the writer is in possession of sufficient authentic information to warrant publication to the effect that winter excursion tickets at reduced fares will be on sale, daily, beginning October Ist and continuing throughout the winter season, with final limit good reaching original starting point, returning May 31st next, and with liberal stopover privileges on the going and returning trips. These rates will be authorized to New Orleans from practically all important points in the United States. A letter from the Eastern Division states that the proposed fares from some of the principal points to New Orleans and return are as follows: 92 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Boston, a eeany yg; ey iat sin scene ep we $83.94 Boston, ip OM OY OPK oi. « cigisis wai cl cat 85.50 New: Yotamees of \i28 Ait vo ee 73.14 Baila hoy site gig aia tag bit av cesar Seneca DOO a Lami eiw:+ echivies aie, ahigore de a ea 61.33 The Chairman of the Eastern Division further advises that winter tourists fares from points in Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, etc., will be published on the basis of 90% of double the one way fares, but that this information is only tentative. However, the evidence at hand indicates. the cer- tainty of reduced rates. The correspondence on file from the other Division managers does not indicate the exact reduction, but states that it will be on a low and favorable basis. It will be noted that the time limit and stopover concessions are very liberal, which should appeal to a large number of members who anticipate a visit enroute, or an extended southern vacation. . In order to avoid confusion and misunderstandings, it might be well to negotiate with the Railroad agents, immediately, for the journey and it is particularly important that Pullman reservations be purchased likewise, as traffic southward during November is likely to be rather congested. A fare less than 3 cents a mile should be hailed as good news, and it is sincerely hoped every member will take advantage of the opportunity to attend this meeting which, from every indi- cation, will go on record as the most important ever held. ROUTES AVAILABLE, To proceed to New Orleans, La., from the following points the railroads indicated are the ones available for the journey: Albany, N. Y.—New York Central R. R. to New York, N. Y., thence direct over the Pennsylvania and Southern lines. Boston, Mass.—New York, New Haven and Hartford R. R. to New York, N. Y., thence direct over the Pennsylvania and Southern lines; or Boston and Albany to Albany, N. Y., via New York Central lines to New York, N. Y., thence divest over the Pennsylvania and Southern lines. Buffalo, N. Y.—Erie R. R. to Cincinnati, Ohio, thence direct over the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific R. R., (Q. & C. Route) ; or Lake Shore R. R., and Big Four R. R., to Cincinnati, Ohio, thence direct over the Cincinnati, New AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 93 Orleans & Texas Pacifie R. R., (Q. & C. Route) ; or Louis- ville & Nashville R. R., or start over the Lake Shore R. R., to Chicago, Il., thence direct over the Illinois Central R. R. Cincinnati, Ohio—Direct, either over the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific R. R. (Q. & C. Route), or Louisville & Nashville R. R. Chicago, I1].—Direct over the Illinois Central R. R. Cleveland, Ohio—Big Four R. R. to Cincinnati, Ohio, thence over Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific R. R. (Q. & C. Route), or Louisville & Nashville R. R., or start over the Lake Shore R. R. to Chicago, Ill., thence direct over the Ulinois Central R. R. Denver, Colo.—Union Pacific R. R. to Kansas City, Mo., change to either Chicago and Alton R. R., Missouri Pacific R. R., or Wabash R. R., for St. Louis, Mo., thence direct over the Illinois Central lines; or from Kansas City, Mo., over the Kansas City Southern R. R. to Shreveport, La., thence direct over the Texas & Pacific R. R., or direct over the Louisiana Railway & Navigation Co., or continue through Shreveport, La., over the Kansas City Southern to Lake Charles, La., thence direct over the Southern Pacific R. R.; or from Kansas City, Mo., to Memphis, Tenn., over the Frisco lines and thence direct over the Illinois Central R. R. Des Moines, Ilowa—Wabash lines, or Chicago, Burlington & Quiney R. R. to St. Louis, Mo., thence direct over the Illinois Central R. R. Detroit, Mich.—Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis R. R., (Big Four Route) to Cincinnati, Ohio, thence direct over the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific (Q. & C. Route), or Louisville & Nashville R. R., or over the Michi- gan Central R. R. to Chicago, Ill., thence direct over the IHinois Central R. R. Kansas City, Mo. and Kan.—Over the Kansas City Southern R. R. (See final route from Denver, Colorado). Louisville, Ky.—Either Louisville & Nashville R. R., or Illinois Central R. R., direct. Minneapolis, Minn.—-Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. to Chicago, Il]., thence direct over the Illinois Central R. R. New York, N. Y.—Over the Pennsylvania and Southern lines direct. 94 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Omaha, Nebr.—Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. to Kansas City. (See final route from Denver, Colorado). Philadelphia, Pa.—Pennsylvania and Southern lines direct. Pittsburg, Pa.—Baltimore and Ohio R. R. to Cineinnati, Ohio, thence over the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific R. (Q. & C. Route), or Louisville & Nashville R. R. direct. ; Portland, Ore.—Over the Southern Pacific R. R., via San Fran- | cisco, Cal., direct all the way. Salt Lake City, Utah—Union Pacific R. R. to Denver, Colo., (See Denver, Colo., for completion). San Francisco, Che southern Pacific R. R., or Frisco lines direct all the way. Seattle, Wash.—Great Northern R. R. or Northern Pacifie R. R. to Portland, Ore., thence Southern Pacific lines via San Francisco, Cal., direct all the way. St. Louis, Mo.—Illinois Central lines direct all the way. St. Paul, Minn.—(See Minneapolis, Minn. Route). Washington, D. C.—Southern lines direct all the way. Passengers leaving Chicago will have the benefit of the Panama Limited over the Illinois Central Railroad, which is the train de luxe for New Orleans. It leaves Chicago daily, 12:30 - p. m. E. I. SMITH, Sec.-Treas. Chairman, Committee of Arrangements, L. V. M. A. Dr. Donald Palmer, formerly with the 151st Field Artillery, and later with the 89th Division in Germany, has returned to the United States and has engaged in practice with Dr. W. E. Day, at Minneapolis, Minnesota. Dr. Palmer was for a number of years in the B. A. I. service. Dr. E. L. Reed, formerly in charge of Hog Cholera Serum Manufacture with the H. K. Mulford Company, is now in charge of Hog Cholera Control Work for the State of Florida’ with | aig contte iy at Chipley, Florida. Dr. Geo. H. Berns, of Brooklyn, has fully recovered from a recent attack of pneumonia and is again enjoying his old-time vigor. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 95 FAMOUS OLD FRENCH OPERA HOUSE, NEW ORLEANS. “OPERA FRANCAIS DE LA NOUVELLE ORLEANS.”* Members of the A. V. M. A.! here is a splendid opportunity to witness a real genuine French Opera, fresh from the European centers of fine arts. This fall, commencing November 11th and ending February 18th, the old French Opera House in New Orleans will open its doors to the public, and according to the critics, it will be the most brilliant season of the organization. In the Times-Picayune, under date of August 30, 1919, appears the following: . GREAT OPERATIC STARS SIGNED FOR NEW ORLEANS. Brilliant Season is Predicted by Louis Verande, Now in France. ‘*Devotees of Grand Opera in New Orleans are assured a rare treat this winter with the revival of the French Opera under the auspices of the New Orleans Grand Opera Association * * * * * the sale of boxes to date has already passed the $50,000 mark.’’ , *In the preparation of this information, the writer received valuable data from Mr. Harry B. Loeb, New Orleans, La., music critic for the New Orleans Item. 96 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - To further show how much appreciation is being afforded,’ there was exhibited to the writer a cablegram from a Mrs. M. Chaffraix of New Orleans and Paris, in which she cabled $1500 for a proscenium box, for the season, at the old French Opera House. - Louis Verande, formerly of Convent Garden, Opera Comique, Metropolitan and the Chicago Grand Opera, is the impresario. Mr. Verande is now in Europe where he has engaged the cast for the coming season. Owing to the death of Oscar Hammer- stein, Mr. Verande was able to contract for stars who were under option to the New York producer. According to Associated Press reports, Hammerstein had planned to present a season of French Opera in New York in opposition to the Metropolitan and had combed Europe for stars. Practically every one under option to Hammerstein has been signed for New Orleans. In order to furnish a vivid and artistic description of the old Opera House, I subjoin an extract from the Daily Picayune supplement of December 3, 1859: * * * “The coup d’oeil presented by the auditorium, when viewed from the center of the parquet, was superb indeed. The house is constructed so as to afford full view of the audience from almost every point, and its gracefully curved tiers of boxes, rising one above the other, each gradually receding from the line of the other, and then filled, in a great degree, with ladies in grande toilette, presented a spectacle that was richly worth viewing * * * * the whole house is painted white and the decorations of the fronts of the boxes are in gold * * * * a mag- nificent mirror on each side of the proscenium adds greatly te the picturesque effect of the auditorium. The entrances to the house are numerous, spacious and commodious, and the erush, ladies’ retiring rooms, ete., are constructed upon a scale of great elegance.’’ Notwithstanding the beauty and ue design of the in- terior, the historie old building will be renovated from orchestra pit to gallery. New scenery is being painted and new costumes will be introduced, all of which will add that much more to the splendor of the season. The exterior is not particularly prepossessing, except with regard to its size. However, it is equipped in every respect as an opera house should be, with a parquette, loges, secondes, troisiemes, quatriemes, loges grilles,' baignories grilles,? dress circle, boxes and foyer, all 1. Logis grilles, a screened box in a theatre. 2.Baignories grilles, a large screened box on the ground floor of a theatre. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 97 decorated to a high degree and of the most magnificent charac- ter. Here grand opera is given as elaborately as in Paris and the companies are capable of performing opera bouffe as well as grand opera. . The program ¢alls for the production of such favorites as La Tosea, Aida, Les Huguenots, Faust, I] Trovatore, Les Bohéme, Melisande, Carmen, La Juive and Lucia Pagliacci. Stars engaged include Edith De Lys, who will create the role of Melisande in Melisande and Pelias; Mlle. Gripon, who will be the Fiora of L’Armour des Trois Rois, also Lea of Enfant Prodigue; she is a dramatic soprano and was under en- gagement to Hammerstein ; Mlle. Delorme, lyric soprano; Dorothy Francis, Mezzo; Errole, the famous tenor; Milhan, another tenor ; Henry Weldon, basso; Perisse, forte tenor; Mlle. Fanney Regia, and a generous chorus of beautiful dancers. It is interesting to note that when New Orleans only had a population of about 5,000 which was in the latter years of the eighteenth century, the people became ambitious and built a crude, one story wooden structure, and named it ‘‘ Le Spactacle de la Rue St. Pierre.’’ The regime was brief’on account of the dilapidated condition of the building. A few years later a new theatre was erected, but was doomed to an early failure, for it soon fell under the auctioneer’s hammer. In 1810, New Orleans had three theatres, and the seating capacity of the largest one, the theatre St. Philippe, was only about 700. In 1859, the present French Opera House was completed and the first per- formance was ‘‘ William Tell.’’ The place suddenly became popular and in 1860-61, Adelina Patti, then the 18 year old prima-donna, charmed her audiences in ‘‘Il Trovatore’’ and *“Les Huguenots,’’ both of which will be produced this season. From 1859 to the present time, the doors of the French Opera in New Orleans, have been open with the exception of inter- ruptions during the Civil War and the late European conflict. It was New Orleans that first introduced French and Italian Opera into America and the Crescent City gave many performers such applause that they later became famous, both at home and abroad. Both grand opera and opera bouffe existed in New Orleans long before it was established anywhere else in America, and the opema is one of the features which distinguishes the city. 98 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION It would render it remarkable among American cities even if it had no other unique feature. Only five blocks from the heart of Canal-Street, on the corner of Toulouse and Bourbon Streets, stands the old historic French Opera House. It is designed and ¢onstructed along simple and plain lines of the old Italian Renaissance style of architecture and has a seating capacity of 2800 people. The building is one of the best appointed opera houses in the world, and within its magnificent interior, bathed in an atmosphere of celestial environment, many a real connoisseur has received an inspira- tion and acquired, quite above the average, an operatic educa- tion at a very reasonable expenditure. A number of the customs of the old Theatre d’Orleans were modified and transmitted to the present old edifice; notably, in the antebellum days -full evening dress was required of the audience, but now only evening dress is tolerated in the boxes. The opening of the opera is the opening of the social season, particularly in New Orleans, and it is sincerely hoped the wives and daughters of the members of the A. V. M. A. will make this occasion the climax of their social season and come to the Con- vention City in full force. K. I, Sirs, PARTIAL LIST OF PAPERS AND AUTHORS FOR THE PROGRAM OF THE NEW ORLEANS MEETING. Up to the time of going to press,. THE JouRNAL has not received the completed program of the New Orleans meeting. However, the following is a list of a number of papers and authors in different Sections. SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE. Symposium on Infectious Equine Anemia (Swamp Fever). Experimental Transmission of Swamp Fever, or Infectious Anemia, by Means of Insects—Prof. John W. Scott, Laramie, Wyoming, Swamp Fever—Dr. Seymour Hadwen, Ottawa, Canada. A Comparative Study of the Long Bones in Infectious Equine Anemia and) Other Conditions—Dr, Lewis H, Wright, Reno,’ Nevada, ; ” “ft AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION + 99 Discussion: Spt Opened by Dr. C. P. Fitch, St. Paul, Minn., who will touch - upon the geographical distribution, as well as certain patho- logical aspects of the disease. Swamp Fever in the lara A. F. Sehalk, Agricultural College, N. D. Swamp Fever in the South—Dr. EB. M. Ranck, Agricultural College, Miss. ; Session Devoted to Diseases of the South. Parasitic Diseases in Their Relation to the Live Stock fa. dustry of the Southern United States—Drs. B. H. Ransom and M. C, Hall, Washington, D. C. Poisonous Plants of the South—Dr. E. D. King, Mobile, Ala. Deficiency Diseases of the South—Dr. C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala. Tick Eradication in the South—Dr. E, I. Smith, Baton Rouge, La. - Stronglidosis in Horses and Mules—Dr. P. v5 Orchard, Baton Rouge, La. Symposium on Diseases of Cattle. White Secours or Calf Scours—Drs. W. L. Williams, W, A. Hagan, and C. M. Carpenter, Ithaca, N. Y. Malignant Catarrhal Fever—Dr. T. E. Munce, Harrisburg, Penn. Additional hier nHins on Tubereulin Testing and Retesting —Dr. H. W. Turner, New Hope, Penn. Some Carriers of Anthrax Infection—Dr. Harry Morris, Baton Rouge, La. Session Devoted to Topics of Interest to B. A, I, Veterinarians: Retrospection and Fraternity from the Standpoint of a Former Employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry—Dr. V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. Paper—Dr. John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C. Tuberculosis mae OO Jno. A. Kiernan, Washing- ton, D. C. Meat Inspection and Its Value as a Safeguard to the Public Health—Dr. R. W. Tuck, New Orleans, La. The Sanitary Production and Handling of Milk—Dr. F, J. Cambon, New Orleans, La. 100 AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Transmission of Diseases by Insects—Mr. F. C. Bishopp, Dal- las, Texas. Paper (Title to be announced)—Drs. Seymour Hadwen, Ottawa, Canada and B. H. Ransom, Washington, D. C. | SECTION ON PRACTICE. Intussusception of Intestines—Dr. J. N. Frost, Ithaca, N. Y. Cesarian Section in the Sow—Dr. J. N. Gould, Worthington, Minn. Surgical Phases of Army Veterinary Work in France—Major George B. McKillip, Chicago, Ill. | Bang Disease, or Abortion Disease; Its Handling by the Practitioner—Dr. J. F. Devine, Goshen, N. Y. Impaction in the Horse—Dr. H. A. Trippeer, Walla Walla, Wash. Sheep Practice—Dr. E. T. Baker, Moscow, Idaho. Heredity as Expressed by Our Stallion Registration Laws— Dr. W. H. Welch, Lexington, Ill. . Economie Production of Hogs in the South—Prof. Dan T. Gray, Raleigh, N. C. i The Purpose and Scope of Extension Veterinary Work— Dr. L. C. Kigin, Lafayette, Ind. One of the General Sessions will be given over to the Army Veterinary Service, and the subjects presented will include The Army Veterinary Service in the United States—Col. ©. J. Marshall. 3 | The Veterinary Service in the A. E. F.—Col. H. E. Bemis. _. The British Army Veterinary Service—A Ranking Veteri- narian of the Canadian Veterinary Service. In addition to the above, there will be the business of the General Sessions, ete., all of which will appear on the completed program. RECORDS OF SERVICE, ETC. WANTED BY SECRE- TARY MAYO. It is probable that most members of the American Veterin- ary Medical Association do not know that the records of the individual members are kept upon a loose-leaf system. This system provides for data with reference to the life and work of AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSCIATION 101 the individual as well as his preliminary and professional train- ing. rn Hee ue | Among other items is ‘‘position held’’. The secretary is very anxious to get the military records of all members of the A. V. M. A., so that they can be inserted on their records in the Association. . At the present this may not seem important to most members who have been, or are, in the service, but as years pass it will become of much more interest. I hope that every member of the Association who was in the service, will send a brief statement of that service with the rank held. | There are also a number of members who have held im- portant state or federal positions. These should also: be sent in for the A. V. M. A. records. N. §. Mayo, Dr. A. DP. Hubbel is Live Stock Inspector for San Bernardino County, ‘California. This county covers more than twenty thousand square miles and unquestionably keeps Dr. re busy covering this territory. Major James A. Campbell, of the Canadian Army, has recently returned from Siberia and has been discharged stom the army, resuming his practice at Toronto. Dr. Chas. H. Jewell has returned from France and at present is on duty in the office of the Surgeon General, Veterinary Division, Washington, D. C. Capt. R. A. Kelser is now at the Veterinary Laboratory of ‘the U. S. Army at Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. F. M. McConnell is now practicing at Litchfield, Mich. His previous address was Cold Water, Mich. Dr. C. D. Bailey has moved from Kalona, Iowa, to St, Elmo, | ae Dr. Arthur W. Combs is now located at East Orange, N. J... OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION. TENTATIVE PROGRAM OF CHICAGO MEETING, 1919. Monday, December 1, 1919, 10:00 A, M. Roll Call. Address of Welecome.— Hon. Frank O. Lowden, Governor of Illinois. Response. — John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C., Chief, Bureau of Animal Industry. . Reading of Minutes. President’s Address. — George W. Dunphy, Michigan. Report of Secretary-Treasurer. Report of Committee on Legislation. —M. C. Cohen, Ken- tucky. ) Report of Committee on Publication. —D. M. Campbell, Illinois. Report of Committee on Grievances. — T. E. Munce, Penn- sylvania. Report of Committee on Tick Eradication. — E. Pein Flower, Louisiana. Monday, December 1, 1919, 2:00 P. M. Present Status of the Live Stock Industry. — H. R. wares Illinois, Secretary L. 8S. Com. Association. Report of Progress in Tuberculosis Control. —J. A. Kiernan, Washington, D. C., in Charge Tuberculosis Control and Erad- - ucation, B. A. I. Tuberculosis and the Dairy Industry. —D. D. Akin, Michi- gan, President American Holstein-Friesian Association, Practical Application of the Accredited Herd Plan from the Breeders’ Viewpoint. — George Martin, ore Field Man for the Breeders’ Gazette. Experiences of Those Who Have Taken the First Step in Tuberculosis Control or Eradication. — (Talks sd to dy ‘Hoon, each discussion limited to ten minutes. ) Discussion. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 103 Tuesday, December 2, 1919, 10:00 A. M. Report of Committee on Hog Cholera.— A. L. Hirleman, Georgia. Report of Progress in Hog Cholera Control. —M. Dorset, Washington, D. C. Chief, Biochemie Division, B. A. I. Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of Swine. — (Papers by A. T. Kinsley, Missouri, and three others, to be se- lected and subjects assigned by Dr. Kinsley.) Tuesday, December 2, 1919, 2:00 P. M. - Report of Committee on Contagious Abortion. — Ward Gilt- ner, Michigan. Professor of Bacteriology, Michigan Agricul- tural College. Subject to be Selected. — E. C. Schroeder, Maryland. In charge, Bureau of Animal Industry Experiment Station. Discussion. — W. L. Williams, New York, New York State Veterinary College. E. T. Hallman, Michigan, Pathologist, Michigan Agricultural College. Practical Methods of Handling Herds Affected with Abortion Disease. — John F. DeVine, New York, Editor, Department of ° Cattle Practice, American Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Discussion. Wednesday, December 3, 1919, 10:00 A. M. Report of Committee on Diseases. —L. Van Es, Nebraska, Research Dig threes Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Report of Committee on ipecial Skin Diseases. — B. H. Ran- som, Washington, D. C., Chief, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Subject to be Selected. — Adolph Eichhorn, New York, Vet- erinary Director, Lederle Laboratories. The Sheep Industry. — Frank Hegenbarth, Utah, President, National Wool Grawers’ Association. Subject to be Selected. —F. R. Marshall, Washington, D. C., Aninial Husbandry Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. ~ Hemorrhagic Septicemia in Sheep.—I. E. Newsome, Col- orado, Professor of Pathology, Colorado Agricultural College. Sheep Parasitisms. — Maurice C. Hall, Washington, D. C., Senior Zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry. 104 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Wednesday, December 3, 1919, 2:00 P. M. Sanitation and Livestock Transportation—J. G. Rutherford, Canada, Dominion Railway Commissioner. BUSINESS SESSION. CoMMITTEE ' REpPoRTs. Finance. — D. F. Luckey, Missouri. Credentials. — P. E. Bahsen, Georgia. Resolutions. — J. I. Gibson, Illinois. Delayed Reports. Unfinished Business. New Business. Election of Officers. Appointment of Committees. Adjournment. TEXAS STATE VETERINARY. ASSOCIATION. Group of Members and Visitors in Front of Francis Hall, Texas A. & 7M. College. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 105 NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The New York State Veterinary Medical Association which held its convention July 23rd to July 25th, in Brooklyn, in- eluded in the program a trip to Pearl. River, N. Y., to visit the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories located there. About forty A GROUP OF A. V. M. A. MEMBERSJAT “PEARL RIVER, N. Y. 106 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS) members participated in this outing, which according to the consensus of opinion was highly profitable to everyone present. Demonstrations were given showing the preparation of the various biological products used by the veterinarians, a keen in- terest being especially manifested in the production of the clear anti-hog cholera serum which was demonstrated in detail from the beginning of the preparation until the finished product is obtained. 3 The members of the Association came and departed in a special car. The ladies who accompanied the party were treated to an automobile ride along the picturesque Hudson Drive. . All departed having spent a profitable day. A vote of thanks was extended to the Laboratories for the pleasant and profitable _ time they had enjoyed through their courtesy. SASKATCHEWAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The Journal has obtained the following report — a recent issue of the Regina Daily Post. The annual summer school of the Saskatchewan Veterinary Association was held at the University of Saskatchewan. Dr. Charles Head and Dr. M. P. McClelland were appointed on the executive of the association. The other officers were: Dr. J. S. Gibson, Govan, President; Dr. J. M. Faweett, Saskatoon, Vice-President ; Dr. R. G. Chasmar, Hanley, Registrar. EXECUTIVE MEMBERS: Dr. Charles Head, Regina; Dr. M. P. MeClelland, Regina; Dr. H. Richards, Indian Head; Dr. W. Reed, Balearres. The clinie was in charge of Major J. H. Blattenberg, United States Veterinary Corps, Lima, Ohio, who performed opera- tions and lectured daily. “Major Blattenberg spent two years in France, being connected with the Allied armies before the United States entered the war. Dr. Elliot of Saskatoon also addressed the school; and the session was closed with brief addresses by eight members of the association who recently returned from France. On his return from the ‘Canadian Northwest’ Major Blatten- berg reported an unusually pleasant meeting, and’ stated that. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 107 they were a wide awake and up-to-date bunch in that section of . the world, and that he had enjoyed his trip up there immensely. . CENTRAL CANADA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The semi-annual meeting of this association was held in Ot- tawa on 13th and 14th August. The members met at Howick Hall in the Exhibition Grounds at 2 p. m., on 13th August, and motored out to the Ottawa Dairy Farm, when Dr. W. L. Williams, of Ithaca, opened the - clinic. Practical demoristrations of sterility in cattle were given, and operations were performed on suitable subjects. _ Mr. John Bingham, Managing Director of the Ottawa Dairy Company, entertained the members and visitors in his usual pleasing manner, refreshments being served on the lawn. _ The evening session convened in Howick Hall, Dr. George Hilton, the President, being in the chair. Dr. J. W. Adams, of the University of Pennsylvania, gave an excellent address full of practical points on surgery, re- straint of animals, and anesthesia, which was very much ap- preciated. The clinic was resumed at 10 a. m., on the 14th August, with Drs. Adams and Fowler operating upon varied cases, consist- ing principally of fistule, hernias and tumors. Dr. Williams also removed a tumor from the cervix of the os uteri of a cow. — Much interest was manifested by the members in the operations, which were very ably performed. In the evening the President was again in the chair, and Dr. W. L. Williams gave a very instructive address on contagious abortion. - The elinic and the meeting were well attended, among the many present being Controller Kent, of Ottawa, Dr. J. G. Ruth- erford, Railway Commissioner of Canada, Dr. F. Torrance, Vet- erinary Director-General, Dr. C. D. MeGilvray, Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, Professors Daubigny, Genereaux and Dauth, of Laval, and the Etienne Brothers, of Montreal. During the business sessions the members discussed the very unsatisfactory status of the profession-in Ontario. This was considered to be due largely: to the fact that no satisfactory legislation has been passed to prevent unqualified men _ from practicing. 108 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Dr. George Hilton, A. R. Metcalfe and C. M. Higginson were appointed a committee to take active measures with a view to having suitable legislation passed. Hon. 8. F. Tolmie, V. S., the recently appointed Minister of Agriculture, expressed through the President his regrets at not being able to be present owing to his absence from the city. The following resolutions were passed unanimously : Whereas the Prime Minister of Canada has selected Dr. 8. F’, Tolmie as Minister of Agriculture and Whereas Dr. Tolmie is a leading member of the veterinary profession and t.. Whereas he is eminently qualified for the position by train- ing and experience in all branches of scientific agriculture, . Therefore be it resolved that this Association hereby record its appreciation of the selection of Dr. Tolmie for this important office and convey to him its best wishes, . , Whereas Dr. J. G. Rutherford, C. M. G., has been appointed a member of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada and Whereas Dr. Rutherford has been a faithful member of this Association and instrumental in promoting its best interests, Therefore be it resolved that this Association convey to Dr. .Rutherford its appreciation and extend its best wishes for his future success in larger fields of national service. Whereas the Minister of Agriculture of Ontario has an- nounced that the Ontario Veterinary College has adopted a definite standard of Matriculation and the granting of the De- gree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science by the Divers of Toronto and Whereas the Association is convinced that this will insure a higher standard of veterinary qualification, Therefore be it resolved that this Association avail itself of this opportunity to convey to the Hon. Geo. 8. Henry, the Min-’ ister of Agriculture, the assurance of its appreciation of his action in arranging for a higher standard of veterinary educa- tion and qualification. Whereas the live stock interests are a valuable factor in the economic development of the Province of Ontario, creating na- tional prosperity and OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 109 _. Whereas the live stock interests are worthy of every effort being put forth to preserve them from economic losses and Whereas the health of live stock must be preserved and _ skilled veterinary services provided for the prevention of losses from preventable diseases and the proper treatment of disease and Whereas this can best be assured by qualified and properly trained veterinarians and * Whereas the registration of veterinary surgeons has been adopted and enacted by law in the other provinces of Canada as a means of maintaining a good standard of veterinary service and prohibiting quackery and | Whereas the Province of Ontario has not enacted such legis- lation as would safeguard the live stock interests against aaack; ery and _ Whereas the Province of Ontario is thus disparaged in com- parison with the other provinces of Canada in not having ade- quate legislation to maintain a high standard of veterinary qual- ification for practice in Ontario, _ Therefore be it resolved that this Association hereby request the Government of Ontario to enact legislation requiring the registration of veterinary surgeons for practice, similar to the laws now existing in the other provinces of Canada. Whereas the Province of Ontario is maintaining the Ontario Veterinary College as an educational institution for the purpose of enabling young men to obtain scientific knowledge of veter- inary science and Whereas the course of instruction and attendance extends for a period of four academic years leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Veterinary Science conferred by the University of Toronto and Whereas there exists in the Province of Ontario certain pri- vately owned concerns purporting to give a course of training in veterinary science by mail, and in the short’ period of a few weeks’ correspondence to grant so-called Diplomas and Degrees in Veterinary Science to all and sundry on payment of a fee, and Whereas such institutions are not permitted to exist in any other province in Canada, Therefore be it resolved that this Association express its strong disapproval of any institutions other than recognized 110 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS Universities and. accredited Veterinary Colleges giving courses granting so-called Diplomas and Degrees. : . GrorGE Hinton. ASSOCIATION OF B. A. I. VETERINARIANS. (Metropolitan Division.) At a meeting of the Metropolitan Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry veterinarians, New. York City, on August 25, 1919, the following resolution was presented and unanimously adopted: ; : ‘‘This association having learned with deep satisfaction the decision of our Chief, Dr. John R. Mohler, to continue his ser- vices with the Bureau of Animal Industry, ‘Resolved that we congratulate our country, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the veterinary profession of America on the spirit of sacrifice and unselfishness shown by him in this de- cision and that we recognize his splendid services, masterly di- rection of the Bureau, and great knowledge of the conservation of animal industry to be a great asset to our country during the present period of reconstruction. _ “Resolved also that copies of this resolution be sent to the Chief of the Bureau and the Secretary of Agriculture.’’ Epwarp L. Sanper, Secretary. — TICK ERADICATION IN THE SOUTH. Status of cattle dipping for the month of AUS 1919, in the following States: UE Ls Ue a aa i RA a ES 1a 8 5 ace Clee ey ate ‘" 016,197 Arkansas 04S. ae SOs. ee eee 609,748 PIOVida 2. ras bs cee byes vs ob oye ane :.. 223,013 Georgia . Sse pias ose o Oe 0 -bigle m dieing ts ant 452,110 Hionisiana ae ee ke 1,245,767 Missiasippi so Oe ine Prorte @arcia oe as Np aa. ee 7,355 Ollahoma bic (0's ens peste ey s selec deh @ eee 509,029 meth Carolina. 28), oe ee ee 148,072 Texas { North) o 6 5 0. os 65k cde eatee eee eee 1,476,144 Texas (Soath) 2 eiopee f. Sl, 2p) Der ee ae 553,496 COMMUNICATIONS _A'CORRECTION. In the last line of paragraph three in the communication on ‘*Fetish Worship’’ by Dr. Thos. B. Rogers, in the September Journal, the term ‘‘Plain’ Geometry’’ should, necessarily, have read Plane Geometry. We offer the Doctor an apology for the oversight, and will do what we can to persuade our proof-reader to accept the blame for the error.—EKd. DR. BLATTENBERG DESIRES CORRESPONDENCE. Bditor, Journal: Quite frequently I receive inquiry from aiaaln arian who are having trouble with the roaring operation, the chief complaint being an ossification of the larynx. I will be better able to ex- plain the cause of this condition with more detailed information as to methods used and after care. The idea has occured to ask the veterinarians, both those having trouble and those having success, to write me a detailed description of their operation. This should include, prepara- tion of the animal, restraint, anesthesia, technique, kind of tracheotomy tube used and whether inserted in the opening into the larynx or in the trachea, whether one or both ventricles are stripped of mucosa and after care for a period of one month. What per cent of operations have not been successful ? These letters will give a chance to compare methods and will not be published, but, from these letters an article will be form- ulated for publication attempting to explain the cause of this condition and suggesting plans to avoid it. This is simply a suggestion, if carried out will require some work but the results may be well worth the efort. Letters should be addressed to me at my office. JoHN H. BLATTENBERG, 130 South Union Street, Lima, Ohio. Dr. L. I. Hines has moved from Holstein, Nebr., to Hastings, Nebr. — NECROLOGICAL, DR. F. A. REICHMON. Dr. F. A. Reichmon, Geddes, South Dakota, died from an- thrax last August. At the time of going to press The Journal has no further information concerning Dr. Reichmon’s death. However, he was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College in 1910, and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1912. DR. W. 0. DEBOLD. Dr. W. O. Debold, a member of the A. V. M. A., and an inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry in Chicago, was killed in an automobile accident in Chicago about ‘August 10th. Dr. Debold was a graduate of the Cincinnati Veterinary Col- lege in 1913, and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1918. DR. WILLIAM J. MORGAN. Dr. William J. Morgan of Seaton, Illinois, died July 15th, 1919. Dr. Morgan was a graduate of the Colorado Agricultural College and of the Chicago Veterinary College. He also taught Materia Medica for a time in the veterinary school at Fort Col- lins, Colorado. Dr. Morgan joined the A. V. M. A. in 1912 and was also a member of the Illinois Veterinary Association. He was a leader in his community in all lines of progress and was one of the prominent veterinary practitioners of Illinois. DR. EDWARD C. ROSS. Dr. Edward C. Ross, D. V. S., graduate of the American Veterinary College, class ’84, passed away at New Haven, Conn., — August , 1919. A long and distressing illness from carcinoma of the intestines preceded his death. Ill health had led him to retire from active practice some years before. He was unmarried. NECROLOGICAL 113 Masonic burial services were conducted in New Haven August 17th, after which at his request his body was cremated at Pleasant Valley, New York. He was on the honor roll of membership of the A. V. M. A. and still continued actively interested in the Connecticut State Veterinary Medical Association. DR. CHAS. R. TREADWAY. The Journal has just received notice of the death of Dr. Chas. R. Treadway, Kansas City, Mo., formerly of Canton, Mo. Dr. Treadway was a graduate of the Kansas City Veterinary College in the year 1905, and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1909. ROYAL COMMISSIONER J. G. RUTHERFORD TO PROBE HORSE RACING IN CANADA. Dr. J. G. Rutherford, C. M. G., member of the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners, has been appointed by the Federal Government, of Canada, a Royal Commissioner to cov- duct an inquiry into conditions pertaining to running race meetings and betting in connection therewith in Canada. His investigation will cover a wide field, and the evidence which he adduces and his report will furnish a base for legislation by the Canadian parliament. In this important appointment Tue JOURNAL desires to congratulate not only Dr. Rutherford himself, but the Dominion Government and the veterinary pro- fession as well. Dr. R. J. W. Briggs, formerly in charge of hog cholera work in Louisiana, has been transferred to take charge of the same work ‘in South Dakota, with official station at Brookings. Ist Lieut. D. D. Stroly, Class *17 of the New York State _ Veterinary College, New York University, has resigned from the regular Army Veterinary Service to enter private practice. Dr. H. N. Guilfoyle, engaged in the work of tick eradica- tion in Louisiana, has been transferred to similar work in Texas. MISCELLANEOUS. TWO MOST EXCELLENT ARTICLES. In the Army Pictorial Section of The Come Back, of July 16th, is a most excellent illustrated article on The Veterinary Corps, U. S. Army, which gives a world of information on one of the newest organizations to be formed as the result of the late war, and of whose achievements in the Medical Department the profession may feel justly proud. The majority of those who were not actively connected with the Service ean have lit- tle conception of the monumental effort it required to organize our great Army Veterinary Corps. The article in question discusses, interestingly, the various branches of the work, and closes with a statement, under the subhead, Benefit by Training, regarding the field of service for applicants which the enlisted Veterinary Corps offers. Members of the profession to whom a military life in the Veterinary Service appeals, should obtain a copy of this particular issue of The Come Back, and read the entire article. The other article referred to, also well illustrated, is ‘‘ Making the Army Safe for the Horse,’’ by Gerald E. Griffin, Lieut. Col. V. C., Director during the War, of the Veterinary Corps Train- ing School, Camp Lee, Va., and published in the September number of The National Humane Review, Albany, N. Y. The article devotes considerable of its space to.the activities of the Camp Lee Training school, and lays special stress on the ‘‘Humanitarian Influence’’ exerted. ‘‘It is deemed only fair at this point,’’ says Col. Griffin, ‘‘to pay tribute to the influence for good exerted on the teaching staff of the Veterinary Corps Training School at Camp: Lee, by the humane sentiments of the American Humane Association, the Red Star Animal Relief, the Animal Rescue League, and kindred organizations, and to pay special tribute to that broad-minded and warm-hearted lover of our domestic animals, Mrs. Huntington Smith, of the Animal - Rescue League, Boston, Mass., who by her interest and faith in the work of the Veterinary Corps has erected unto herself a monument, in the hearts of those who served at the school at Camp Lee, that cannot die.’’ MISCELLANEOUS 115 To the profession we also commend, highly, the perusal of this splendid article by Col. Griffin. | THE EQUINE HERO. ; On a great city’s street, on a hot summer day, With the pavement below fairly melted, A thin looking nag wearily trudged on his way, As with every ‘‘Gid dap’’ he was belted. ‘‘Hot weather’s the stuff,’’ the owner remarked, ‘‘The force that will roll in the dollars;’’ — And the nag struggled on from daylight till dark, A gathering sores under the collars. The hot summer sun swooped down on his brain, Humidity gripped at his throat; A massive umbrella had he with the rein, Most cool and serene was the bloke. The thirst of the nag was prodigious and aye He felt quite akin to a goner, He needed more drinks than they gave him that. day, While the. driver slaked his on the corner. With a slash of the whip of the knight o’the truck, And a head hanging low from the drouth; Mid roar of the street and swirl of the muck, He is jerked to a germ laden trough. Once more the nag’s urged up the sizzling street; Once more does the whip take its slice; The roadway’s a baking and burning his feet And holding the wheels like a vise. With sweat gushing forth and a heaving of chest, A cool, shady park does he skirt; He understands not the great silent jest: The ‘“‘keep off the grass’’ on the turf. 116 MISCELLANEOUS Long after dusk the nag finished his haul; At last out of strife hot and dusty; Back to the sweltering, stifling stall, Back to the food that is musty. Munching, he finds it a wearisome task; His bones how they ache and how sore; In the midst of the air like a hot furnace blast, Seeks rest on a hard wooden fioor. Next morning at dawn he is yanked out again, Strapped to a big, crushing load; Till high noon he toiled, this servant of men, Urged on by the merciless goad. The earth seemed to tremble —a desperate lug, The whip had been swung for its thrust But a martyr had made his last faithful tug, When a poor stack of bones bit the dust. Epwarp L. Sanper, D. V. S. AN EXCELLENT LETTER BY RESIDENT-SECRETARY A. D. KNOWLES OF MONTANA. To the Veterinarians of Montana: The A. V. M. A. will convene in New Orleans, Louisiana, November 17-21, 1919, inclusive. This will be the second time the association will have met in the South, and for those who may be fortunate enough to attend it will be a most inspiring event. The great big hearted hos- pitality of the southern people will be exercised to its capacity and every person there will be made to feel the effect of their good will. This will mark the beginning of the reconstruction of vet- erinary science, following the world war, and as the A. V. M. A. has always been a leader in advancing the cause of the veterinary profession on this continent, so will she at this con- vention, no doubt, establish regulations and principles which will be recognized by veterinarians through all future time. MISCELLANEOUS 117 President Moore and Secretary Mayo have set about to make the New Orleans meeting the most helpful that has ever been held. The veterinarians of the Southeastern States Veterinary. Medical association and the Louisiana association have organized and expect to be able to furnish better entertainment for all who attend than they ever experienced before. Editor Dalrymple requests that original articles for pub- lication be forwarded to him, as well as case reports and news items; the Journal of the A. V. M. A. is for the entire veterin-. ary profession and Dr. Dalrymple requests the cooperation of all. I will be glad to furnish application blanks for membership in the A. V. M. A., and solicit applications. Yours very truly, A. D. KNOWLES, Resident-Secretary. DR. WINCHESTER NEVER OVERLOOKS THE HEALTH OF HIS COMMUNITY. WARNING AGAINST TUBERCULOUS MILK. Dr. J. F. Winchester, inspector of slaughtering and cattle, calls the following article to the attention of the public of Law- rence in support of his contention as set forth in the article, ‘‘A Common and Public Nuisance — The Tubercular Cow.’’ The following extracts appeared in the report of the Veter- - inary director General (F. Torrance, B. A., D. V. 8.) for the department of agriculture, Canada, in the issue of March 31st, 1918. (Printed by order of Parliament.) _ The importance of this work, the testing of cattle for Tu- bereulosis, to the health of a community can hardly be over-es- timated, especially to the welfare of the child population. It was found by our tests that some herds were supplying milk to be consumed in the raw unpasteurized state, when most every cow in the herd was diseased. This milk must have been high- ly dangerous for the children drinking it, yet the parents were probably quite satisfied if its appearance and taste were all right. Experiments have proved that young pigs fed on tuberculous miik become tuberculous to the extent of 80 per cent if they 118 MISCELLANEOUS receive only two or three feeds of it. When fed continuously on it for a month, 100 per cent became infected. _ There is no reason to believe that children are not equally susceptible to the effect of consuming tuberculous milk. The results are not so evident as in the case of pigs, but far more disastrous to the human race. Much human tuberculosis comes ffom drinking tuberculous milk, and every effort should be made to prevent it by putting the tuberculous cow out of business. —Lawrence (Mass,) Daily Eagle. INTERESTING CARD FROM DR. G. A. ROBERTS, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. Under date of August Ist, Dr. G. A. Roberts sends Secretary Mayo a card of interesting information from his new location at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Among other things, Dr. Roberts says: “‘This is a most wonderful country in beauty, novelty, and resources. I would not have missed it for anything, but I cannot give you much information yet as to my duties or prevalent diseases. However, they are putting up some beautiful buildings for Institute Veterinaria,’’ which Dr. Roberts very graphically describes, and which suggests that that section of the Continent is alive to the importance of good men and good equipment in its effort at research along the line of animal pathology. We are sure that all Journal friends join with us in wishing Dr. Roberts every success in his new home and ‘work. Dr. Edward Lapple has received his discharge from the army and is now located at Sioux City, lowa. Dr. Wilbur Pierret is now with the B. A. I. at Denver, Colo. Dr. Pierret was formerly stationed at St. Joseph, Mo. Dr. H. C. Berger has recently been transferred in the work of Tick Eradication from Thibadoux, La., to Granbury, Texas. Among the recent subscribers to the JouRNAL, is Senor D. José Coya, Chief Veterinarian to His Majesty, the King of Spain. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) W. H. DALRYMPLE, Editor. BATON ROUGE, LA. V. A. Moorp, President, Ithaca, N. Y. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago. Jacosp Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Geo. HiLTon, ist District; T. E. Muncer, 2nd District; S. E. Bmnnett, 3rd District; J. R. MouHumEr, 4th District; C. H. STANGE, 5th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 6th District; A. T. KinsLeY, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal J. R. MoOHLER Gro. HILTON R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vou. LVI, N. S. Vou. 9 NOvEMBER, 1919 No. 2 DR. SIMON F. TOLMIE, M. P. It is always a source of very great pleasure to those who are endeavoring to raise the status of the profession when one of its members receives due recognition at the hands of the public, and especially of the government of the country to which he belongs. Dr. Simon Fraser Tolmie, of Victoria, British Colum- bia, a worthy member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and who represents the City of Victoria in the Canadian House of Commons, has recently been appointed Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada, which, we understand, is the first time a veterinarian has occupied a Cabinet position in the Dominion. Dr. Tolmie’s appoint- ment to the portfolio of agriculture has met with general approbation throughout the Dominion, and his many friends south of the international boundary will join with Canadian ag- riculturists and veterinarians in hearty congratulations. Through our Canadian confrere, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, we are informed that the recipient of this honor has long been associated with the leading organizations working for the ad- vancement of the live stock industry in Canada and the improve- ment of the veterinary profession. In these two fields of effort 120 EDITORIAL he has made many intimate friends all over America who will view his appointment as a well-merited promotion, and an op- portunity for him to still further assist and guide the agricul- tural industry. As chief Inspector for the Health of Animals - Branch in British Columbia, and as President of the British Columbia Veterinary Association, Dr. Tolmie has been in elose touch with farming and with live stock needs from a health point of view. However, he has served in an even larger field, for at the time of his appointment he was President of the Western Canada Live Stock Union, the Canadian National Live Stock Council, and the Holstein-Friesian Association of Canada. Dr. Tolmie’s efforts in a public way, combined with actual farm experience, he being owner of ‘‘Braefoot Farm,’’ near Victoria, B. C., where he makes his home, should equip him admirably for the task in hand. In fact it is stated that no Minister has accepted a Dominion portfolio with a broader knowledge of the industry. Dr. Tolmie is a comparatively young man, being born, of British parentage, at Victoria, B. C., January 25 1867; he was educated at the Victoria High School; and received his degree in veterinary medicine and surgery from the Ontario Veterinary College. igo! | It is distinctly refreshing to be able to record such splendid recognition of one of our members, which ought to aid in en- lightening the public as to the worthiness of the profession to oceupy exalted positions connected with governmental affairs. Tur JOURNAL desires to extend to Dr. Tolmie its heartiest congratulations and best wishes in his new sphere of usefulness, which it feels sure will result beneficially to the agriculture of Canada and to the veterinary profession, of which he is an honored member. So far as we know, Dr. Tolmie is the first member of the veterinary profession to hold a Cabinet position, not only in Cenada, but in any country. UNFORTUNATE. The following is a quotation from an editorial which ap- peared in The Shorthorn World, of August 25th: ‘‘There are many able and straightforward veteri- narians, but, unfortunately, there are also very many EDITORIAL 121 who should not have a license to practice. The hardest fight that stockmen have at present is not with ‘T. B.,’ but with incompetent, irresponsible and vicious ‘vets.’ The various breed associations owe it to themselves and their membership to get in close codperation with feder- al and state authorities to the end that the brood of ignorant and domineering members of the worthy pro- fession may be curbed in their propensity to prey upon an industry that is at the very foundation of the coun- try’s prosperity.’’ There are always two sides to a question, and we are not familiar with the individual details which brought forth the above arraignment, although, from another part of the same editorial, it was evidently in connection with tuberculin testing in the accredited herd work. It is unfortunate, however, if some members of the profession should merit such severe ecriti- cism; and also unfortunate that the criticism should gain such publicity through the pages of an important breed publication, as it is sure to reflect, more or less, on the profession as a whole, although the editor evidently did not mean it that way, as he further states, that, ‘‘there is no country where there is a largér proportion of absolutely able and unbuyable veterinarians.”’ We are unable to discuss the merits or demerits of the in- stance, or instances, alluded to in the editorial cited, as we do not have the facts before us. However, we are not living in millennial days, of course, and until that time arrives, it is useless to expect perfection, ethically speaking, even among members of the veterinary profession, and which we have no doubt applies to other professions. Human nature is the same * the world over, and the proverbial black sheep is to be found in every flock; and while this is unfortunate, it, nevertheless, seems to be true. However, the ‘‘shady act’’ will generally gain much wider publicity than that which is creditable. The former is often seized upon by the press as ‘‘good stuff,’’? and classed as ‘*sensational;’’ while the good that a man does is frequently passed over without comment because it is expected of him. Hence the good work accomplished by many members in trying to raise the standard of the profession in the eyes of the public may be more than counterbalanced by the unprofessional act of a single member. We have just referred, in our previous article, to the splendid recognition given the veterinary profession through the promo- 122 EDITORIAL tion of one of our members in the person of Dr. Tolmie, and the tendency it will have in elevating its status. Still the standing of the profession should not have to depend upon special pro- motion, such as Dr. Tolmie has received, but every member, no matter how obscure his position in life may be, is capable, if he will, of doing his little ‘‘push’’ in the upward direction. As to the facts which called forth the editorial alluded to, we repeat, we are not. informed; there may be discrepancies on both sides. At the same time it is unfortunate if any members of the profession are to be found whose acts are sufficient to call forth such an arraignment of them as that given in the issue of The Shorthorn World referred to. It is one of the most potent means of staying the progress that is so much to be desired. It should be remembered that it is the man who makes his profes- sion, rather than the profession that makes the man. THE LAST APPEAL. The events of the previous meetings of the A. V. M. A. have, each time, been heralded with unusual enthusiasm, with the hope that each anniversary might prove its superiority over all pre- ceding ones. This spirit of progression is human nature and, did we not proudly possess it, we might still be depending altogether on good fortune to cure the ails of man and beast. This year the Association is stronger and more zealous than ever before in its history, to develop the welfare of the profession on a basis of equity to all. This is evidenced through the in- creased membership within the last two years. Veterinarians who are ambitious to succeed on merit have commenced to recog- nize the strict necessity of a systematic, harmonious organization built upon great democratic principles, sound and safe, for the profession and its clientele. Every veterinarian, whether he be employed in practice, public service, educationally, or commer- cially, should cultivate the principles, which became so deeply ineuleated into the minds of the designers of the Declaration of Independence; notably, for a new nation, born for the common good of all, likewise a greater A. V. M. A. for the mutual good of every member, but not forgetful of the underlying funda- mental doctrine, that we can only prosper and expand in pro- portion to our usefulness to the cause to which we are devoted. EDITORIAL 123 When we think back to June, 1863, and use our vivid imagi- nations to compare what was available to call upon for the first meeting of our Association, it is almost beyond our comprehen- sion to realize the advancement which has since been made. It is all the result of a higher standard—quality, quantity, equipment and knowledge, properly utilized to serve a definite purpose. -Our purpose is to be as resourceful as possible, but unless we frequently meet together to exchange ideas and discuss our problems from a national standpoint, we, as individuals, are liable to suffer mental atrophy and become so eccentric and self devoted as to be unable to appreciate how our brothers live. Often one imagines he is suffering unusual adversity, but such illusions are apt to sink into utter insignificance when measured up alongside the difficulties entertained by the other fellow. This fall, November 17-21st, will be an opportunity, par ex- cellence, to promote a kindlier feeling of brotherly love and develop the Association beyond our fondest hopes. Every mem- ber of the A. V. M. A. is a stockholder in THe JouRNAL and its equipment, and should feel that he is an important unit toward contributing useful matter for each month’s publication. THE JOURNAL is the official organ of the Association, owned and con- trolled accordingly, and we should make a special effort to see that it reaches the office of every veterinarian in the United States, Canada, and as many as possible abroad. The policy of THE JOURNAL must be kept up to its usual high standard, abso- ’ lutely impartial, open for the dissemination of the best reliable, authentic information, and above all permanently located, with a decided business policy back of it. We believe that never before in the history of the world will there be so many veterinarians, inspired by a common cause, gathered under one roof as in New Orleans this fall. Let it be our slogan ‘‘A Greater American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion.’’ The future reveals marvelous opportunities and we must grasp them as we pass along with the full determination of hold- ing the units together in order that we may accumulate an un- usual degree of potential energy. This is the psychological time to fully develop our resources and no man with a spirit will take it for granted that the thing untried is beyond him. Early in the spring the writer, as chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, commenced through THE JOURNAL, under 124 EDITORIAL Association News, to interest the veterinary profession in the coming meeting in New Orleans, Every issue from May down to the present time has contained a variation of useful informa- tion, and if it has served the purpose, the author has been well repaid for his efforts. ; The long-looked-for time will soon be here, and this is the last opportunity that the writer will have available to appeal to you to come to the Crescent City for the purpose of participating in one of the greatest scientific organizations in the world, com- posed of a body of men whose motto is ‘‘I Can.’’ The life that is fightless is worthless, and it is man’s proudest privilege to solve and overcome the forces of adversity. . E.I.S. OUR FRIEND DR. RUTHERFORD OF OTTAWA KEPT BUSY. Much to the disappointment of his numerous friends, it is doubtful whether Dr. J. G. Rutherford, an ex-President of the A. V. M. A., will be able to attend the New Orleans meeting. In addition to his work on the Railway Commission for Canada, he is Chairman of a Special Commission for the purpose of investi- gating the possibilities of the development of the reindeer, musk ox, and caribou in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of ‘‘Our Lady of the Snows;’’ and his work as special Royal Commission- er to inquire into matters connected with the conduct of running race meetings, etc., which we alluded to in the October Journal, will occupy considerable of his time, as he has ealled a series of hearings in this inquiry which will extend through the prairie provinces and British Columbia, and it will be well into Novem- ber before the Doctor gets back from the Pacific Coast. In a communication to the editor, Dr. Rutherford says: ‘‘Per- sonally, I am for the time being pretty well divorced from the veterinary profession, but as you will probably realize, it is somewhat difficult for a man who has spent his life in it to forego all interest in its activities, even if he wanted to, which is certainly not the case with me.’’ We wish for the Doctor a pleasant trip, but we are sorry at the likelihood of his being absent from the A. V. M. A. meeting in November. HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION. By WILLIAM N. Bere, Washington, D. C. I. Introduction. II. Progress of medical education since 1904. III. Methods used by the Council on Medical Education. a. Determination of the medical needs of the country. b. Classification of medical schools. ce. Publicity. d. Other activities of the Council on Medical Education. IV. Bibliography. ~ I. INTRODUCTION. The main purpose of the present paper is to call attention to the following: (1) The unfortunately low standards in veterinary educa- tion as compared with those in human medicine. | (2) As late as 1904 the general level of medical education was practically no higher than that of veterinary education at the present time. (3) In 1904 the medical profession faced the situation squarely and openly. Through the American Medical Associa- tion a vigorous campaign was launched against fraudulent and low grade medical schools. These were forced to close and medi- cal education placed upon’standards inferior to none other. (4) The same can be done and should be done by the American Veterinary Medical Association for veterinary educa- tion. If properly approached, perhaps such agencies as the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and the American Medical Association would codperate. (5) An upward revision in veterinary educational standards can probably be brought about by applying the methods of the above agencies to veterinary colleges, examining boards, etcetera. The numerous recent discussions on veterinary educational stangards and the need for their revision speaks well for those who are moved by enlightened discontent. The general feeling seems to be that veterinarians as a class should be as well trained as medical men and should occupy the same station in life. That they are not as well trained as medical men and do not occupy the same high place needs no proof. It is shown by the long 126 WILLIAM N. BERG fight necessary before the veterinarians obtained ‘‘recognition’’ in the army. The following quotation is from the Bulletin of Yale Uni- versity, School of Medicine, 1918-1919, p. 19: ‘* ADMISSION OF STUDENTS. PREPARATION FOR MeEpicAL STUDIES. Students who enter college with the idea of subsequently studying medicine should realize that the broader the founda- tion a professional man can obtain the more efficient he will be. Those who are in a position to do so are recommended, therefore, to complete their college course before entering the School of Medicine, including in it the necessary special studies in the sciences. In view of the fact that circumstances do not permit all prospective medical students to complete their college course, two years of college work has been fixed as the minimum general requirement for matriculation in this school. Work in Schools of Dentistry, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine is not accepted as the equivalent of college work.’’ The last sentence shows how high veterinary colleges stand in the esteem of certain university authorities. Although this sentence was not found in several other medical school catalogs it is plainly implied there. This means that a second year student in Cornell Veterinary Medical College, for example, who changed his mind and decided to study human medicine, would find that he was not eligible to enter’the medical schools of Yale and other universities, although he had just finished two years in a good professional school. But veterinarians need not permanently lag behind in the educational procession. Fifteen years ago medical education in the United States was at as low level as veterinary education is today. Through a vigorous campaign many improvements have been made until at present, the high grade medical schools here are as good as those in Europe. If the marked improve- ments to be described presently, can be made by medical men why can they not be made by veterinarians? The work of the American Medical Association in raising medical educational standards is nothing short of wonderful. The methods used are described in the literature; there are no secrets and it ought to be possible for the veterinary medical profession, through its association, to conduct a similar campaign with similarly splendid results. HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION 127 II. PROGRESS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION SINCE 1904. This is well described by Colwell, (4, p. 3.) t ‘In previous reports attention was called to the rapid im- provements in medical education in the United States, secured through a campaign which was begun by the American Medical Association in 1904. At the beginning of the campaign, the number of medical schools in this country exceeded the total in all the rest of the world. There was clearly an oversupply of medical schools. Many of them were poorly equipped and adhered only to low entrance requirements, while some were conducted for profit and required for admission little or nothing in the way of educational qualifications. It was shown that in 1904 only four medical colleges were requiring any college work for admission, and only from 20 per cent to 25 per cent were actually requiring a four-year high-school education. Under the methods pursued, it is not surprising, therefore, that in 1904 the number of medical students reached the amazing total of 28,142, and that in that year 5,747 physicians were graduated. The campaign for improvement successfully urged the merg- ing of two or more medical colleges in each of our various cities or States. This resulted in a rapid reduction in the total number, but a material strengthening of the quality of the institutions remaining. At the same time higher standards of preliminary education were urged consisting, first, of -the four-year high-school education, then one year, and finally two years of premedical college education. In 1916 the two-year entrance standard was made an essential for any medical school to be considered as acceptible by the American Medical Association. In that year 48 colleges had already put into effect the higher requirement and also 16 State boards had made it the minimum essential of preliminary education of graduates who might seek licenses in those States. Attention was also called to the great improve- ments in the way of full-time salaried teachers, greatly improved laboratories, the closer relations with teaching hospitals, and the securing of greater endowments. At the present time there are 90 medical colleges; the num- ber of students during 1917-18 was 13,630, and the number of graduates in 1918 was 2,670.1. These lower figures represent the normal decrease that was expected under the increased entrance requirements, and are not due to the war. The follow- ing tabulation shows the decided increase since 1904 in the num- ber of colleges which have enforced higher entrance requirements and in the number of students and graduates who have held the higher entrance qualifications: +The figures in parenthesis refer to the bibliography, at end of the paper. 1Altogether 2,807 students successfully completed the courses of the senior year. From 137, however, in the Universities of California and Minnesota and in Rush Medical College, the degrees have been withheld pending the completion of a hospital interneship. 128 : WILLIAM N. BERG Colleges. Students. Graduates. | 1904 1918 1904 1918 1904 1918 Entran e requirements : be + rie v he oa rw rey he ra) uw 2 SPR Roped ey 2) a2 1a Beli boBioloe | of) bop] Bol 1 3) eee ZZ.) ml Bw |e Se eo! 1a | 2 ee Four-year high-school edu- cation or less!.......... 158|97.5 7| 7.8] 26,391|93.8 631| 4.6| 5,378|93.6 9.7 One year of college work...}......|.... 2? hee y des 3 Deer oye al. poet SOs Ols eee vee] e143 0 Two years of college work . 4| 2.5 49|54.4| 1,761] 6.2] 7,055/51.8 369| 6.4] 1,265/47.3 Totale. 003 Mees 162... | 90|....| 28,142]....] 13,630]....| 5,747|....] 2,670].... 1It is not probable that in 1904 more than about 30 colleges (20 per cent) were actually requiring a four- year high-school education as a minimum for admission. , Instead of 4 (2.5 per cent) medical schools which in 1904 required any college work for admission, for the session of 1917- 18, 83 (92.2 per cent) medical schools required one or two years of such work; instead of only 1,761 (6.2 per cent) students enrolled in the higher standard colleges in 1904, during last year 12,999 (95.3 per cent) students were enrolled in the higher standard colleges; and instead of only 369 (6.4 per cent) graduates who were turned out by the higher standard colleges in 1904, at the end of last session 2,412 (90.3 per cent) graduated from those institutions. The 7 medical schools which still require only a high-school education or less for admission ~ are also inferior in other respects, and are reported as not recognized by from 27 to 38 State licensing boards. This general adoption by medical schools of the two-year standard of pre- liminary education and the other improvements made have brought medical education in this country to a par with that of leading countries of Europe and elsewhere.’’ How did the American Medical Association bring about these splendid reforms? A Council on Medical Education was formed, composed, of course, of men who understood the nature of the improvements to be made. The Council studied the medical needs of the country, 7. e., how many physicians are desirable per 1000 inhabitants; how many graduates per year; and how many good medical schools are required. Secondly: the Council proceeded to classify or grade the medical schools on their merits with a view to the elimination of those that were obviously unfit; the merging, of small schools into larger and better ones; the unification of the curriculum ete. Thirdly: the Council engaged in a campaign of publicity that mercilessly exposed many poor schools run for profit as well as numerous schools that plainly were frauds. Fourthly: the Council has undertaken and carried HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION 129 on numerous lines of work such as classifying the high schools and colleges; unifying entrance requirements, etc. These ac- tivities will be described more in detail. The Council apparently has no legal authority; it is a civilian body, not connected with any government office. Nevertheless their publications, suggestions and classifications have almost as much force as if authorized by law. Ill. a. DETERMINATION OF THE MEDICAL NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY. According to Colwell, (4, p. 10): **Statistics show that this country has one physician to every 739 people, as compared with one to every 1,500 to 2,500 people in the countries of Europe just before the war began. In recent years, however, the demand for medical graduates to fill positions as hospital internes, health officers, medical inspectors, medical teachers, and other positions of responsibility has been greatly increased. This increased demand is due, not to any scarcity of medical graduates, but to the improved qualifications of those now graduating from our medical schools. -In earlier years this demand was not so great because few of the graduates then turned out were sufficiently qualified, educationally or profes- sionally, to occupy the positions now open to them. The increase in the demand has been in direct proportion to the improvements in preliminary and medical education.’’ Is it not probable that the needs of the country for veteri- narians could be ascertained, by the American Veterinary Medi- eal Association, and the number of veterinary medical schools regulated accordingly ? Why should not trained veterinarians be employed as health officers, medical inspectors, etc., as well as medical men? They probably would be employed outside of strictly veterinary lines were they as well trained as their medical colleagues. Ill. b. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL SCHOOLS. It is important to note that after classifying the medical schools the Council on Medical Education published its lists broadcast, so that everyone, and especially the prospective stu- dent, could thoroughly understand the basis of the classification ; which schools were good, and why. The present standards for grading medical schools, although higher than those for veterin- ary schools, are temporary only; they will be raised higher still, (6, p.15; and 1, p. 127). 130 WILLIAM N. BERG In the ‘‘Choice of a Medical School,’’ a publication designed specially for the information of the prospective medical student, the Council gives the detailed schedule for the grading of medical schools. The following extracts from the schedule are sufficient to show its general scope. STANDARDS OF THE COUNCIL ON MEDICAL EDUCATION OF . THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. SCHEDULE FOR THE GRADING OF MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Schools will be rated on civil service basis on a scale of 1,000 points. The data relating to each school will be grouped under ten general heads in such a manner that the groups will have as nearly equal weight as possible, each group allowing a possible 100 points (10 per cent) out of a possible 1,000 points (100 per cent.). The revised schedule showing the general heads under which the data will hereafter be arranged is as follows: 1. Character of curriculum, grading of course, sequence of subjects, supervision, administration, ete. 2. Medical school buildings; adaptability, light, heat, ventilation, clean- liness, etc. 3. Laboratory facilities and instruction. 4. Dispensary facilities and instruction. 5. Hospital facilities and instruction in medicine, surgery, obstetrics, and gynecology. 6. Hospital facilities for instruction in medical specialties and pro- vision for clinical clerkships, necropsies, etc. 7. Full-time instructors and assistants with special reference to their special qualifications and evidences of their work, including research. 8. Faculty, number, qualifications and organization of, including the staff of teaching hospitals. 9. Library, museum, charts and special apparatus and evidences of the use made .of them. 10. Showing of graduates at state board and other examinations and other evidences by which the training received is indicated. It will be noted that financial income is not referred to in the ten heads outlined. It is quite evident, however, that no eol- lege can secure an adequate number of expert full- time teachers, provide well equipped laboratories, library and museum, and be conducted in accordance with present- day medical knowledge without a liberal income in addition to students’ fees. Meaning of Clasese A, B, and C. Class A Colleges will, as heretofore, be those which are ac- ceptable ; Class B, those which, under their. present organization, give promise of being made acceptable by general improvements, and Class C those (a) Which require a complete reorganization to make them acceptable. (b) Which do not keep satisfactory records of their students in regard to entrance requirements, attendance, g grades in courses, division into classes and reasons for promotion. (c) Which do not enforce their requirements in regard to admission (including those admitted to advanced standing), promotion and graduation. HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION 131 (d) Which give the major portion of their instruction after 4 o’clock in the afternoon. (e) Which are privately owned and conducted for profit. (f) Which for other specific reasons are not eligible for inclusion in Class B. ESSENTIALS OF AN ACCEPTABLE MEDICAL COLLEGE. (Revised to June 15, 1918) The following outline of the essentials of an acceptable medical college was issued by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association for its suggestive value in the rapid development in progress in the medical colleges of the United States. It also represents the standard by which medical colleges are measured in the Council’s classifications. REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION. 1. The minimum requirement for admission to an acceptable medical college is a four-year high school education or its full equivalent and two years of work in a college of arts and sciences approved by the Council as follows: I. High School Requirements. Il. Premedical College Course. (c) Beginning Jan. 1, 1918, the minimum requirement for admission to acceptable medical schools, in addition to the high school work specified above, will be sixty semester hours of col- legiate work, extending through two years, of thirty-two weeks each, exclusive of holidays, in a college approved by the Council on Medical Education. The subjects included in the two years of college work should be in accordance with the following schedule : SCHEDULE OF SUBJECTS OF THE TWO-YEAR PREMEDICAL COLLEGE COURSE. Sixty Semester Hours* Required Semester Required Subjects: Hours Chemistry No Riga TA 185" 6. a) Gag aralese: oe. hie APNG ST REE g Ws him tate intia: BUGIS 06:9) oe sN 12 Physics (b) . be RL tie eas biel oted o Gfel g-A MSDE CNEL WHORE RCS Boece Te!» ets 8 SME RUNS ira 5 Ter. Sos “0 5.4 ie, 00's fos Soe/ dee UN eTRLCEWE MEER AUREETS Bielareea Tickets « icotael 8 English composition and literature a SRA Se 6 Other nonscience subjects (e) . ohh tele ne ARAM s 60 PR aera alee @ pista Bee le eee 12 Subjects Strongly Urged: SUN MGNEE UNE CAUTIONS 10-0015) niga. 1d'b w10.0 k FINS eiphe Pletdb lode SlOaBRS + oSGHiL WATER 6-12 Advanced botany or advanced zoology . GRREMS Ty (056 Wg pie die hs wie w aspen 3 -6 RHINE Ue Voc 4 dite GM oo 0d. 0 6.404, 4 010 MWe SiMeERRETS s\e abe ele wilotarnsMLeee rk a 3 -6 Advanced mathematics, including algebra and trigonometry....... 3-6 Aaaitional courses: in: chemistry so. eis eis ole a tie o 0.6/d is ble gt etlvle o's alolale 3 -6 Other Suggested Electives: . English (additional), economics, history, sociology, political” science, logic, mathematics, Latin, Greek, drawing. ; *A semester hour is the credit value of sixteen weeks’ work consisting of one lecture or recitation period per week, each period to be not less than fifty minutes net, at least two hours of laboratory work to be considered as the equivalent of one lecture or recitation period. 132 WILLIAM N. BERG SuGGESTIONS REGARDING INDIVIDUAL SUBJECTS. (a) Chemistry.—Twelve semester hours required. Ill. Approved Colleges of Arts and Sciences. A tentative list of colleges of arts and sciences approved by reliable standardizing agencies has been prepared by the Council on Medical Education, and revisions of this list will be published from time to time. Undue liberality in the acceptance of certificates from second- ary schools unendorsed by approved standardizing agencies will be registered by the Council as a failure to comply with its re- quirements and the college will be dropped from the approved list. FACULTY. 9. (a) The college should provide at least eight expert thor- oughly trained professors in the laboratory branches, salaried so that they may devote their entire time to instruction and to that research without which they cannot well keep up with the rapid progress being made in their subjects.*t | There should also be a sufficient number of assistants in each department to look after the less important details. For colleges having sixty students or less in each class, there should be at least one full-time salaried assistant each in the departments of (1)anatomy, (2) physiology (3) pathology and bacteriology, and (4) physiologic chemistry and pharmacology, and one additional assistant in each of these departments should be provided for each additional thirty stu- dents enrolled. This represents a low average of the full-time assistants already employed by the acceptable medical colleges. (6) The faculty should be made up of graduates of insti- tutions recognized as medical colleges. * * This last requirement was perhaps made necessary by such conditions as the following: Flexner, Carnegie, Teaching; Bulle- tin 4, p. 176, 1910. ‘*Chicago, varied and picturesque in this as in all else per- taining to medical education, supports four postgraduate insti- tutions. Only unmistakable scientific activity could dislodge the unpleasant suspicion of commercial motive thus suggested. No such activity is in any of them observable. A cynical candor admits in one place that ‘it pays the teachers through referred cases;’ in another, ‘it establishes the reputation of a man to teach in a postgraduate school;’ in a third, ‘it pays through advertising teachers.’ In one a youth was observed working with a microscope. Inquiry elicited the fact that he was the teacher of clinical laboratory technique, lecturing in the absence of the ‘professor.’ The following dialogue took place: ‘Are you a doctor?’ ‘No.’ ee a HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION : 133 ‘A student of medicine?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Where?’ | ‘At the Jenner Night School.’ ‘In what year?’ ‘The first.’ A first-year student of medicine in a night school was thus laboratory instructor and pro tempore lecturing professor in clinical microscopy in the Chicago Polyclinic.”’ OTHER TEACHING FACULTIES AND FINANCES. 18. Statistics show that modern medicine cannot be accep- tably taught by a medical school depending solely on the income from students’ fees. No medical school should expect to secure admission to, or be retained in Class A, therefore, which does not have an annual income of at least $25,000 in addition to the amount obtained from students’ fees. For a criticism of the Council on Medical Edueation’s elassi- fication of medical schools, see Pritchett; Ninth Annual Report; Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, p. 61, 1914. In comparing the standards of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try (8) with those of the Council on Medical Education atten- tion may be centered on the two important criteria, as stated by Pritchett (2, p. 70): ““These two criteria—the basis of selection of the student body and the basis of selection of the teaching body—to my thinking outweigh all other considerations. ”’ _ Undoubtedly the Bureau adopted the highest standards prac- tical under the conditions. The Bureau’s two year high school requirement for entrance effective September 1918 seems to be well in advance of the actual requirements of many veterinary colleges according to the following quotation from the Report of the Association of State and Provincial Veterinary Colleges’ Committee on Entrance Requirements, May, 1919 (9, p. 236) : “Your committee recommends that this association most heartily endorse the amendment offered by Dean L. A. Klein at the Kansas City meeting, which is as follows: Beginning with the collegiate year of 1918-19, the matricula- tion requirements of an approved veterinary college shall be not less than one year of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory .schools. Beginning with the eol- legiate year of 1919-20, said requirements shall be not less than two years of high school work or equivalent studies taken in other preparatory schools. Beginning with the collegiate year 134 . WILLIAM N. BERG of 1920-21 the matriculation requirements shall be not less than four years of high school work * * * .’’ A comparison of the requirements shows, for example, that for admission to a medical school acceptable to the Council the prospective student must have completed a four year course in a high school and two years study in the sciences in a college, while the. prospective veterinary student, to enter an accredited veterinary college need offer only two years of high school work (8, p. 8). It is true that some of the veterinary colleges have entrance requirements of four high school years. It is equally true that many medical schools have entrance requirements higher than the minimal requirements of the Council. Thus the Johns Hopkins University Medical School receives as candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, college graduates only (p. 54, J. H. U. Circular of the Medical Department 1918-1919). The Harvard Medical School have the following requirements for admission: (Official Register of Harvard University; Vol. 15, Dee. 28, 1918, page 30: ‘‘As candidates for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine the : School receives the following: I. Graduates in arts or science of approved colleges or scien- tifie schools. II. Students who have two years of work in a college or scientific school of high rank, provided they present certificates that they have maintained a rank in the first third of their class.’’ i With regard to the second criterion, the basis of selection of the teaching body, it is to be noted that the faculty of an accepta- ble medical school (p. in Journal A. V. M. A., 9 a) must have at least eight full time professors, who devote their entire time to instruction and research. The faculty of an accredited vet- erinary college need have but five professors: Circular 128, p.7: ‘*‘Regulation VII.—Number of veterinar- ians. On the faculty of every veterinary college there shall be at least five graduate veterinarians from accredited veterinary colleges teaching major subjects, each of whom shall have had not less than one year’s additional training in some accredited veterinary college or three years’ experience in teaching or in practicing veterinary science subsequent to graduation from an accredited veterinary college.’’ HOW TO RAISE STANDARDS IN VETERINARY EDUCATION 135 But none of the regulations require that any of the five on the faculty shall be full-time instructors or that they shall be inter- ested in research. The idea that a good medical faculty should consist entirely of medical practitioners who incidentally teach, is no longer taken seriously. Section 9a (p.in Journal A. V. M. A.) of the Council’s schedule ought to apply to veterinary faculties. The following table shows that in two very important respects—the selection of the student body and the selection of the teaching body—the veterinary colleges are woefully behind the medical schools. MINIMAL REQUIREMENTS. As defined by the Council on Medical Education (5 and 6) for medical schools and the Bureau of Animal Industry (8) for veterinary colleges. Medical Schools | Veterinary Colleges. NT ty Seal og Sicis Biaases ci cceiae Sia si6.m. ue c'ecd 4 years high school | 2 years high school Se stiils week “ and 2 1 college ri ea weeks per college year................ Total hours, four year course................... 3,840 3,380 Full time instructors on faculty................. 8 : 0 Part time instructors on faculty................ ee 5 fiui.’-¢. “PUBLICITY. As an example of the numerous publicity activities of the Council, and especially of their desire to inform the prospective student of the relative merits of the various schools, the two following parts of statistical tables are taken from ‘‘Choice of a Medical School.’” These tables are so complete that they alone are sufficient to indicate the desirable schools. And as numerous _ studies have shown, the high grade schools are no more expensive to the student than the poorer ones. It is to be noted that the high grade medical schools have on the average, one instructor for every 2 or 3 students. The complete tables 1 and 2 contain data on 105 and on 96 medical schools respectively. WILLIAM N. BERG ce] ce |-oF 21 e 1.9 127 ee v1 Oke SS eee elOAUAC{ ‘PUIIPIA[ JO JOOYDS OPeIOJOD Jo Ajisi9AtUy)| OT oe oats eee oe 7 : : OdVuO TOD 00z| rE | LET eer ce*?) Jeg meen. i ere. gee? 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GOLDBERG Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. PART ONE: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. This subject has always attracted a considerable amount of attention among the veterinary profession, not only because it is so common among domesticated animals but also because of the striking appearance of this process. Other tumors blend in more or less with the surrounding tissues, while in this ease the black patches or nodules stand out in contrast to the neighboring structures. The interest aroused is reflected in the various theories that were advanced regarding its nature, diagnosis, and particularly the prognosis of this affection. Much as has been written upon this subject, we are still in the dark concerning certain phases of the process of this autochthonous pigment. The subject of pigmentation is alive even today. In studying pathology, we were taught that there are three varieties of autochthonous or endogenous pigments, melanin, lipochrome, and haemofuscin. Recently, Dolley and Guthrie pointed out that melanin is the only endogenous pigment, and that lipochrome, and perhaps also haemofuscin, should be classed with the exo- genous pigments. They also demonstrated that the melanin found in nerve éells is a product of chronic depression, and does not belong there normally. The term melanosis indicates an abnormal deposit of melanin ~ : in various parts of the body. As used in the veterinary literature it indicates a benign pigmentation of the tissues. It may be localized, or more or less distributed through the various organs of the body, in which ease it is known as generalized melanosis. The term melanosarcoma denotes an embryonal connective tissue tumor that in its growth infiltrates the surrounding structures and spreads throughout the body by metastasis. It is classed with those sarcoma that undergo secondary changes. In this ease the secondary change is a deposition of melanin. Melanin is an endogenous pigment. It appears to be a product of proteid metabolism. It usually contains the elements * Presented before the twenty-ninth annual meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, July 24, 1919. MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES 141 carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in the general proportions of 1, 5, 5. It is said to be free from sulphur and iron, but possesses a strong tendency to unite with these elements. It may be dis- solved slowly by strong alkalis, and bleached by peroxid of. hydrogen, chlorin, and by 10% potassium permanganate followed by dilute sulphurous acid. Heated with strong alkali, melanin from tumors yields indol, skatol, volatile fatty acids, and an ether soluble acid which gives a dark blue color with ferric chloride. The chief product is melanic acid. Injected subcu- taneously, melanin is apparently converted into a colorless sub- stance, melanogen, which is excreted in the urine, the latter turning brown or blackish brown on standing. Artificially me- lanin may be obtained by heating together proteids and strong HCl. Piettre isolated from sarcomatous tumors in horses a protein fraction and a more condensed jet-black nucleus insoluble in acids but easily soluble in alkalis. Melanin oceurs as sepia in the ink sac of the cuttlefish or squid. This animal uses this ink to protect itself against possible enemies. On the approach of an enemy it liberates the ink, blackening a considerable area of the water around it, thus blinding its opponent. It occurs in the skin, hair, retina and choroid coat of the eye in man and animals excepting, perhaps, the albinos. Gortner obtained from white rabbits, from albino silky fowls, and from white leghorn fowls a product similar to the ‘‘white melanin’’ which Spiegler obtained from sheep’s wool and white horse hair. He states, however, that it is a result of the action of alkalis upon keratin and not true melanin. Melanin also occurs in the cerebro-spinal meninges and in the intima of the aorta in certain animals. In calves and other animals it often occurs on the serous surfaces and in the intermuscular connective tissue in the form of black spots. The greatest amount of melanin is found in the melanosarcoma. No estimation as to the amount of melanin has been made in animals. In the negro’s skin the amount is 1 gm. In a case of melanosarcoma in man, the liver contained 300 gms. and the subject about 500 gms. The melanotic pigment is produced by chromatophores. These are specialized cells normally found in the skin in a dormant state. It is derived, according to Schultz, directly from the nuclear materials. Chromatin is thrown out of the nucleus 142 S. A. GOLDBERG ‘into the cytoplasm. This chromatin becomes changed into a- material having the staining reactions of nucleolar substance. Further change leads to the transformation of this material into pigment. He points out that this pigment is not a hemoglobin derivative or a degeneration in the ordinary sense. It is the product of the specialized physiological activity of the cell by which nuclear derivatives are transformed directly into pigment. He considers these cells as mesodermal in origin. In changing from a dormant to an active state, they seem to take up fluid and swell, then multiplication takes place by mitosis and later, more rapidly, by amitosis. In the work of Von Szilly, the pig- ment bearers were found to arise from the chromatin of the nucleus and pass into the cytoplasm. He concludes that some of these are of a degenerative type and their appearance is asso- ciated with a partial breakdown of the nucleus. The change of colorless pigment bearers into pigment is brought about by specific cell ferments, which act on the chromatin. According to Gortner, the formation of melanin is brought about by the interaction of an oxidase and an oxidizable chromo- gen. He distinguishes at least two types of melanin. Those that are soluble in dilute acids he calls melano-proteids. Those that are insoluble in dilute acids are of an unknown constitution and found in the form of granules. Von Fiirth regards melanin as developed by the action of intracellular oxidases (‘‘tyrdsinase’’) upon the chromogen groups of the protein molecule. A tyrosinase has been demonstrated in the ink sac of the cuttlefish. Gessard demonstrated the presence of tyrosin and tyrosinase in the melanoma of the horse, and con- cluded that the pigment of tumors and that of the cuttlefish are produced by the action of tyrosinase on the tyrosin and other aromatic compounds. Halle demonstrated that under the influence of an enzyme contained in the adrenal, tyrosin is converted into adrenin. It is when the adrenal or its secretion is deficient, as occurs in Addison’s disease, that the bronzing of the skin occurs. The greater pigmentation of exposed parts has been explained by the more active oxidation of these parts. Jaeger claims that the production of melanin is a secretion of the cell plasma brought about by a melanogenie ferment, so MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES 143 that the suprarenin present in the cytoplasm is transformed into a black pigment by oxidation. ; The question as to whether the chromatophore is of ectodermal or mesodermal origin has attracted considerable attention. It is even at the present time far from settled. Most authors tend toward the opinion that it is of mesodermal origin. There is a good deal of evidence, however, that the chromatophore is an epithelial cell. In man there are often found congenital brown or black areas on the skin, called pigmented moles or nevi pig- mentosi. These areas may be flat or slightly raised, and often give rise to metastases. Ziegler, claiming that the chromatophore is a specialized lymphendothelial cell, classified these moles as hypertrophic lymphangioma. Ewing suggests that until further knowledge on this subject is obtained, the name melanoma be used to include these nevi, the melanotic spots in the eye, and the pigmented areas in the meninges. He suggests that where the cells may be distinguished as mesodermal they may be called melanosarcoma, and epithelial malignant tumors containing me- lanin be called melanocarcinoma. Jaeger, in his studies on melanosis in calves, concludes as follows: 1. Melanosis in calves and sheep as well as in rare instances in full grown cattle, is congenital. 2. The pigment cells are lymph-endothelial cells. 3. The melanin production is in the cell itself. This differ- entiation is not brought about by any influence outside that cell. These cells may multiply and become transformed into tumor cells. 4. Calf melanosis is different from melanosarcomatosis. In the latter they are connective tissue cells that acquire, later in the life of the organish, through certain influence, a power to produce pigment. Maclachlan recorded a case, in man of extensive pigmentation of the brain associated with nevi pigmentosi of the skin. He described the chromophores as being oval and spindle shaped. The latter invariably contained pigment. The oval cells did not always contain pigment. These were often perivascular. He con- eluded that this is a benign melanotic tumor primary in the brain, and the other primary in the skin. ¥ 144 S..A. GOLDBERG The point of origin of malignant melanomas in man is chiefly the nevi pigmentosi in the skin and the choroid coat of the eye, less frequently in the meninges, rectum, and other organs. In rare cases no local point of origin can be demonstrated clinically or at autopsy. In the domesticated animals the point of origin seems to be mainly in the skin usually at the base of the tail, in» the region of the shoulder, or in the mammary glands. Also in the meninges and in the cecum. In the cases described in the veterinary literature, however, many of the descriptions were such as to make it impossible to determine the point of origin. Furthermore, the term melanosis is used rather loosely, very often to designate the condition known as melanosarcoma. I shall endeavor to review briefly the literature. Andrieu described a case of melanosis in the kidneys of a two months old heifer. Wooldridge reported a case of arborous ‘deposits in the omentum and on the capsule of the spleen of a bullock. Bailleux and Digive described a case of melanosis in a ealf. They considered it as a result of hemorrhages in which the hematin was changed to melanin. . Bru recorded a case of generalized melanosis in a heifer that showed no emaciation or general physiological disturbance. The spinal cord was found to be of a black color throughout with extension into the nerves for some distance from the cord. The brain membranes were thickened and covered with a dark-colored fluid. Mettam reported a case of melanosis in the lungs and liver of an ox. The animal was in good condition, and the careass passed for food. The lungs contained biack patches from the size of a lobule to that of the palm of the hand. The cortical portion of the bronchial gland was pigmented. In the liver the pigment was scattered beneath the serous surface, and extended into the interlobular tissue in fine arborescent ramifications. Micro- scopically, in the alveolar walls of the lung, the pigment was in fine granules appearing like minute cocci. The pigment was contained in large branching cells in the lymphaties, clefts and spaces. Some of the pigment was in leucocytes and in vascular endothelium. These cells were largely fewnd around the blood vessels. He has excellent figures showing the location of the pigment. MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES | 145 Young observed a case of a red and white cow with melanosis in the lungs, capsule of liver, subcutaneous connective tissue of the back, the spinal cord, pleura, peritoneum, and lymph glands. The carcass was passed for food and no ill effects were reported from the customers who used it. Lewin described a case of generalized melanosis of a four year old hen in which the feathers, beak and skin were bluish black. The intermuscular connective tissue contained various- sized melanotic spots. The serous membranes, the intestinal mucosa, and the periosteum were black. The bones contained black spots, and the bone marrow was dark red. There were small black spots on the gizzard, and on the pericardium. Micro- scopically, the pigment was in the form of fine granules that were deposited in the tissues. These cases are those of melanosis. They do not present the characters of malignancy. There is no cachexia, emaciation, or other evidence of intoxication or disturbed metabolism. The deposits are not in the form of extensive nodular growths. The following are cases of melanosarcoma and called so by the authors or designated as melanosis. Heulsen reported a case of a melanotic tumor of the tail in a bay horse that recurred seven months after removal. Lathrop recorded a case of a melanotic tumor on the tail of an eighteen year old bay gelding. This was extirpated. Seven months later this animal had a tumor eight inches in diameter at the same spot, and a small growth underneath the tail and near the base. The original tumor was two and a half inches in diameter. Harrison described a case of a melanotic tumor on the sacro- lumbar plexus of a horse causing partial paralysis. There was a history of a fall, and the clinical diagnosis was given as loco- motor ataxia and fracture of a vertebra. The autopsy revealed a melanotic tumor the size of a hickory nut imbedded into the bony structures, surrounding and pressing upon one of the main branches of the posterior portions of the lumbar plexus. Harrison recorded a case of a four pound melanotie tumor in the cecum of an eighteen year old brown gelding. Peters described a case of melano-sarcoma in a twelve year old mare that showed stiffness behind at first, then also in the back and neck. Later she had difficulty in feeding from the 146 S$. A. GOLDBERG ground and began to stagger, like a horse with spinal meningitis. On autopsy, melanotic tumors were found in the spleen, liver, lungs, dorsal and lumbar vertebre, the sixth rib, the mamma, and three small nodules were found in the skin under the tail. Cagny observed a melanotic tumor in a mare that was at- tached to the sacrum, and pressed upon the iliae arteries. Martin recorded a case of a grey gelding with a tumor, the size of a tangerine orange, on the side of the cheek. The sub- maxillary space and the left parotid region were filled with similar growths. The visceral and parietal peritoneum were studded with small melanotic tumors, the spleen and liver with larger ones. The right kidney and the mesenteric lymph glands were converted into one large black mass. The lungs, bronchial and mediastinal lymphatics were also badly affected. The heart was free from growths. Koch found a melanosarcoma in the cardiac muscles of a grey horse. Scott reported a case of melano-psammomata in the brain of an old grey mare. In each of the cerebellar hemispheres there was a dark grey neoplasm 314 and 2 oz. respectively. On section, it was gritty and varied in color from dark grey to black, and on squeezing, an inky colored liquid escaped. There was no melan- osis around the anus or in other regions. Rossignol recorded a case of a melanotic tumor of the shoulder in a grey stallion that was diagnosed and treated as a cold abscess. On autopsy the muscles mastoido-humeralis, posteaspi- natus, and abductors of the arm were involved, as was also the stomach, large colon, and spleen. The liver and the thoracic organs were free. Boyd reported a case of a cutaneous melanosarcoma of a cow in which good results were obtained by surgical interference. _ Sammon described a melanotic sarcoma in a dog. The primary tumor was on the internal toe of the left fore foot. There were metases in all the organs except the liver. Petit, Douville and Germain recorded a case of generalized melano-sarcoma in a black French poodle in which the skin at the base of the tail was involved, with a subcutaneous and inter- muscular chain of tumors extending from the caudal vertebree to the sacro-iliac joint. The omentum and peritoneum were covered by small nodules. There were also metastases in the MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES 147 mesenteric glands, intestines, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, liver, pleura, diaphragm, lungs, and the heart. The nervous system was free from lesions. Ball and Cuny described a case of cutaneous melanosarcoma in a dog, primary on the level with the internal toe of the left paw. It was the size of a hazlenut, and it was ulcerated at one point. There were secondary growths on the skin over the entire body. There was no indication of glandular or visceral metas- tases. . Roberts observed in a brown pomeranean dog a spherical, pedunculated melanoma involving the cutis and subcutaneous tissue in the region of the croup. The affected area was hairless. Taylor reported a case of an interdigital small melanotic tumor in a 3 or 4 years old spaniel. The tumor was lobulated, appearing like a fibromatous growth having many ramifications, and it was very adherent to the surrounding structures. Seddon described a case of melano-sarcoma in an Irish terrier ‘where no growth was found in the skin. There was metastasis in the lungs, spleen, mesentery, omentum, kidneys, pleura, peri- and endocardium. _ The following cases were called by the authors melanosis but are apparently melanosarcoma. Bunker mentioned a case in a dog. He described it as a subeutaneous swelling and gave no microscopic findings. Rogers recorded a case in a two year old dirty grey colt in which a nodule was removed and later recurred. This was evidently a melano-sarcoma. Hoare described a case of a 30 pound tumor involving the ear with softening and necrosis of same. The subject was a bullock. He gave no microscopic findings. This is evidently a melanosarcoma since it showed evidence of infiltration and pro- duced softening and necrosis of the ear. Nicholas reported a case of a white horse that was condemned at an abattoir on account of generalized melanosis. ‘‘There were melanotic infiltrations and tumors in the bones and bone marrow. The pericardium, all the lymph glands, lungs, pleura, trachea, liver, and spleen were slightly affected. There were small de- posits in the spongy portions of the maxillaries, occipital, and temporal bones. The spongy portions of the cervical vertebre were extensively affected, gradually diminishing in the dorsal, 148 Ss. A. GOLDBERG lumbar and caudal vertebre. The sternum was extensively affected. The ribs were more or less involved. Of the bones of the trunk, the anterior ones were less affected than the posterior. In the scapula the spongy tissue was black, the periosteum was slightly affected and the cartilage of prolongation was free. The spongy tissue, the periosteum, and the articular cartilages of the humerus, radius and ecubitus, coxe, femurs, patellas, and the tibias were more or less affected. From the carpus and tarsus down, every one was normal.’’ No microscopic description was given. From this description, it is hardly possible to form an opinion as to whether this was a case of melanosis or. of melano- sarcoma. The ‘‘melanotic infiltrations and tumors,’’ as well as the affectations of the lymph glands, tend toward it being mel- anosarcoma. The fact that this animal was to be used for food would perhaps indicate that he did not show any evidence of cachexia. This fact makes it possible that it was melanosis. Harger described a case of a tumor in the parotid gland of a 9 year old grey gelding in which the gland was hard, lobulated, and enlarged to twice its normal size. He removed the tumor, and stated that most of these tumors, as seen in the horse are simple melanosis without any tumor neoformation. This tumor recurred five years later. Then he stated that prognosis is very doubtful, as many cases of melanosis recur, so that they are probably melanosarcoma. He said that melanosis when it stops growing and becomes encapsulated does not recur or undergo metastasis. He claimed that it begins in the sweat glands of the skin. Bourdélle described a case of a horse that was slaughtered for food in which he found a lobulated mass resembling a black- berry in size and aspect. This was adherent to the cranial wall, infiltrating the arachnoid and pia mater, and pressing on but not involving the cerebral hemisphere. It was located on the right side at the limit of the frontal, temporal and sphenoid fossa. No other melanotic deposits were found in any other part of the body. The animal showed no symptoms of pressure on the brain. This is apparently a case of melanosarcoma primary in the cerebral meninges. Edwards observed a case of a 10 year old grey hunter gelding that was suffering with gradually increasing lameness with facial paralysis. Melanotie deposits were found over the cerebellar MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES 149 meninges, in the tracheal, bronchial, iliac, pharyngeal, prepec- toral, and submaxillary lymph-glands. The only evidence against this being true melanosis is the fact that it produced paralysis. It may be a melanosarcoma primary in the meninges. Cuny reported a case of a seven year old grey percheron mare that died suddenly.. On autopsy individual nodules vary- ing in size from that of a pea to a hazelnut were found irregu- larly disseminated over the parietal and visceral pleure, on the ribs, diaphragm, and posterior mediastinum. Around the heart they formed big grapes, surrounding the cardiac muscle covering the auricles and large blood vessels. The anterior mediastinum . was destroyed by a blockade of tumors surrounding the blood vessels and nerves. The pericardium and pulmonary structures were free. Under each shoulder there was a small melanotic ‘*deposit.’’ This is evidently a melanosarcoma primary perhaps in the skin at the shoulder. Chambers described a case of a 13 year old grey mare ‘‘ whose body was covered with numerous melanin deposits, principally in the parotid region. The presternal, precrural, poplyteal, and other lymph glands were also diseased. This condition had been growing slowly for six years.’’ This is apparently a case of melanosarcoma. Cabret reported a case of a light grey gelding in which the tail, anus, sheath, flat of the thigh, urethral canal, and the ingui- nal lymph glands were filled with numerous melanotie deposits. There was a tumor the size of an apple on the trachea, and tumors were also found on the auriculo-ventricular openings of the heart, on the costal wall of the psoas muscle, and in the right plantar cushion. This is evidently a melanosarcoma primary in the skin. Spreull mentions a case of an aged grey mare showing in- ereased weakness behind and inability to rise. She had tumors of various sizes, some as big as a goose egg around the anus, vulva and perineum. Careful rectal examination revealed also a number of them extending along the course of the posterior aorta and vena cava as far as the arm could reach. The animal was destroyed and no post mortem was made. This is evidently a melanosarcoma. Mulvey observed a case of a cat with a tumor a few centi- meters back of the elbow discharging a pigmented liquid. From the main tumor there were a chain of smaller growths extending 150 S. A. GOLDBERG down to the axilla. The lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, mesentery, and lymph glands were affected. This is evidently a cutaneous melanosarcoma. The mother tumor showed secondary changes. It also distinctly shows metastases. Pickens described a case of a three months old Duroc Jersey pig that was diagnosed by Dr. Welch, as generalized melanosis. It appeared in good health until six weeks to two months old | when it ceased to grow. Shortly after, the skin lesions made their appearance and developed rapidly until the pig was killed. On the left side there were irregularly shaped nodules cuta- neously and subcutaneously above the eye, posterior to the base of the ear, over the anterior border of the scapula, at the angle ~ of the jaw, a little above the sternum, and on the posterior side of the carpus. These nodules varied from 2 ecm. in diameter and 1 em. thick to 5 em. long and 2 em, in diameter. Some of these were firm, others contained a liquified center. The right eye was entirely involved by a fluctuating mass about 3 em. in diameter. The center contained whitish viscid fluid resembling pus, with a decided odor. The rest of the mass was black but softer than the other nodules. There were cutaneous nodules above the angle of the ilium and in the right flank. The latter resembled a papillary epithelioma in its appearance, excepting that the fingerlike projections were black. Of the viscera the lungs and liver contained nodules from just visible to about 1 cm. in diameter. There were a few black areas in the large intestines, the largest being about 8 mm. in diameter. The pig- ment was present in all the coats. -The cortex of the left kidney contained an area 4 mm. in diameter, and the cortex of the right kidney contained four black spots, the largest about 1 mm. in diameter. In the right sublumbar region and beneath the last two lumbar vertebre there was an irregularly lobulated black mass 5 em. long, 244 em. in its widest place and 2 em. thick, situated under the peritoneum. The capsules of the bronchial and mediastinal as well as some of the external lymph glands contained pigment. Otherwise, they, as well as the mesenteric lymph glands, were normal. Microscopically the melanin was found in a supporting con- nective tissue containing blood vessels. Numerous polymorpho- nuclear leucocytes were scattered through the nodules some of them containing melanin. The infiltrated tissues showed either MELANOSIS AND MELANOSARCOMA—DIFFERENTIAL FEATURES 151 necrosis or degeneration with the exception of the pleura, and the lymph glands. Dr. Pickens confirmed the diagnosis of generalized melanosis on account of not being able to see any sarcomatous cells that gave rise to the melanin. Ewing points out that in malignant melanomas very little or no pigment may be present in the infil- trating cells. The cells may also contafn an excessive amount of pigment. In the latter case it may lead to destruction of tissue and formation of cysts containing black fiuid. Some of the tumors from this case were left at my disposal. I succeeded in bleaching out sections of this material by im- mersing them for two to four days in peroxide of hydrogen: These bleached preparations were then stained with the usual stains. These tumors were found to be composed of groups of large spindle shaped cells and large round giant cells in nests. (Fig. 8.) Toward the center there were large endothelial cells held in a fine connective tissue stroma. Some of these cells were nucleated, others were without nuclei. A few cells contained two nuclei. In addition there were numerous blood vessels. In the center of these tumors was much necrosis. In these areas there were numerous polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Minus the pigment, therefore, the histological picture is typical of that of a sarcoma. Dr. Pickens did not mention the appearance of the sublumbar lymph glands. The mass in that region seems to be exactly where these lymph glands are normally situated. The nodule in the left submaxillary region is also suspicious of an involved lymph gland. The histological finding after removal of the pigment establishes the diagnosis of melanosarcoma, with the primary lesion perhaps in the right eye. There is‘a possibility that the animal had congenital melanosis which later developed into melanosarcoma. Fitch, Boyd and Billings mentioned two cases. One was a ten years old grey mare with a melanoma of the right sacro-ilias articulation. The other was a grey gelding with many masses in the pelvic cavity. .On autopsy ‘‘generalized melanosis was found but the most striking thing was the enormous melanotic spleen weighing 4714 pounds.’’ No microscopic description was given. The illustration shows the spleen enlarged by large spherical nodules, apparently metastatic melanosarcoma. 152 S. A. GOLDBERG LITERATURE Adami, J. G. “Principles of Pathology, 1910, I, 806 and 956 Andrieu. Ree. de Med. Vet. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1886, X, 518. Bailleux and Digive. Annals de Bruxelles. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1886, X, 516. Ball and Cuny. Jour. de Zodtech. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1911, DO.O.C Biri ; Bourdélle. Rev. Vet. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1910, XX XVII, 392. Boyd, W. L. Cornell Vet., 1918, VIII, 125. Bru, E. Rev. Vet. Abst. Exp. St. Ree. XVI, 1027. Bunker, A. V. R., 1882, V, 34. Cabret. Rev. Vet. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1912, XLII, 349. Cagny. Bull. de la Soc. Cent. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., X XV, 1027. Chambers. Vet. Journ. 1911, LXVII (N. 8. XVIII), 735. Cleland, J. B. Journ. Dept. Ag. West. Australia, 1907, XV, 84. Cuny. Jour. De Zoédtech. Abst. Am. Vet. Rey. 1910, XX XVIII, 406. Dolley, D. H. and Guthrie, F. V. Presented before the 19th Ann. Meet. Am. Pathologists and Bacteriologists, 1919. Edwards. Vet. News. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1912, XLI, 348. Ewing, James. Neoplastic Diseases. 1919, 849. Fitch, Boyd, and Billings. Cornell Vet., 1919, IX, 56. Gortner, R. A. Biochem. Bul. Abst. Exp. St. Rec., X XVII, 468. Am. Nat., 1910, XLIV, 497. Harger, S. J. J. Am. Vet. Rev., 1907, XXXII, 727; 1909, XXXV, 427. Harrison. Ibid. 1882, VI, 31; 1883, VII, 308. Hoare. Vet. Journ. Reprint. Am. Vet. Rev., 1887, XI, 280. Jaeger, A. Berlin. Tierarzt. Woch., 1911, XX VII, 793. Kitt. Th. Lehrb. d. Path. Anat. d. Haust., 1910, I, 213 and 310. Koch. Berlin. Tierarzt. Woch. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1889, XTII,. 511. Lathrop. Am. Vet. Rey., 1888, XII, 225. Lewin. Zeitschr. Wetiithiticls, 1910, XXII, 455. Abst. Berlin. Tierirzt. Woch., 1912, XXVIII, 567. Maclachlan, W. W. G. Journ. Med. Res., 1914, X XTX, 433. Martin. Vet. Record., XXIII, 634. Mettam. Vet. Journ., 1909, LXV (N.S. XVI), 601. Mulvey. Vet. Record, XVIII, 614. THE VETERINARIAN AND THE COUNTY AGENT 153 Nicholas. Journ. d. Zodtech., 1905. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1905, XXIX, 326. Peters. Vet. Journ., 1909, XLV (N. S. XVI), 453. . Petit, Douville et Germain. Bull. d. 1, Soe. Cent. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1912, XLII, 228. Pickens, E. M. Journ. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1919, LII, 707. Piettre, M. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., 1911, CLIII, 785. Remond. Rec. D. Med. Vet. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1911, XL, 801. Roberts. Vet. Record. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1909, XXXVI, 65. Rogers. Am. Vet. Rev., 1884, VIII, 264. ) Rossignol. Bul. d. 1. Soe Vet. Prat. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1914, XLV, 353. Sammon. Journ. d. Zodtech. Abst. Am. Vet. Rev., 1913, XLIV, ; 255. Schultz, O. T. Journ. Med. Res., 1912, XXVI, 46: Seott. Vet. Journ. LXVII (N. 8S. XVIII), 1911, 547. Seddon, H. P. Vet. Journ., 1916, LX XII, (N. 8S. XXIII), 46. Spreull, A. Sr. Vet. News. Abst. Journ. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1918, V, 346. Szilly, von A. Arch. Micros. Anat., 1911, LXXVII, 87. Taylor. Vet. Record., 1916, X XIX, 248. Wooldridge. Vet. Journ., 1908, LXV (N.S. XVI), 454. Young. Vet. Record., XXIII, 706. Ziegler, E. General Pathology, 1908, 11th Ed. 405 and 433. (To be Continued.) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VETERINARIAN AND THE COUNTY AGENT.* By DEAN COOPER Kentucky Agri. Expt. Station. . Since the establishment of the policy of forwarding the county agent movement by the agricultural colleges of the several States and the United States Department of Agriculture, and indeed -before such a movement was initiated, questions have . constantly arisen as to the relationship of the various staff mem- bers, as employed by the colleges and Department of Agriculture, to members of the various professions or business enterprises within the several states. It is not surprising that questions * Paper’ presented at Kentucky Vet. Med. Ass’n. 154 DEAN COOPER have arisen. A new movement which has for its purpose the education of the people of a commonwealth must affect, to some degree, business enterprises or professions carried on by indi- viduals. Questions that arise are not inherently difficult, but are complicated by the fact that persons may sometimes feel that their interests are seriously affected by certain phases of educa- tional propaganda. To determine the relationship between the veterinarian and a member of any other profession or business and a county agent or member of the staff of an agricultural college, it is necessary to understand the ideals that have domi- nated the colleges and Department of Agriculture. The agricultural college, as developed in the several states, is peculiarly an institution for service. It has been established, and its several branches of work developed for the purpose of enlarg-. ing the fund of information available in the agricultural field, and to further develop the application of such knowledge. This statement, to a degree at least, will also apply to the Department of Agriculture. The functions and activities of the two organiza- tions, namely, the.college of agriculture and the Department of Agriculture, are interwoven to such an extent that the greatest number of the employees in the state are also the joint repre- sentatives of the Department of Agriculture, and hence.represent the two institutions. ‘The legislative acts establishing the experiment station, which is a division of the agricultural college, specifically appropriate certain funds through the Federal Government, and prescribe ““that it shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations sd «3 * to conduct research * ad = bearing directly on the agricultural industry.’’ It is further prescribed . that this information shall be available to the citizens of the state. Later, the so-called Adams Act appropriated sums from the Federal Government made to experiment stations to further re- search and experiment bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States. Following these appropriations, en eva of activity, research and experimental work has developed in the various stations, many contributions to the various fields of agriculture have been made, comprising information from methods of maintenance of the soil to the treatment of certain animal diseases. For several years, during the development of experimental and research work, it has been found that the THE VETERINARIAN AND THE COUNTY AGENT 155 placing of information before the people was insufficient to secure its rapid adoption, and that an educational force dealing directly with the application of fundamental knowledge to farm ~ problems was necessary if we would bring about the rapid ad- vance in agriculture that is advisable and necessary. Congress recognized the importance of making it possible to take direct to the farm and to the farm home all information along agricultu- ral lines, and in 1914 passed the so-called Smith-Lever Act, which provides for codperative extension work. It is under this act, and from funds appropriated by Congress, that the work of our extension division, county agents, specialists and others is carried on in this State. This act specifically states that ‘extension work shall consist of the giving of instruction and practical demonstration in agriculture and home economics to persons not attending or resident in such colleges in the several communities, and imparting to such persons information on such subjects through field demonstrations, publications and other- wise.’”’ The field of agriculture and home economics covers practi- cally everything which may affect the home or the farm. It naturally followed that when the Department of Agriculture and our agricultural colleges began to establish work under this act, through the county agents and specialists giving out various lines of information, it frequently affected, to an extent at least, certain enterprises that had been carried on by private citizens. To illustrate further: information in marketing, the necessity for grading and the proper handling of the wheat crop greatly developed the movement for codperative farmers’ elevators. The giving of information in carrying on the demonstrations as to methods of soil maintenance frequently affected the sale of cer- tain classes of fertilizers. Similarly, the carrying of information to the farmer on the proper treatment of swine diseases and the use of hog cholera preventive serum, vaccination of cattle for blackleg with the necessary demonstrations that were conducted on the farm sometimes affected the practice of the veterinarian, with the result that in certain instances the veterinarian felt that the forces of the Federal Government and the states were combined to affect his profession. My own point of view is that the work of the county agent and of various federal employees bringing about a more general knowledge and use of the various 156 4 DEAN COOPER preventives, has done much to add to the practice of the veteri- narian, and is being used to elevate his profession to a higher standard. I have been told that in this State, questions have at times arisen as to the place of the county agent and as to the advisa- bility of permitting him to demonstrate certain preventives and to give advice in certain phases of sanitation, animal disease work, ete. It is not the policy of the agricultural college through | its extension division to permit the county agent, specialist or any member of its staff to compete with the veterinarian. County agents have always been instructed that their work must be strictly educational, and that they should not in any way attempt phases of commercial work, nor should they lay themselves open to such criticism. However, the county agent is placed in a county to demonstrate to farmers every phase of information that may be of value to them. Farmers were advised that they could make use of anti-hog cholera serum and an act which was passed by the legislature required the Experiment Station to supply them with serum at 1 cent per ce. It naturally followed that when the county agent work was first started one of the first great problems attacked by the county agent was the loss from hog cholera. At that time very few farmers in the state believed in vaccination. It was, therefore, necessary for agents to carry on a tremendous number of demonstrations to show that this was an efficient method of disease control. I am pleased to say that in a few years, largely through the work of ‘the county agent and of the staff of the Live Stock Sanitary Board, the opinion of the farmers as to the advisability of con- trolling this disease has been largely changed. Following this development of work in the state, county agents were instructed to teach farmers the value of the use of serum and to confine their activities to demonstrations to farmers where the farmers were unacquainted with the value of this treatment. As matters stand at the present time, when the county agents learn of an outbreak of a disease of any character, they inform the state veterinarian, and if they consider it advisable, also inform the extension veterinarian employed at the Agricultural College. One or the other of the organizations named offers assistance. Since the passage of the live stock sanitary bill this assistance THE VETERINARIAN AND THE COUNTY AGENT 157 has largely been given through the Live Stock Sanitary Board or the state veterinarian. I have stated the present policy and its development some- what in detail with the hope that it may tend to eliminate some causes of misunderstanding. Perhaps the greatest source of misunderstanding, especially in regard to disease control on the part of the veterinarian, has usually arisen in cases of small farmers living some distance from town and owning but few hogs. Three or four hogs to this man are of as great importance as the one hundred hogs that may be owned by a more fortunate neighbor. When threatened with cholera, it is impractical for this man to pay the necessary mileage services of a veterinarian. He wishes to avail himself of the services of the county agent or of a neighbor who may be competent to administer the serum; and in this, either the agent or neighbor is very glad to be of assistance to him. This, however, represents a class of business that can in no sense of the word affect the practitioner. The same action will hold true in eases of blackleg and similar dis- eases that may be controlled, with information for such control readily available. It is my opinion that the development of county agent work has practically increased the prosperity of the practicing veterinarian. It has developed an interest in better grades and classes of live stock and more knowledge on _ the part of the farmer of the possibilities of preventive sanitation and the necessity for the proper maintenance of his animals. Consequently, he has been ready to avail himself of the services of the veterinarian, when in former years he did not consider it worth while. If the veterinarians of the state will participate in this forward movement, have a vision of its possibilities and rise to the occasion, they will find that a better agriculture and its rapid development is an aid in their business. In conelusion, I wish to say that the work of our extension division in the Agricultural College is wholly educational. We do not administer regulatory measures. Our men are instructed, however, to give instruction as to methods of control of animal diseases that become epidemic. They may give lectures and demonstrations on the use of serum and are required to give information regarding the rules and regulations of the Live Stock Sanitary Board. When necessary, they organize the farmers for educational purposes in the control of disease. 158 OSCAR SCHRECK It is the desire of the College that most friendly relationships shall exist between our agents, specialists, members of our staff and the representatives of the various professions and businesses in the state. We believe that our policies will assist in building up all legitimate industries and professions. Where questions arise, we are desirous of settling the problems in a manner that will appeal to all as just, or at least of presenting our point of ‘view to the members of the profession that may feel aggrieved. We ask that you shall call upon us for help and assistance in your problems. TYPHLITIS AND PERITYPHLITIS. By Oscar SCHRECK, New Haven, Conn. It is my intention in this paper to describe as far as possible a disease involving the cecum, and its loose connective tissue, and termed Typhlitis and Perityphlitis. I intend to direct your attention to a malady which affects and destroys small animal — life to a far greater extent than some are aware, and which has been treated under many different designations. In support of this observation on my part, of which very little is found in our veterinary journals, or text books, I here allude to this subject on that account. Until you have met with a typical case, and perhaps been deceived by it, you will hardly believe how easily you might be led into making a false diagnosis. I will now proceed to discuss its etiology, symptoms, morbid anatomy, and treatment, as used and proved by me in such cases. | SynonyMs: Catarrh of the cecum. DeFIniTION: The term typhlitis is restricted to an inflam- mation of the cecum, and perityphlitis as an inflammation of the loose connective tissue surrounding the cecum, occurring in the acute and chronic forms. Sometimes called also ‘‘ Cecitis,’’ and accompanied in most cases by ulceration. It may be divided into Catarrhal, Ulcerative, and Interstitial forms, and is rarely of spontaneous origin. Errotoay: Standing clinically in close connection with in- flammatory affections of the peritoneum, are disorders of the cecum and its surrounding tissues. The anatomical position of the pouch as a receptacle for the small intestines, the arrange- TYPHLITIS AND PERITYPHLITIS 159 ment of its muscular elements, and its abundant mucous folds, when empty, are properties necessary to its function, and at the same time causes disease of this organ of the small animals. There are also other special conditions affecting the cecum. It may originate in the loose areolar tissue around the cecum; it may start in the cecum and spread from its peritoneal covering to the areolar tissue of the iliac fossa. Inflammation of the cecum in the small animals, however, isin the majority of instances caused by the accumulation of hardened feces, or in some cases by foreign bodies which have become impacted, from the size of a pea to a peach stone, which are sometimes of a waxy consistence and lustre, and for the most part fecal, and the ‘secretions from the mucous surface. They may be multiple and may be present a long time without producing any noticeable harmful effect, the animal dying from other causes. The writer has in mind a case of typhlitis in a pointer with a fatal ending. Post mortem revealed sand and cement impacted in the cecum; ‘and on further investigation found, in the yard to the rear of the factory next door, a mortar bed that had been in use a number of weeks, and learned that the animal had been seen drinking daily from this mortar bed. Hence the cause and the ‘resultant findings. The same is true of foreign bodies, which do, of course, occur and include objects to be mentioned later, as ‘causative factors. It may also be due to extension from neigh- boring parts, and by extreme distention of the cecum, resulting in atony of the intestine, and thus allow a large fecal accumula- tion that may be followed by ulceration of both the mucous and sub-mucous tissue. In some cases the perforation is in that portion of the bowel which is devoid of peritoneal covering. Fecal matter then escapes into the surrounding tissues, leading to more or less extensive inflammation and induration, and probably also the formation of an abscess. If the escape be but small in quantity, inflammatory swelling may alone take place, and after a while subside. The most frequent form of fatal typhlitis is no doubt that which results from perforation. An extension of the inflammation to the sub-mucous layer occa- sionally takes place, the connective tissue undergoes hyperplasia, a permanent increase of thickness results, and stenosis is an ultimate effect of the changes. It is only in the chronic form that such thickening and stenosis can occur. It is also due to 160 OSCAR SCHRECK mechanical effects of bristles, pins, bones, wood, ete., which have been swallowed, or to the lodgment of intestinal concretions. Also the result of intestinal catarrh. The cases which succeed the catarrhal or ulcerative form are, of course, characterized by the loss of tissue corresponding to the extent of the disease. As a predisposing cause must be con- sidered certain influences, also, which were formerly regarded as exciting; such as overeating or overfeeding of the animal, especially of unwholesome or indigestible food; or gastric dis- eases from any cause, in addition to the foreign bodies and con- eretions already mentioned. Just how this takes place, however, is at present unknown. It may be from hyperemia or delayed circulation, similar to traumatic causes. More cases seem to occur during summer than in winter. Morsip ANATOMY: Catarrh of the cecum may exist as a mere catarrhal affection of the mucous membrane, which soon involves the sub-mucous tissue, and when eatarrh of the cecum exists, especially the chronic form, the hyperemia and swelling are more decided in the neighborhood of the orifice. If general peritonitis supervene, there is added the usual anatomical ap- pearances incident to this condition. The duration of typhlitis is necessarily very uncertain. Sometimes the animal speedily recovers and sometimes lingers. Symproms: The symptoms of typhlitis are, in the first in- stance, pain, tenderness and swelling in the region of the cecum, together with signs of inflammatory fever and sometimes rigors. Sometimes the pain will be dull or of a distinct colicky character. Constipation is not infrequently present during the early period of the disease; while diarrhea is apt to supervene at a later stage. But none of these symptoms has any particular uniformity of value; still I may say that constipation in a de- cided majority of cases from the beginning of the attack is present and diarrhcea often alternating with the constipation. In mild cases, uneasiness of the animal, followed by pain on palpa- tion, and tenderness found to exist in the region just anterior to the crest of the ilium. The more decided the pressure, the more distinct the pain. Additional symptoms will be noticed when the animal is held erect, or straightened out, (standing on its hind legs). Inflammation of the loose areolar tissue around the cecum presents much the same symptoms and signs. This TYPHLITIS AND PERITYPHLITIS 161 perityphlitis is, in truth, frequently combined with inflammation of the cecum. Even where perforation has taken place, the ‘matters may be retained in the neighborhood of the lesion, giving rise to circumscribed inflammation around the cecum, and to an | abscess. Subsequently, the collection of pus may find its way into neighboring viscera or be discharged externally, when the ruptured intestine may heal; although sometimes the perforation remains open, and fecal matter is found oozing through the abdominal parietes. Vomiting is a symptom of more or less frequency. It is commonly regarded as reflex and at times is very severe. The matter vomited is first the gastric contents, with the evacuation of which the vomiting usually ceases. If the symptom is more prolonged, the vomited matter becomes green- ish, and called bilious. The urine is scanty, as is usual in febrile conditions, and there is often an irritable bladder and frequent micturition. The expression of the animal varies with the severity of the symptoms, but seldom exhibits the anxiousness characteristic of peritonitis, unless the latter actually is present in consequence of perforation or rupture: of abscess. As has been stated, there is always fever at the onset, the temperature 102. 103 F. and even 104 F., rarely higher in the dog, but may be seen higher in the cat. As a rule the pulse rate corresponds with the temperature, but its force and volume vary with the animal’s strength. Should suppuration take place, the tempera- ture continues with but a slight fall, or may in some cases rise higher. A sudden fall of temperature does not always mean the establishment of convalescence. Not very rarely the event has a widely different meaning. It means that, instead of convalesence, perforation has taken place. And it is extremely important that this fact should be realized. The functions of the alimentary canal are by no means necessarily disturbed to any great extent and is very important in diagnosis. Prognosis: In the simple form the prognosis in many cases is favorable; in the severe form it is grave, although recovery will énsue in a large proportion of the cases if the management is judicious. In the chronic form, when the connective tissue has become thickened, the prognosis as to cure is unfavorable. And in many cases in which the peritonitis is localized and intestinal perforation does not occur, recovery takes place. 162 OSCAR SCHRECK TREATMENT: The treatment of typhlitis is in principle, and indeed in most of its details, the same as that of enteritis and other forms of ulceration of the bowels. It consists mainly in keeping the bowels quiet, which I know is contrary to the teach- ing of some, yet nevertheless I consider it of very great im- portance in the treatment of this disease. It consists mainly in keeping the bowels quiet by the aid of opium in some of its forms or derivatives, and in the employment of local applications. I wish to state it is almost more important in typhlitis than in any other affection to avoid the use of what is called by some opening medicines. If the bowels need to be relieved simple enemata are the safest means for the purpose, and usually are sufficient. When free movement is obtained in this manner the eanal should be kept quiet with opium for a few days. Different cases require different treatment, and in fact must be treated by the symptoms shown. The animal should be kept thoroughly under the influence of the narcotic. Morphine has answered as the best line of treatment from the writer’s observations. It is better to combine atropine with the morphine, for greater security and increased therapeutical power. No absolute rule for quantity can be laid down, and I must say these kinds of cases will stand very large doses, but the decided effects of the morphine, as shown in the state of pupil, pulse, respirations, and the somnolence, should be steadily maintained. The fullest curative power of morphine is obtained from a quantity strictly within the limits of safety, and hence no risk need be had to obtain the best results. As a guide to the administration, it may be stated that one-fourth of a grain of morphine and 1/120 grain of atropine is enough for the first dose in a medium-sized dog. Of course the smaller the animal, the smaller the dose, and subsequently one-eighth grain of morphine and 1/200 grain of atropine every four, six or eight hours according to the effect. If for any reason the hypodermic administration of morphine is not carried out, the next best mode is the rectal injection of the tincture of opium, and in fact, in some cases answers the object sought with the best results. As regards the quantity, the rule above given is proper; it is the degree and constancy of the effect which determine the amount, also the kind or breed of animal. If for any reason the rectal injection is objected to, or the organ is intolerant, as sometimes happens, the drug may be TYPHLITIS AND PERITYPHLITIS 163 administered by way of the stomach. Under this mode, especially the cat, the best preparation is the deodorized tincture, and to secure uniformity in action the preparation after an essay of the opium is altogether preferable by the writer. This corresponds in strength to laudanum: fifteen to twenty drops to the cat and small animals, while thirty to sixty drops to the larger animals may be the first dose and half the above amounts every two, three, or four hours succeeding, the quantity to be determined by the effect as already stated. This line of treatment with opium is best continued until the bowels are moved spontaneously or till the inflammation, temperature, and pain on palpation, subsides. The effects may be retained for several days; the writer has maintained the effects for ten days, with a complete recovery. As soon as the tenderness subsides, a saline laxative may be given, in a most cautious way. The most efficient and at the same time safe laxative is the old reliable sulphate of mag- nesia ; and let me here state that you will find that this salt will be retained when other medicines are rejected by vomiting. If the vomiting is persistent, it may be relieved by milk and lime water (say three parts to one), also pellets of ice to lap, ete., but as a rule when the hypodermic injection is practiced vomiting is a more less pronounced symptom in many cases, excepting the eat and very small lap dogs. Good effects are also obtained from counter irritation by fomentations or diluted turpentine stupes, and hot bandages, when hot applications seem to be indicated by the attending veterinarian. _. According to the writer’s observation, however, in these cases, the external application of ice cold compresses is more efficient than warm applications. Iced stupes are often exceptionally responsive to your expectations and results, because it is con- verted into steam and rapidly conveys away extra heat, and also diminishes the quantity of blood in the vessels of the part. When doubt as to the diagnosis exists as to whether there is true Typhlitis or Perityphlitis, or painful distension of the bowels, turpentine may be administered with small doses of strychnine, say 1/60 to 1/200 grain; while turpentine may be applied iced locally. Do not give the animal under treatment turpentine enemas under any circumstances, as it may do more harm than good. Special symptoms such as vomiting, faintness, ex- haustion, ete., require the treatment usually appropriate to con- 164 J. S. GROVE trol them. For the first, ice by the mouth and locally (exter- nally) are useful; for failing strength of the animal, stimulants, local heat, hypodermic injections of strychnine, digitalis, ete., are valuable. Those animals which have suffered once from the affection are very liable to have a recurrence of the disease, and require care as to diet, exposure to cold, and other conditions likely to act injuriously. If the above outlined treatment fails to give the desired results, recourse may be had to the operation of laparotomy, but no rule can be laid down to meet all cases, that will aid in the selection of the proper time. INSPECTIONS FOR INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF LIVE STOCK.* By J. S. GROVE, Oklahoma City, Okla. The inspection of live stock for interstate movement is a considerable part of the work of many veterinarians, especially those who are situated near the main lines of travel which lead to state boundaries. This service is essential because of Federal and state requirements governing the admission of live stock. These requirements, which vary considerably, are imposed: to prevent the spread or introduction of contagious diseases, such as glanders, cattle or sheep scabies, Texas fever, tuberculosis, hog cholera, foot and mouth disease, ete. ? Inspections are also necessary to locate the origin of disease, in order that infected territory may be properly quarantined or policed. It is, or should be, the universal custom to notify the proper Federal and ‘state authorities whenever any contagious disease is found, either in transit or at the time of slaughter, so that all outbreaks may be promptly suppressed, thereby preventing the introduction of disease into uninfected districts and preventing losses which would be sure to occur in the absence of authorita- tive action to prevent the spread of contagion. The business interests of the country at large expect and are entitled to protection from the losses resulting from animal plagues. * Paper presented at meeting of Oklahoma State Vet. Med. Ass’n., June 30 and July 1, 1919. INSPECTION FOR INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF LIVE STOCK 165 The proper control of disease has a marked effect in the stabilization of values and the preservation of our live stock markets. Uncontrolled disease means uncontrolled markets and financial disaster to a countless number of people. Some districts frequently find themselves overloaded with certain classes of live stock, while in others, perhaps a consider- able distance away, there will be a shortage of such classes of stock and it is essential that facilities be provided and that the routes be kept clean for such interstate movements. Thus, in the state of Wisconsin, there is usually a surplus of dairy animals, while in parts of Texas there may be a surplus of un- finished beef cattle and the ways must be kept open to move the surplus to points where it can be utilized or finished for market. Likewise, during recent years we have witnessed the remark- able growth of the stock hog business, which is based on efficient veterinary inspection and immunization of the animals. There always appears to be a surplus of immature swine in Arkansas, eastern Texas and eastern Oklahoma and the proper inspection and handling of these animals is essential to the protection of the interests involved. We sometimes hear of objections to having regulations gov- erning the movement of live stock. These may be classed under three heads, as follows: 1. Trouble or annoyance; 2. Expense; 3. Perfunctory or worthless inspections. . Regarding the first objection, it must be admitted that, especially in this state, it is somewhat annoying to send long distances for,a qualified inspector, especially when the owner is practically certain that no disease will be found. This objection will be gradually overcome as the country becomes more thickly settled and competent practitioners more numerous. The matter of expense is always an objection, especially to persons who have little or no conception of the reasons for quar- antine regulations and the vast volume of business involved. The expense can sometimes be lessened by having inspections made en route. Practitioners should make their charges reasonable and be able to explain that while no disease may be found, it is only by 166 J. S. GROVE the exercise of ceaseless vigilance, by veterinarians everywhere, that outbreaks of disease are discovered at the start and that control is thereby made possible; and while the expense is a burden, it is by the exercise of such vigilance that your clients’ herds have been. protected from disease. It is not many years since many of our states were quaran- tined on account of sheep and cattle scabies, but these quaran- tines have nearly all been lifted, as the result of constant and careful inspections and treatments. While the payment of a fee may be a hardship, it is a small matter as compared to the loss which would result from uncon- trolled epizodtics. Perfunctory or worthless inspections are acts which bring the profession into more or less disrepute. We hear of various shortctomings in this respect, such as neglect to take sanitary precautions when testing or vaccinating, writing certificates without seeing the animals, neglect to take the required number of temperatures and neglect to take tem- peratures at proper times, lack of information regarding state requirements and improperly prepared certificates. | It is not uncommon to find certificates which are only par- tially filled out so that one is unable to tell whether the inspector was certifying to horses or cattle. Each inspection should in- clude : OES 1. A careful physical examination of the animal with a view to detecting communicable disease, such as glanders, tuber- culosis, hog cholera, scabies, Texas fever. 2. Whenever a tuberculin or other test is required by the state to which the stock is destined, or by Federal regulations, such test should be properly made, although as sometimes occurs, the owner wants only the certificate and not the inspection. 3. Certificates should carry an accurate description of the animals. Note the breed, age, color, markings, brands, tattoo marks, whether polled, horned or dehorned, scars or blemishes. Make the description as definite as possible, so that the cer- tificate will apply to one animal only. Do not describe an animal simply as ‘‘One Holstein Cow,’’ but try to find some additional characteristics, so that a stranger could select the animal which is being certified, INSPECTION FOR INTERSTATE MOVEMENT OF LIVE STOCK 167 Where a number of animals are consigned to a sale it would save the owner some annoyance if a separate certificate be made for each animal so that the certificate can go with the animal to its final destination. Instruct shippers and railroad men to attach the certificate to the waybill which accompanies the stock. We sometimes examine waybills which bear the notation, ‘‘Health certificate on file.’’ A certificate which does not accom- pany the animal is useless. In case of doubt as to state requirements get the necessary information from the various state live stock sanitary officials by mail or wire as may be necessary. Always remember that it never pays to make a false or mis- leading certificate. The client who requests you to insert a false temperature record will be among the first to condemn you or your fellows whenever a question of professional integrity is involved. Shipments of horses and mules for Canada must be given the mallein test by a veterinarian registered with the Bureau of Animal Industry. There are only five or six such parties in this state. Shipments of cattle for Canada must be accompanied by a B. A. I. certificate and tuberculin test chart. Neglect to ob- serve this may delay the stock at the Canadian border for an indefinite time. Effective July 1, 1919, regulation 7 to B. A. I. Order 263 becomes operative. This regulation requires that all cows and bulls intended for breeding purposes, except strictly range cattle, shall pass the tubérculin test before moving interstate. Cows for feeding and grazing purposes 4nd bulls for feeding purposes may be moved interstate without the tuberculin test, provided the owner or shipper will furnish an affidavit to the Bureau representative at a public stock yards, showing that the eattle are for feeding or grazing purposes only; however, such cattle can be shipped only to states the laws or regulations of which provide for the quarantine of such cattle through the feeding or grazing period and for their release only on written permit by the proper regulatory authorities. Heifers (female cattle under 3 years of age and which have not given birth to young) shall not be moved interstate without 168 J. S. GROVE the test until the shipper certifies that they will be used only for feeding or grazing purposes. Cattle consigned to a public stock yard, steers and strictly range cattle, may be moved without restriction. Reactors may be shipped interstate for slaughter under Bureau supervision, but such cattle must be branded with the letter ‘‘T’’ on the left jaw or the letter ‘‘T’’ punched in the left ear or a B. A. I. ‘‘reactor’’ tag applied, and such cattle must not be loaded with healthy stock, unless the latter are for im- mediate slaughter only. Waybills must be properly marked and ears disinfected. | It is believed that the enforcement of this regulation will be a great aid in preventing infection and will be the means of locating infected herds. It is hoped that the practicing veteri- narians will willingly codperate in the enforcement of this regu- lation and it is apparent that their services will be required in ap ever increasing measure as the work becomes better under- stood. , Your attention is directed to that part of the new regulation which states that when the cattle are destined to a state which recognizes the intradermal test the test chart shall show that the cattle have been observed at the end of the seventy-second hour and found free from any symptoms of tuberculosis. When the subcutaneous method is used the chart shall show that at least 3 temperatures were taken 2 or 3 hours apart before injection of the tuberculin and that at least 7 temperatures were taken 2 hours apart after injection, beginning not later than 8 hours after the injection, and that the test ran for a period of not less than 20 hours after the injection. In the case of cattle which are known to have been frequently injected with tuberculin the post temperatures should begin four hours after the injection. It is the intention of the Bureau to recognize the tests which are made by practicing veterinarians, so long as they are proper- ‘ly made; and it is hoped that it will not be necessary to report any irregularities. | Dr. T. S. Leith, formerly of Ames, Iowa, is now located at Americus, Ga. + STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS. V. THE ADMINISTRATION OF OIL OF CHENOPODIUM IN SOFT, OR SOLUBLE ELASTIC, GELATINE CAPSULES, AS COMPARED WITH OTHER MODES OF ADMINISTRATION. MAURICE C. HALL, Ph.D., D. V. M., and MEYER WiaepDor, M. A., Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Mich. — ‘Two of the very evident advantages afforded by the use of soft gelatine capsules are these: They furnish a convenient measured dose, and they supply a capsule with the advantages of the hard capsules (tastelessness), plus the advantage of saving bulk and bother, by combining the drug and the capsule, and the assurance that the capsule will not open in the mouth, pharynx or esophagus. They have proven entirely satisfactory in the administration of oil of chenopodium to experiment animals in our work here and have been recommended by one of us (Hall, 1917) for use in treating dogs. The soft capsule, however, has recently been criticized as a container for oil of chenopodium, in a paper by Darling, Barber and Hacker (1918). They state that 3 10-minim doses of oil of chenopodium in soft capsules at hour intervals only removed 66.4 per cent of the hookworms from patients, as compared with the removal of 97.9 per cent of the worms by the same oil when removed from the capsule and then administered in freshly filled hard capsules. By way of explanation they state; ‘‘The soft cap- sules dissolved too slowly to permit their contents to affect the hookworms distributed in the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum.’’ Undoubtedly, this explanation is intended only as a plausible surmise. If the soft capsule digests or opens in the middle of the jejunum, it undoubtedly misses worms in the upper jejunum and duodenum, but there is some question as to whether it leaves the stomach unopened There are several ways of judging whether the soft capsule actually opens in the jejunum or in the stomach. One way is to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of chenopodium exhibited in the soft capsule and compare it with the efficacy of chenopodium exhibited in the hard capsules. Another way is to administer the soft capsules to dogs and kill the dogs after various intervals. We have here data of both sorts and these data do not sustain 170 M. C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR % the attitude taken by the writers quoted. So far as the applica- tion of findings in animal experiments to similar conditions in man is concerned, one must undoubtedly make the application with much care and some reservations. It is therefore impossible to insist too strongly that what we find true in the case of dogs is also true in the case of man, especially when the writers quoted find to the contrary. At the same time, there is something to be said for our experimental findings. In the first place, our experimental findings are exact and definite, covering treatment, exact number of worms passed for the 4 or more days after the administration of the anthelmintic and up to the day of death of the animal, and the exact number of worms found post mortem. There can be no question but what the information obtained in this way is more exact than that obtained clinically and by examining the feces for parasite eggs, which method must be depended on by physicians working with human patients. In the second place, hundreds of experiments show that the ascarid of the dog has a quite definite and dependable reaction to chenopodium, as Hall (1918) has noted, whereas hookworms in man or dogs have no such dependable reaction to any drugs, part of them yielding to one treatment and part quite commonly yielding only after 2 to 5 or more treatments. In judging, there- fore, the fate of soft capsules of chenopodium, their results in the shape of ascarids removed from the dogs is a surer guide than that in the shape of hookworms removed from man and subsequent fecal examinations for eggs. Finally, we have made a number of tests in the way of killing dogs at an interval after administering chenopodium in soft capsules and in other ways, and these tests show that the soft capsule does not wait until it reaches some point in the intestine before opening, but opens in the stomach. In this respect, our findings agree with the fact that our critical tests show that soft capsules of chenopodium display as high anthelmintic efficacy against ascarids as do doses of the drug in hard capsules or in castor oil. We have data on 220 dogs that have been given oil of chenopodium or its derivatives, alone-or in combination with other anthelmintics, in castor oil, hard or soft capsules, or un- diluted and without capsule, with records of all worms passed and worms present post mortem, and these experiments all testify STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS : 171 to the asearicidal efficacy of chenopodium and bear out the state- ment that it is as effective when given in the soft capsule as when given in the hard capsule or any other way. . In this series of 220 dogs, there are only 8 that were given chenopodium in soft capsule, followed immediately. with castor oil and not complicated by other considerations (enteric coats, other drugs, repeated doses involving more than 1 day, ete.) and these 8 dogs may be compared with the animals treated by Hall and Foster (1918). These writers gave chenopodium at the rate of 0.3 m.p.k. (mil per kilo) in castor oil to 8 dogs and removed 160 ascarids out of 162, an efficacy of about 99 per cent; they gave chenopodium in hard capsules at the rate of 0.2 m. p. k. with olive oil and castor oil on 3 successive days to 8 dogs and removed 15 out of 17 asearids, an efficacy of 88 per cent. In our 8 experi- ment dogs, all of which were infested with ascarids, 4 dogs re- ceived the therapeutic dose of 0.1 m.p.k., 1 received a lethal dose of 1.0 m. p. k. with castor oil for protection, and 3 received doses between 0.1 and 0.2 m.p.k., all in soft capsules. These dogs passed 87 out of 87 ascarids, an efficacy of 100 per cent. In spite of the larger doses used by Hall and Foster, the efficacy secured by larger doses with their mode of administration is slightly inferior to that secured with smaller doses in soft cap- sules. They report that the dogs in the first series noted above ~had about one-fourth of their hookworms removed, and in the second series the treatment was ineffective for hookworm. In our series of dogs, 7 had hookworm; the treatment with soft capsules | removed 23 out of 31, an efficacy of 74 per cent. In a series of 4 dogs treated by us with single doses of chenopodium, not in soft capsules, at the rate of 0.1 m.p.k. the treatment removed 10 of 10 ascarids, and none of 16 hookworms from 2 dogs; at a higher rate it removed 5 of 5 ascarids from 2 dogs. So far as anthelmintic efficacy is concerned, accurate critical tests on both ascarids, a dependable form for test, and hook- worms, a less dependable form, show that if there is any choice between the administration of oil of chenopodium in soft capsules or hard capsules or in castor oil or olive oil, the choice would lie with the soft capsules. As regards the time and place of opening of the soft capsule in the digestive tract, a series of experiments was performed to furnish information on this point. The first set of tests were 172 M. C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR with the soft capsules; the second set were with chenopodium administered in oil. The first set of tests using the soft capsules may be sum- marized as follows: Without purgative. D sules. Do. Result, capsules. Digestive No. rar killed. 4 tract. Remarks. 251 3 5-minim 26 min. In stomach ; Normal. Food in 5 unopened. stomach. 252 2 5-minim 42 min. In stomach; Normal. Food in unopened. stomach. 253 3 5-minim 1hr.,2 min. | In stomach; Normal. Food in 1 opened, stomach. 1 cracked, . 1 softened. 254 3 5-minim 1hr., 21 min.| In stomach; Normal. unopened. 854 3 5-minim 1hr., 30 min.| Digested; chen. Petechie in stom- odor in stomach ach and small int. 5 and small int. ; 848 3 5-minim 2 hrs. Digested; chen. Normal. Food in odor in stomach. stomach. 331 3 5-minim 2 hrs., 46 min.| Digested. Gas. int. hem. With purgative. (These dogs all received 3 5-minim capsules and the purgative shown.) Dog Purgative. Dog Result, capsules. Digestive No. killed. tract. Remarks. 328 Ol. ric. 30 mils 30 min. |Digested; chen. Mild hyperemia. odor and ol. ric. near ileocecal valve. 355 Cascarin2 grs.| 30min. |In stomach; open jGast. int. petechie. and half digested. 329 Ol. ric. 30 mils 1 hr. Digested. Chen. and | Normal. ol. ric. in stomach. 349 Calomel 2 1 hr. Digested. Chen. Inflam. and hem. Dog vom- odor in stomach. ited frag- ments of capsule. _ 330. Ol. ric. 30 min. 2 hrs., |Digested. Oil in Normal. liase. 4 min. large int. pres. in large int. It will be noted from an examination of the above tables, that when the soft capsules were given without purgatives, they were recovered from the stomach unopened as late as 1 hour and 21 minutes after administration; they were found opened in the stomach as early as 1 hour and 2 minutes after administration ; and they were entirely digested at intervals of 1 hour and 30 minutes to 2 hours and 46 minutes. It appears. then, that soft capsules given without purgation will open in the stomach, and prdébably open from 1 to 2 hours after administration. This coincides with the time of onset of symptoms of salivation and vomiting in animals given chenopodium in soft capsules, where these symptoms appear. Chenopodium could be found in the STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 173 small intestine as early as 1 hour and 30 minutes after admin- istration. ; Where the soft capsules were given with purgatives, the time of opening in the stomach was materially shortened. As early as a half hour after administration, and after all longer periods, the capsules were partly or entirely digested, and chenopodium was detected near the ileocecal valve in 30 minutes in one instance. It will be noted that in no cases were capsules found un- opened in the intestine. When they were found at all, they were in the stomach: here they were found unopened, open, and partly digested: here the oil of chenopodium could be detected in almost all cases, as late as an hour after administration in the ‘ease of capsules given with purgatives, and as late as 2 hours after administration in the case of capsules given without pur- gatives. Not only does all the evidence point to the opening of the capsule in the stomach, but other considerations sustain this idea. The soft gelatine capsule becomes very much softened by ex- posure to the moisture of the digestive fluids of the stomach, not to mention the digesting action of these fluids. Such softened capsules break very easily on pressure, and it séems likely that the pressure applied at the pylorus would break these capsules if they started to pass unopened. Possibly the early opening of capsules given with purgatives is due to increased gastric peri- stalsis and prompt rupture of the softened capsule, with digestion of the capsule hastened as a result. It is also possible that the purgative stimulates secretion of the digestive fluids. Following up the foregoing experiments, some tests were made to ascertain the fate of oil of chenopodium given without capsule of any sort, with and without purgatives. To aid in following the course of the chenopodium, it was mixed with Eaton’s fat- soluble blue. The doses were at the rate of 0.1 m. p. k. Without purgative. Dog Dog Oil found. Digestive Remarks. No. killed. ; tract. ; 318 47 min. In stomach. Normal. 321. i1hr., 4min..|In stomach and Petechie in pyloric small intestine. stomach; pylorus and duodenum hy- veremic. 319 1hr., 45 min. 'In stomach. Normal. 174 M. C. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR With purgation. 320 32 min. In stomach. Normal. 30 mils ol. ric. 322 lhr., 4min. |In stomach. Normal. 30 mils ol. ric. 351 t1hr., 30 min. |In stomach. Gast. hem., small| 2 grs. cascarin. int. hyperemic. 1 asc. in int., ap- : parently dead. 357 2hrs. In stomach. Normal. 2 grs. cascarin. 852 2hrs., 7min. |In stomach. ' |Few hem. in int. | 2 grs. calomel..2 asc. : in int., apparently 3 dead. Fed before dosing. Vomited in hr. after dosing. 323 This dog was given the chenopodium with oil-soluble blue and 30 mils of castor oil, and 29% hours later the dose was repeated, this time with oil-soluble orange instead of blue. The dog was killed 2 hours and 12 minutes later. The orange-colored chenopodium was found in the ileum; there was no trace of the blue-colored chenopodium given the previous day. The ileum was mildly hyperemic. In view of the fact that small amounts of oil, such as would slowly pass the pylorus, cannot readily be detected even when the fat-soluble coloring matter is used, one cannot affirm much as to where chenopodium was not present; one can only make affirmation as to where it was present. From the experiments tabulated above, we find that chenopodium given without purga- tives or the use of capsules may still be present in the stomach 1 hour and 45 minutes after administration; when given with purgatives, without the use of capsules, it may still be present in the stomach 2 hours and 7 minutes later. We also find that even without purgatives, the oil may be in the small intestine in 1 hour and 4 minutes, and with purgation it may be in the ‘ileum 2 hours and 12 minutes after administration, and the evidence of an apparently dead ascarid indicates that it may be there in an hour and a half. Doubtless it is in the small intestine earlier, as the experiments with capsules show. The fact that the chenopodium in soft capsules, given with castor oil, may rapidly get to the small intestine, is perhaps due to the fact that the castor oil can exert its action at the start, unimpaired by the constipating chenopodium in initiating peri- stalsis. The slowness with which the oil leaves the stomach confirms the position taken by Hall (1918) to the effect that anthelmin- tics, at least some anthelmintics, probably do not need to be allowed ‘‘time to act’? on the worms before purgatives are administered. In this connection, Hall states: ‘It is so generally believed and stated that anthelmintics should be allowed time to take effect before any purgation is attempted, that it seems almost unsafe to dispute the proposi- STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 175 tion. Dock and Bass even explain the failure of remedies to act effectively as possibly due to ‘the rapid carrying down of the thymol by peristalsis to below the location of the worms’, even in the absence of purgation. My own experiences have led me to fear more the absorption of the drug in the stomach before reaching the site of the worms. In over two years’ experiment work, involving the treatment and post mortem examination of over 250 dogs, the results seem to be a little better, if anything, where the anthelmintic and the purgative are administered sim- ultaneously than where the anthelmintic is allowed to precede the purgative by an hour or longer. Such combinations as oil of chenopodium and castor oil, chloroform and castor oil, santonin and calomel, etc., seem to be as effective as the ingredients of the combinations administered separately and at intervals. It is well known, of course, that such anthelmintics as areca nut are themselves purgative. Even if it were true that anthelmintics are more effective if purgation is postponed, and it can be shown that the patient is safer where the purgation is given with the anthelmintic, would it not be good practice to repeat a safe treatment oftener, rather than to give a less safe treat- ment fewer times?’’ We are unable to reconcile the differences in the results obtained by Darling, Barber and Hacker and those obtained by us, as regards the value of the soft gelatine capsule of chenopo- dium, but we have no adverse comment to. make on their results. We merely state our own results and indicate that there is a disagreement. There might have been some differences in the capsules used by them and the capsules used by us, and it might be that the capsules harden with age, though we have no evi- dence of our own on this point. The soft capsule can be hard- ened with formalin to the point where it will not digest, and there are other substances which will have the same effect. Our findings further disagree with theirs on a number of other points which can only be mentioned here. For one thing, they.found oil of chenopodium given in liquid petrolatum 88.7 per cent effective, while soft capsules were only 66.4 per cent effective, whereas we find that the use of liquid petro- latum cuts the anthelmintic efficacy, even against ascarids, to zero at times, while the soft capsules have an ascaricidal efficacy very close to 100 per cent. Experiments covering this point have 176 ‘MG. HALL AND MEYER WIGDOR been published by Hall (1918) in a study by Hall and Hamilton (1918). Darling, Barber and Hacker state that ‘‘Chenopodium is relatively just as efficacious in removing Ascaris, Clonorchis and Tena’’ as in removing hookworms. So far as the dog is concerned, hundreds of critical experiments show that chenopo- dium is unequaled for use against ascarids, and is a very inferior and undependable anthelmintic for use against Tenia and Dipylidium, removing them but rarely and showing no such efficacy as is shown by male fern or kamala. They prefer mag- nesium sulphate to castor oil as a purgative with chenopodium. This is a moot point which we will discuss in another paper. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of many experiments with dogs, we feel safe in saying that the following is true of dogs and that these findings apply in part to man: 1. The soft, or soluble elastic capsules of chenopodium open in the stomach and not in the small intestine. 2. The foregoing statement is sustained by the high ascari- cidal efficacy of the soft capsules of chenopodium, as well as by their efficacy against hookworms. 3. The administration of purgatives at the same time as the soft capsules, hastens the opening of the capsules. Without the purgatives, capsules lie in the stomach as long as 1 hour and 21 minutes, and apparently digest in 1 to 2 hours. With the purga- _tives, capsules are wholly or partly digested in 30 minutes. Without purgatives, chenopodium from the capsules may be detected in the intestines in 1 hour and 30 minutes. With pur- gatives, chenopodium may be detected in the intestines in 30 minutes. 4. The more rapid opening of capsules given with a purga- tive is probably due to the mechanical action of heightened peristalsis on the softened moist capsule and to increased secre- tion of digestive fiuids as a result of stimulation by the purgative. 5. Given in soft capsules, chenopodium may stay in the stomach as long as 1 hour and 45 minutes if given without pur- gatives, or 2 hours and 7 minutes if given with purgatives; or may be detected in the small intestine in 1 hour and 4 minutes if given without purgatives, or in 1 hour and 30 minutes if given with purgatives. It is probably present in the small intestine earlier. RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL-BLED AND CAROTID-BLED SERUM 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . Darling, Samuel T.; M. A. Barber; and H. P. Hacker. 1918. The treatment of hookworm infection. J. Am. M. Assn., v. 70, Feb. 23, pp. 499-507. . Hall, Maurice C. 1917. Anthelmintic treatment for nematode infestations in dogs. J. Am. Vet. M. Assn., v. 5 (3), pp. 342-345. 1918. A discussion of some principles of anthelmintic medica- tion. N. Orleans M. & Surg. J., v. 70 (8), Feb., pp. 637-653. 1918. The anthelmintic value of chenopodium components. In Hall & Hamilton, q. v., pp. 240-261. Hall, Maurice C.; and Winthrop D. Foster. 1918. Efficacy of some anthelmintics. J. Agric, Research, v. 12 (7), Feb. 18, pp. 397-447, 1 fig. Hall, Maurice C.; & Herbert C. Hamilton, 1918. Investiga- tions on the composition of oil of chenopodium and the anthel- mintic value of some of its components. J. Pharm. & Exp. Therap., v. 11 (3), April, pp. 231-261. THE RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL BLED AND CAROTID BLED ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. Epwarp A. CAHILL, Indianapolis, Indiana. It is quite generally agreed that after hogs have been hyper- immunized with hog cholera virus that the most potent anti-hog cholera serum is obtained if the animals are bled not sooner than ten’ days and not later than forty days from the date of hyper- immunization. The length of time which the circulating blood of such hyperimmunes retains its potency without the injection of additional antigen cannot be arbitrarily fixed since this has not been definitely ascertained. Some investigators have found that such blood is potent for several months. The experience of others indicates that potency is retained for more than a year even though the additional antigen be not given. The Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agricul- ture regulates certain phases of this question in laboratories where anti-hog cholera serum is produced under United States Government License. Under Bureau regulations hyperimmune hogs may not be bled sooner than ten days nor later than thirty- eight days after hyperimmunization unless after that time the animal be rehyperimmunized. The same regulation. requires 178 E. A. CAHILL that such animals shall not be bled oftener than once each seven days. . It is not convenient to bleed swine from the larger blood ves- sels of the throat as is done in the case of most serum producing animals, unless the animal is to be bled to death. This is due to the fact that in swine these vessels are covered with heavy layers of fat and muscle. | . Dorset, in his early work, found that the most satisfactory method of bleeding hogs, provided it was not desired that they be bled to death, was by severing the tail. He found that blood taken in this manner from the tails of hogs previously hyperim- munized in the proper manner was fully potent and would pro- tect susceptible pigs against hog cholera. This method, at first slow and cumbersome, was later im- proved by the use of a vaccuum attachment which rapidly draws the required amount of blood from the exposed blood vessels. After Dorset’s discovery it was customary to bleed from the tail for a number of times after which the animals were bled to death from the carotid artery. Later, certain laboratories elim- inated the tail bleeding and adopted the method of bleeding only from the carotid artery, the animals being bled to death. Those following this method have advanced claims of greater potency for serum obtained in this manner, at the same time maintain- ing that serum obtained from carotid bleeding preceded by tail bleeding has a lower potency and consequently a diminished pro- tective value. : At the present time there are three methods of bleeding in general use: 1st. Carotid bleeding preceded by three tail bleedings seven days apart, all within a period of thirty-eight days from the date of hyperimmunization. 2nd. Carotid bleeding preceded by one tail bleeding seven days apart, both bleedings occuring within seventeen to twenty- one days from: the date of hyperimmunization. 3rd. Carotid bleeding only. This is generally carried out from ten to fourteen days from the date of hyperimmunization. A fourth method less frequently used consists of tail bleed- ing three or four times within thirty-eight days after which the animals are injected with more antigen and subjected to a second series of bleedings. Since each bleeding requires the sacrifice RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL-BLED AND CAROTID-BLED SERUM 179 of a section of the tail the animals are used until the caudal appendage has been entirely disposed of, after which they are bled to death. Since the first two methods have been longer and in more gen- eral use than the third, and because of the claims presented by followers of the third method, it was decided to thoroughly in- vestigate the relative value of each of the three methods with the idea of determining whether or not there was variation in the potency of serums obtained by the different methods. A review of available literature developed the fact that little or nothing had been presented on the subject under considera- tion. Absence of reliable data made it seem advisable to con- duct potency tests on sera obtained by the different methods above enumerated. The first of the series of tests were conducted on sera from hogs which had been tail bled once followed by final or carotid bleeding seven days later. Ten serial lots of serum produced in the manner above described were tested in this manner, so that in reality ten tests were conducted. In each case the blood obtained from final bleeding was checked against that obtained from tail bleedings by injecting an equal number of susceptible pigs and comparing the protection afforded. The tests were conducted as nearly as possible to correspond with the regulation potency test prescribed by the Bureau of Animal Industry for the testing of anti-hog cholera serum. Under this regulation seven suscepti- ble pigs are each given 2 ce of virulent hog cholera virus. Five receive 20 ce of anti-hog cholera serum each while the other two are left as controls to test the viruleney of the virus injected into all seven. In order that the sera being tested could be properly compared ten pigs were inoculated with 2 ee each of virulent hog cholera blood. Four were given 20 ce anti-hog cholera serum drawn from the tail, as above described, while four were given 20 ec of anti-hog cholera serum obtained from the carotid bleeding, whereas two were left as controls. This scale applied to each of the tests conducted. In no case did the tests indicate a difference in the potency of the serum obtained by either method since the pigs were fully protected in all cases. In view of the results above described it was deemed advisable to carry the investigation further. Two additional tests were, therefore, conducted, each test containing ten pigs and are described in detail under Charts Nos. 1 and 2. CHART No. 1—TEMPERATURES AND VISIBLE SYMPTOMS = oo i=) E. A. CAHILL Time Started April 8, 1919. = ae Sie 3/3 | 8 ala slo suojdurség | X| |X| |X| [xl |x| |x] Ix] |x] [| Joy J s emyerodaad | Tee lo | o| ~ suoydusés | X| |X]. 1X] |X) |X) LxXt 1x) 1x) peppy RIOAE TAG NIOE | atl couden bs: dae ds Leister dese: 4 cso) om dd eae oo | poy surojdurAs IX] 1X] 1X1 XL Xd LX Lx] > S8h 4 AAS | emjesduey lok. (Si, tachs lee erh o lS Is omy | 2/2/2/213/s/2l3/Slslelslslslels 2/2 “Td ialdlald|ald|ialdialed < <} a ey 4 | ve—unng | & | 8 | RF | 8 | RF | 8 | B | RPS wn . . 5 oo-A—SMiA N | nN | N | nN | nN | nN | nN nN | N | N sen Pry) oe | | Gl) el Le de | Zz fe) : : ; : ; : j 5 aston] df [at fd | 3) 3.) — a : ; : " : . 30 4 Fe oi ie, | & = Ee | w . 2 ee ee aw w fe) ea) z ea ia wv = ° | weu 8] 8 |S PSs] se) 8 | ee N ive) b> © od io — wr] BILE I(ele lela lel el eye se] om on on ise] ise) ise) on ise) og | dope pa beg) col 2a 3 3 = = g EY ; " : alalifl|eilastali| eee 8 8 =] A] ra) iat : : 2 » 5 5 = fo i) < E/E RP apa ya) i) oe r=] & € € fs] g € € ELElLE |e Pelt) 2) fa ay a) a) a) a) a) a) Q K—Killed. +—Slow, but not sick. X—On feed—healthy. CHART No. 1—Continued. RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL-BLED AND CAROTID-BLED SERUM 181 : 3 Sia Sls alg & | suoj}dmAs | X| |X| |X| |X] |X| IxXI IxXl IxXI | | tod amjyersduiaL | y| | lol | lal | | iy awe spe eee EN aa wumrdmss xX (xX) EXT IX bs Psd Deb Xe 1 bea amnyeredwuiay | “| | ed Pett | fe hh teh ala Aepuns ae als es pee PK aS RS as Pe ie es es a|2 ewoyduras | <| |X| IX) XL IX) Px) PKL Pb onl o o oe o : amyerduel | =| | Isl | lw he ae Pars suojduisés | X| |X| |X| |X| [xl Ixl Ixl xl | tot ol onl ~~ ° = © amyerduat ) | | book. f lol | | Litas. Netibenche 8 x|e suojduéS | X| |X| |X| |X| IXl [Xl IxIl IxXl toll it ainjereduial | o| | Lal Isl. | | Fa a la a |2 suojdusés | X| |X| |X| |x| |xXl [Xl Ixl IxXl Ll tL i Len ° > o o emyerdueL | x | | lal | lal | | oh A ee yh als suioyduiss | X| |X| |X] [|X| IX} |X] IXl 1xXl tt tod in . © ~ ° emyerodmeL | s.| | oe lat | | eee Be ea) ee a |2 smoyduséS | X| |X| |X| IXl IXl (Xt ixl txt | tt Lan o - oc 7 a SEAL | 5,1: | lst 1 lal lal | Pee aeksorh comets als Sepa ATT Sg Mek 8 OS Ge a Py oe A pale suojdwsS) X}| |X| |X] IxXl Ix] Ix! Ix] Txt | tt od PINRO |i |. f Ist 4 8 ae Ve Ee 6 ea 2 |e smoyduss | xX} |X} {xX} ix} 1X) 1X) 1x) bx Bi] Tag Date of £ a r=] % 3B © = No. | Autopsy | ¢ I 2g 3 S g = zy 42/ol/@8@/38/G14/8 |e 3539 4/15 v v Vv Vv v v 3564 4/15 Vv Vv 4 Vv v v v—Satisfactory lesions. The animals listed on Chart No. 1 were all injected with 2 ee of virulent hog cholera virus. All serum and virus was in- jected intramuscularly. Pig No. 3552 received in addition to virus, 20 ee of blood obtained from the first tail bleeding of animals which had been hyperimmunized ten days previously. Pig No. 3565 received 30 ce of the same blood. Pig No. 3544 re- ceived 20 ce of blood obtained from the second tail bleeding from the same hogs that were used in the first tail bleeding. Pig No. 3550 received 20 ce of tue same blood. Pig No. 3546 received 30 ce of blood obtained from the third tail bleeding from the same hogs. This bleeding was conducted one week after the second tail bleeding. Pig No. 3551 received 30 ce of the same serum. Pig No. 3537 received 30 ce of blood which was obtained when the animals were bled to death from the carotid artery one week after the third tail bleeding and thirty- two days after hyperimmunization. Pig No. 3541 received 20 ce of the same blood. Pigs Nos. 3539 and 3564 received no serum and served to act as controls on the virulency of the virus used. The control pigs sickened promptly. They were marked ‘‘sick’’ (S) on the sixth day and were killed on the seventh day. Autopsy showed lesions of acute hog cholera and the absence of other disease. Pig No. 3544 was marked ‘‘slow’’ (X) on the seventh day of test because of an intestinal disturbance; the ‘temperature on that day was 3.8. On the eighth day this pig had returned to normal and remained so throughout the test. Other than this the animals all remained perfectly healthy throughout the test showing no physical symtoms of any disease and were not off feed at any time. There were some slight fluctuations in temperatures, but it will be noted that these were rather uniform and not of any more significance than the thermic fluctuations which frequently appear in any test. RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL-BLED AND CAROTID-BLED SERUM 183 : 3 Sis \ | Ala ais slo suoydufg | X| |X| |X] [|X] |X] |Xl IX! 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PP Sy Sey Bh sets: thie be oli q| 3 R31 3 8/38 |.2|2 Ss | a /s8 ae we aie Sie See ae r=) & = 3 a a g g € | & =| § =| § & = g Bee |e ea deeb E PB lok PO | 6 ea) ea) : aq E a) a iq K—Killed. +—Slow, but not sick. X—On feed—healthy. CHART No. 2—Continued. a oo re E. A. CAHILL 29 |Day of Month Day of Test E suojduss | xX] |X| |X| |X| [X| |X|. eee N | amjerduay | 2 | | 2 est | | | | ie ae ete als swojduig |} .X] |X| |X| |X| |XI LX) 1X). 120 “1S | amenduer | &l lal Isl | | | | ledoch ha ala SEP ERS Pkt bt bt LL als swojdui4g | X| |X| |X|-|xX| |XI [Xl [Xl [Xl | It 4d 2 es anjereduay | ~| | |= | | | | la oad ee as suojdusg | X| |X| |X| |x| [Xl |xl 1Xl IX] | 1 1d “| | amerduey | 3] [5 lo | | | | lo ee, ae: fe © E smojduks [| x] |x} [<| 1X1 |X| 1X) -—>x) spe = | emerduay [= Bee - | | | | | | -aodhes als suojdmsg | x{| |x! |x|] |X| |X| [Xb - LX]. ae S/F \emendmes S| Te! Islet lal lel te) fet a|= ewoj}duég | xX] |x| |x| IX! [Xl 1X1 |X)” [ep ee Nj | amendwar [sy js]; [2] | | | | | = | ea x |e suojduiss | X| |X| |X| |X| |X} [xl [xl [xl | 1 14 Bae ~ | amenduer |=] [2S] [2] | l ] | ree ere & |S ABEehS botkier als suojduég | xX} |X|] {|X| |X] |X] JX] |XI [XI] | | 7 4 ahi ™ | amerduer| 4] |S] Ia | | Seve ae my ee Me Sake Se Say suoyduds | X| |X| |x| [x] [xX] Ix] [Xl [Xl | tT Td ale ™ | amesoduay | &] | & la | lo! lol |e ee eee s s s . s . . . . s . = \3 *. =\s mL | ala | a < fy < < < ms 3 we—umes| &§ | | § | R | R| RR] R |S | | A za—sia| a | a | aw [aw | wa | a | aw | a | «= | « é sxe peppy 2 | Bb | Y | $5 | fod | é fe 2 = | e Z ; : x9S s:| «| «|-@ | S:| e:) Sn 5 Tae] lw) be chee 0 ° golm@ | Fl] ga | & , 2 se BO | vi | a | vi | fs | ao | a | a | a | a _ wem| § |e [82/8 {[e@]sa] 81s] e i]s : 21818 S| 1818 1s ON 3x, ey neu] PLE |e 181 els flLilae)elilal? ; ; 3 & zy . : : ‘ ey) eS ee E & ; ela | 8 | 8s) es.) Z Zz fe) re) z E 3 3 Me : a a= 3 5 3 3 & & g z plelele\elele) e | & } 8 |. 8 > 2°) 23 iq ca i ca ca a) ca a) K—Killed. +—Slow, but not sick. _ X—On feed—healthy. RELATIVE POTENCY OF TAIL-BLED AND CAROTID-BLED SERUM 185 AUTOPSY FINDINGS—Chart No. 2 n Tag Date of a = ra 7 No. Autopsy Z aw 2 i=] & 3 o = aoe ee heme aor meet 8: | S| og _ | He | oo S$) 0) 81) SSB pe pa | | | | 3521 | 4/15 | Vv | v Vv | Vv Vv Vv 3536 | 4/15 | Ver v v | v Vv v—Satisfactory lesions. Chart No. 2. This test consisted of ten pigs. As in the test described under Chart No. 1, all ten pigs received 2 ce of virus intramuscularly. The main difference between this test and that described on Chart No. 1 is that all pigs listed in Chart No. 2 which received serum were given 20 ce rather than one receiving 20 ce and the other receiving 30 ec. Pigs 3523 and 3521 received 20 ee of serum obtained from the first tail bleeding. Pigs 3522 and 3533 received 20 ce serum obtained from the second tail bleeding. Pigs 3520 and 3529 received serum from the third bleeding. Pigs 3526 and 3530 received serum from the final or carotid bleeding, while Nos. 3521 and 3536 received no serum and served to act as controls on the virulency of the virus. It will be seen that the control pigs sickened on the sixth day and were killed on the seventh day. Autopsy showed only lesions of acute hog cholera. The animals which received serum showed no symptoms of sickness at any time during the test. They were marked ‘‘on feed’’ and were at all times during the test period of 21 days. CONCLUSIONS. The experiments presented in this article indicate that anti- hog cholera serum obtained by bleeding swine to death known as ‘“‘carotid bleeding’’ is not more potent than serum obtained by carotid bleeding preceded by one, two or three tail bleedings. The circulating blood of hogs properly hyperimmunized against hog cholera retains its potency without the injection of additional antigen for at least 38 days regardless of whether the animal is bled one, two, three or four times. There is apparently no difference in the relative potency of the anti-hog cholera serum obtained from any of the four bleed- ings above described. SPECIAL REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOLOGY OF GLANDERS. By CAPTAIN HADLEIGH MARSH, V. C. The following illustrations should have accompanied the paper by Captain Marsh which appeared in the October JouRNAL, page 40, but were not sent in until after the issue was mailed. At the request of the author, however, we are reproducing them in the November number. . FIGURE 1. Section through chronic glanders nodule in horse, Specimen No. 11. Low power. The necrotic center is shown at one edge of the figure, with the different zones shown at one side of the center of the nodule. The connective tissue matrix is shown with the numerous eosinophiles appearing as black spots in the outer zone of the lesion. FIGURE 2. Sections through omentum of Guinea Pig 265, showing two acute glanders nodules, and relation to lymph channel shown running across the section. ag i al REPORT ON THE HISTO-PATHOL°GY OF GLANDERS 187 FIGURE 3. Low power view of acute glanders nodule in omentum of Guinea Pig 265. This is one of the larger nodules and shows an accumulation of eosinophiles ~ at one side of the lesion. | FIGURE 4. High power view of small portion of nodule in omentum of Guinea Pig 265, showing eosinophiles. Dr. B. M. Lyon, who for the past three years has been em- ployed in the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories of New York, has ~ recently been made Assistant Director of the Veterinary Depart- ment under Dr. A. Eichhorn. Dr. Lyon for two years previous to his connection with the Lederle Laboratories was employed by the H. K. Mulford Biological Company. Dr. Roy V. Rafnel, who for the past several years has been connected with the work of Tick Eradication in Louisiana; has resigned his position to accept that of Special Representative of the southern division for The Glidden Co., of Cleveland, Ohio, manufacturers of cattle dip and Insecticide. Dr. Rafnel’s new headquarters will be New Orleans. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. ENURESIS. By Oscar SCHRECK, New Haven, Conn. The patient, a Boston Bull, age two years, had suffered from enuresis since puppyhood, the sequel of distemper. On exami- nation there was also evidence of slight choreiform symptoms present. The animal received both local and general treatment by several veterinarians, but without relief, till the owner became discouraged and wished to have the animal destroyed. The urine would be passed every little while, but in small quantities. I ob- tained permission from the owner to try Naphthol in the fol- lowing manner and results. A number 1 capsule was filled with naphthol (did not weigh the amount), and one such capsule given b. i. d. After 4 days the enuresis rapidly lessened. At the end of seven days the treatment was stopped, and there was a gradual return of the symptoms. Recourse was again had to the above drug, with the same results of gradual remission of the frequent micturition. The treatment was carried on for 14 days, and then again withdrawn, with no return of the enuresis. This report is made four weeks after stopping the treatment. The employment of naphthol did not, however, appear to exert any influence upon the choreiform symptoms. The above results go to show that further study into the action of this drug is needed. AN INTERESTING CASE. By W. M. Burson, Athens, Ga. A six months old grade Percheron colt, an orphan since it was one week old, was being raised on cow’s milk, pasturage and grain. It became rough coated, lost appetite to a considerable extent, would not graze but would eat green stuffs given to it fairly well. Spent most of its time lying down. The writer was ealled and upon examination found that the colt’s feet were csteaens, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 189, grown out too long and were badly affected with thrush. Ap- propriate treatment consisting of shortening the feet to proper length, cleansing and disinfecting the decayed areas was applied. The colt improved and for several days was quite active and the appetite improved and the animal grazed quite well for about one week. This was followed by another period of decline. The writer was again called and upon making an examination of the feet found them nearly healed. The thrush was evidently not the cause of all of the trouble. A careful examination disclosed partially healed fractures of the 17th and 18th ribs on the left side at about their middle. A diagnosis of peritonitis was made. At this time the colt refused to stand except for a few minutes at a time and there was evident soreness of the abdominal wall, especially on the left side. Local and systemic treatment was applied, the object being to stimulate the appetite, build up the system and reduce the inflammation. At the end of one week the colt died. Postmortem examination showed the fractured ribs nearly healed. The inflammatory zone surrounding the fractures was small and well circumscribed. The abdominal wall was badly inflamed throughout its entire depth over an area more than one foot in diameter. It proved to be heavily infested with strongyli (Palisade worm), twenty-five being taken from a section of abdominal wall three inches square. A STUDY OF THE FECAL EXAMINATIONS OF 1000 IMPORTED DOGS. MEYER WraGpor, M. A., Junior Zoologist, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. For a number of years, since January, 1911, the feces of imported dogs have been examined in this laboratory by various workers here, including Doctors Ransom, Hall, Graybill, and May, and by Messrs. Foster, Garlough, and Schwartz, and the writer. The findings have been summarized from time to time by Doctor Ransom in the Annual Reports of this Bureau, and were published in detail at an early date by Foster (1912).1 The fecal examinations were in ¢ompliance with Order No. 176 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, November 25, 1910, 1 Foster (1912). Analysis of the results of 87 fecal examinations of sheep dogs for evidences of parasitism. Science, n. s. (901), v. 35, pp. 553-554. 190 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS which requires that all collie or sheep dogs imported into this country be held in quarantine pending the results of a fecal examination. The object of the fecal examination is to prevent the importation into this country of such injurious parasites as the gid tapeworm and the hydatid tapeworm, parasites injurious to live stock and to man. These dogs are held in quarantine until fecal examinations have been made and the animals found free from dangerous parasites. Dogs are notorious carriers of parasites and it is obviously undesirable to complicate the present problems of eradication and the application of prophylactic measures by importing fresh supplies. If a preliminary fecal examination shows the presence of Tenia eggs or proglottids, suitable anthelmintics are administered to remove the, parasite before the animal is released from quarantine. Data are now available on the fecal examinations of 1000 imported dogs which have been examined from January, 1911, through July, 1919. The termination of the World’s War gave a great impetus to this importation of foreign dogs into this country, as the men: who had seen service abroad in our army brought back considerable numbers, especially of the German Sheep dog. Among the breeds of dogs imported, the various breeds of sheep dogs were most numerous. They included the Belgian, English, German, French, Russian, and Dutch sheep dogs. Collies were next in number and included the Scotch, Shetland, short-haired, and other breeds. German and Belgian police dogs were quite common and there were a limited number of wolf hounds. In connection with these fecal examinations, the nature of the infestations with intestinal parasites is of interest. Of the 1000 dogs examined, 540, or 54 per cent, were negative on fecal ex- amination. Of the 460, or 46 per cent, that were infested, 258, or 26.8 per cent, were infested with ascarids, of which there were approximately three times as many Toxascaris limbata as there were Belascaris marginata; 86, or 8.6 per cent, were infested with hookworm (probably Ancylostoma canium as a rule, but in some cases the species was probably Uncinaria criniformis) ; 15, or 1.5 per cent, were infested with whipworm . (T'richuris depressiuscula) ; 36, or 3.6 per cent, were infested with Dipyli- dium; 152, or 15.2 per cent, were infested with Tenia; 1 or 0.1 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 191 per cent, were infested with flukes; 1, or 0.1 per cent, were in- fested with a larval nematode, probably Hemostrongylus vaso- rum; and 1, or 0.1 per cent, were infested with a Diphylloboth- rium sp. The dog infested with Diphyllobothrium was a Russian sheep dog and the worm on examination proved to bea different species than Diphyllobothrium latum. Of the 152 dogs infested with tenioid cestodes, ttene:) were 68 infestations with Tenia pisiformis, 18 infestations with Tenia hydatigena, 15 infestations with Multiceps serialis, 1 infestation with Multiceps multiceps. In 52 infestations with Tema, the species was not determined. Two dogs were infested with two species of worms, which accounts for the apparent total of 154 in this list. The high percentage of dogs with negative fecal findings is perhaps associated with the fact that dogs valuable enough to import are usually well cared for and kept in cleanly surround- ings. It is also true that a negative fecal examination is not en- tirely conclusive evidence of freedom from parasites. The ab- sence of parasitic ova in the feces does not preclude the possi- bility of parasitic infestation, as many factors may account for the absence of the ova in the feces in spite of infestation. The low percentage of Dipylidium, hookworm, and the especially low whipworm infestation is interesting in view of the fact that 30 to 50 per cent of the dogs in most regions of the United States from which we have available data, are infested with these worms. While a majority of the dogs imported into this country are free from intestinal parasites, so far as fecal examinations show. the occasional occurrence of such parasites as Multiceps multiceps, is evidence of the need for the quarantine and exami- nation of imported dogs. A CASE OF SPINDLE-CELLED SARCOMA OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES. By B. F. Kaupp, Pathologist, N. C. Experiment Station, W. Raleigh, N. C. Sarcomata is a disease of the connective tissue and consists of embryonic type cells. .It is a malignant tumor and may affect the tissues of any of the organs of the body springing from the 192 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS connective tissue of the part. It may spread by contiguity of tissue or by metastases. The following is an interesting case. History.—A Buff Orpington hen six years old and a member of the station flock. Has suffered from an opacity of the erystaline lense due to a cataract of the right eye. The bird is rather thin in flesh and on account of her age and having passed her stage of usefulness as a breeder was used as a bird in student’ fattening work. She did not make satisfactory gain in weight and on account of her heavy feathering the subeu- taneous tumors not pushing out to any great extent, was not noted to be affected with tumors. On April 2nd, 1919, she was selected for use in dry picking and boning work but after being killed and her condition being noted was sent to the pathological laboratory for further study. FIGURE 1. Photograph of dressed carcass of a hen. Alveolar Sarcoma. 1. Tumors of shoulder region. 2. Tumors of the forearm. 3. Tumors of the dorsal region. 4. Tumors of the sides. ; Autopsy.—As shown in Fig. 1, the back and to a less extent the sides of the bird were studded with subcutaneous tumors; ~ 2 tumors on the pleural or inner wall of the thorax of the left side measured 4 mm. each in diameter. All the balance of the tumors were on the superficial portion of the body of the hen. One tumor near the shoulder of each wing measured 20 x 13 x 10 mm.; 2 in the region of the right forearm measured 7 mm, in CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 193 diameter ; one in the region of the left forearm measured 12x12x6 mm. in a mass coalescing all along the dorsal portion from the level of the shoulder region to and involving the caudal region. This mass varied in thickness, being 12 mm. in the thickest por- tion. In the widest portion the tumorous mass was 6 em. broad. The entire length of the mass was 18 cm. FIGURE 2. Photomicrograph of a Spindle Celled Alveolar Sarcoma. 1. Adult con- nective tissue forming alveolar wall. 2. Spindle cells cut transversely. 3. Spindle cells cut longitudionally. P There are no lesions of the internal organs. The tumors are closely associated with the skin with the exception of the two tumors in the left pleural region. On the sides of the carcass there are about 40 tumors varying in size up to 6 mm. in diameter. These tumors of the sides and upper tibial region were smaller and consequently considered younger tumors than those of the dorsal region. The tumors of the dorsal region are considered the primary tumors; those of the sides spreading by metastases while the primary tumor has also apparently spread by contiguity of tissue. There were no tumors involving the lower tibial region, the shanks or the feet, nor were there any tumors involving the head and neck. A few tumors varying from 3 to 4 mm. in diameter involved the lower chest region. The tumors cut rather hard under the knife, indicating con- siderable of connective tissue. Anatomical Diagnosis.—Malignant tumor. 5 Microscopical Study.—Specimens from three of the tumors; one from the shoulder, one from the middle of the back, and one 194 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS from the caudal region were saved for microscopic study. The. specimens were hardened in 10 per cent. solution of formalin, dehydrated in alcohol; then alcohol and ether equal parts and embedded in parlodion and sectioned to 15 mm. in thickness. These sections were then stained in hematoxylon and eosin and ¢larified in oil of cedar, and mounted in natural balsam. The section shows adult type connective tissue extending — in various directions and in bundles making alveoli. These alveoli are filled with embryonic type spindle cells. In figure 2 will be seen at 1, the spindle cells, at 2 the spindle cells cut diagonally, at 3, the spindle cells cut transversely, and the adult connective tissue forming walls or alveoli in which the nests of cells are located. Looking at the nuclei from the side view or longitudinal view of the cell they are noted to be about twice as long as broad with rounded ends and rather large in size. In the cells cut transversely at the nuclear level the nucleus appears round. The tumors are surrounded with adipose tissue. The skin and subcutaneous tissues of the fowl is one of the normal storehouses of fat in the fowl. These cells are ‘more of the embryonic rather than of the adult type of cells. The cells are tightly or closely packed in the alveoli. Microscopie Diagnosis.—Spindle celled alveolar sarcoma. These tumors have sprung from the subcutaneous connective tissue. INVESTIGATION OF THE DEATH OF CHICKS. COCCIDIAN HEPATITIS. By B. F. Kaupp, Pathologist, N. C. Experiment Station, W. Raleigh, N. C. HISTORY. A flock of baby chicks about 3 weeks old are dying of so called sleeping sickness. The chicks mope about, do not eat, sit ‘“hunched up”’ and sleep till they die. They are drowsy and stupid. They always die. AUTOPSY. In some of the chicks at autopsy there are no lesions. One chick showed necrotic-appearing areas of the liver. These areas were about one-fourth inch in diameter. Specimens were saved for microscopic study. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 195 Photomicrograph of a section of the liver showing the coccidia indicated by the arrows. Note the double limiting membranes. MICROSCOPIC STUDY. In a study of sections, hardened in formaldehyde and im- bedded in paraloid and stained with hematoxylon-eosin, zones around the necrotic areas showed active congestion, in a zone closer to the central area cells were in various stages of cloudy swelling, some nuclei showing picnosis, and in still closer zones the nuclei were scarcely visible and in fact were in a state of lysis. Finally the central mass was in a state of dead and dis- integrating cells. The central areas were packed with oval double limiting membrane bodies and these have pushed their way more or less into and between columns of hepatic cells in the outer affected area. These cells are coccidia and the condi- tion is that of coccidian hepatitis. MICROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS. Coccidian hepatitis. Dr. Claude Sevy has resigned his position with the Bureau of Animal Industry, where he was engaged in the work of Tick Eradication in Louisiana with headquarters at Morgan City, and has gone to Richfield, Utah, to engage in the sheep raising industry. Dr. W. B. Van Cleave has entered practice at Chrisman, Ill. ABSTRACTS. PRESENCE OF AN ANTERIOR JUGULAR VEIN IN THE ‘HORSE ACCOMPANIED BY JUGULO-CAROTID ANEURYSMAL ANASTOMOSIS. C. BRESSOU, Rec. Med. Vet. Vol. XCV., No. 8. 30th April 1919. Bull. Soc. Centr. Med. Vet. 3rd April 1919. Pp. 147-154. 2 Figures. In a horse in which the right and left jugular veins were present and normal, a large vein was discovered ventral to the trachea, covered and completely surrounded by the sterno- hyoid muscles. The accessory vessel took origin by two roots; one sprang from the external maxillary vein, and the other was a continuation of the sublingual vein. The vessel thus formed was connected by transverse anastomosis with the left jugular vein in the upper and lower fourths of the neck, and at the entrance to the chest it finally joined the left jugular. The thyroid artery or the left side of the neck was repre- sented by several vessels, twe of which approached a slight dilatation of the supernumerary vein, and divided into very fine, flexuous arterioles. These opened into the vein and thus established an anastomotic relationship between the arterial and venous systems. The author is of opinion that the accessory vein must be regarded as an anterior jugular, such as is present in the human subject.—Vet. Rev. OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE HORSE IN THE BELGIAN CONGO. R. VAN SACEGHEM, Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. Vol. XII., No. 5. May 1919. Pp. 238-248. The author contends that rickets, osteomalacia, and osteoporo- sis arise from identical causes. He suggests, therefore, that there should be a common generic name to indicate all three condi- tions, and thinks that the term ‘‘osseous cachexia’’ is suitable. At the same time, there is no reason why the different manifesta- tions of the affection should not be indicated. Thus, osseous cachexia of the young is ‘‘rickets;’’ osseous cachexia of the adult ABSTRACTS 197 ? is generally known as ‘‘osteomalacia;’’ while osseous cachexia of equines bears the distinctive name of ‘‘osteoporosis.’’ Osteoporosis of equines is very common in the Belgian Congo, and van Saceghem has sought for a cause in the amount of calcium content in soil and water. In those districts where the natural waters hold little or no calcium in solution (Lamba, Kitobola, Nyangwe) osteoporosis occurs; while it never appears in those regions where the natural waters contain calcium (Zambi). The author, therefore, concludes that osteoporosis in the Congo is due to lack of calecium.—Vet. Rev. OBSERVATIONS WITH REGARD TO THE ETIOLOGY OF JOINT-ILL IN FOALS. Str JNO. M’FADYEAN AND J. T. EDWARDS, Journ. Comp. Path. and Therap. Vol. XXXII, No. 1. March 1919. Pp. 42-71. The bacteriological findings in thirty-seven cases of joint- ill are given. The routine method employed was the withdrawal of part of the liquid from the joint cavity by means of a sterile pipette, and the use of the fluid so obtained for making films for microscopic examination and to serve as seed material for cultures. The joint was subsequently opened with boiled in- struments. Four groups of organisms were discovered, namely, streptococci, Bacillus nephritidis equi, Bacillus abortivo-equinus, and coliform bacilli. In twenty of the thirty-seven cases streptococci were the cause of the lesions. The morphology, staining reactions, cap- sule formation, cultural characters, sugar fermentation tests, agglutination tests, hemolytic properties, and pathogenicity, it was impossible to find any important differences among the joint-ill strains of streptococci, or between them and other streptococci isolated from cases of pneumonia, pleurisy or strangles in horses. So far as the authors are aware, Bacillus nephritidis equi has not previously been recognized as one of ‘ the causes of pyemia and joint-ill in foals, or indeed described as occurring elsewhere than in South Africa. This organism was apparently the sole cause of disease in four cases, and it was present in three others in association with other diplococci or coliform bacilli. 198 ABSTRACTS Bacillus abortivo-equinus was the cause of disease in two of the thirty-seven cases. Bacillus coli communis, or organisms closely resembling it, were cultivated from joints usually in association with other bacteria, which were probably responsible for the lesions. But in four cases it seems probable that the bacilli were actually the cause of the disease. In morphology and cultural characters these strains resemble the colon bacillus, but cross agglutination tests indicated that they differ from a typical strain of B. colt supplied by the Lister Institute. Vet. Rev. ; OSSEOUS MELANOSIS. Petit described this condition to the Central Society of Vet- erinary Medicine in 1914. If, in post-mortem examinations, the skeletal system is well examined, it is evident that osseous melanosis, microscopically recognizable, should not be consid- ered as a rarity. The blood transports into the medulla, as into all other parts, not only melanin, but also sarcomatous cells which have become separated from their original seat, and which _proliferate and develop in the ordinary fashion, but have less destructive tendencies towards the bony tissues than those shown by ordinary metastatic sarcomatous growths. Osseous melanosis therefore does not consist exclusively in a pigmentary infiltra- tion of the medulla, realized up to a certain point by the deten- tion and accumulation of fine melanie granules, as might be thought from the aspect of certain parts of the lesions. The process is frequently an active one in the sense that it is united with the transportation by the blood into the spongy cavities of the bone of the neoplasmic cells themselves. Vertebral Melanosis. In the horse, it is not rare to find the presence of voluminous sub-dorsal melanie tumours, or sub- lumbar ones, which may be recognized during life by rectal exploration. These tumours frequently spread into the rachidian canal, which they fill to a certain extent, englobing the nervous roots and more or less repulsing the duramater, which is not easily penetrated. This does, however, occur; and then the spinal ° cord itself is directly and dangerously englobed by the tumour. Numerous cases of paraplegia, occasioned by a lesion of this nature, have been observed in the horse. ABSTRACTS 199 At the same time as this propagation of the tumour into the rachidian canal, the vertebre adjacent to the melanoma and englobed by it also become pigmented. This is not so much from contiguity of the tissues as from the deposition of either pigment or sarcomatous cells in the osseous tissue by means of the nutri- tive vessels. In costal melanosis distinet types of invasion may be observed. Sometimes the pleura is covered with disseminated sarcomatous nodules, some small and others considerable, principally dis- tributed opposite the intercostal spaces. These tumours may be black or grey, and are frequently conglomerated. The ribs are usually all invaded; and at certain points the pigmentary infil- tration appears as clearly through the pleura as when seen in transverse section. —( Revista de Higiene y Sanidad Veterinaria). W. R. C. in Vet. Rec.’ NAMES OF ONTARIO GRADUATES WANTED FOR ROLL OF HONOR. Principal McGilvray informs THE JouRNAL that the Ontario Veterinary College is arranging for a Roll of Honor for its graduates who served during the late war in the Imperial, Canadian and American Veterinary Corps. A fairly complete list of those who served with the Imperial and Canadian forces has been secured, but there were, doubtless, a large number of the college graduates who were members of the American Vet- erinary Corps, and the Ontario Veterinary College would be pleased to include their names in the College Roll of Honor if it were possible to obtain them. Consequently those desirous of having their names included in the Roll of Honor should send the same direct to the college in Toronto. | Dr. MecGilvray further informs THE JouRNAL that it is the intention of the college to have a memorial tablet specially designed to commemorate the services rendered by members of the faculty, graduates and undergraduates, the design for which will be The Flanders Cross, a reproduction of which will likely be seen in a Jater issue of THE JOURNAL. | Dr. D. ©. Beaver, formerly of Detroit, Mich., has accepted a position with the department of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Minnesota. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE ARMY, WAHINGTON, D. C. OFFICERS, VETERINARY CORPS, UNITED STATES ARMY. On Duty September 11, October 11, 1919 1919 Colonel sc05s) ks ks dicks Ghat eres Biakabc ana sete! ele: a: iets ete ie 0 : 0 Iieutenant/ Colonels. fi Pe i ie Ua a be Stee 5 5 MA IOTS ay crn testes Sas antes pucliehe «04 o) a: pysrel ete ei Sieneea 47 43 CERI | ies is cile sane ols BB Sretb tees. oe 01d es otere Aiea tR eae 90 77 Furst: \Tideutenants Peeve viene ces ok ek cb: 5le bey adamene Westone 187 167 Second 25 36 | Controls received virus only. . . ©; Cc Died, hog cholera, 24 days 26 39 | Controls received virus only. . . Cc Cc Died, hog cholera, 19 days 27 47 | Controls received virus only... Cc Cc Died, hog cholera, 11 days 28 92 |Controls received virus only. . . G & Died, hog cholera, 11 days All hogs received 2 mils. of standard hog cholera virus. *Prepared from mechanically defibrinated blood by addition of 1 per cent navy bean extract and J per cent sodium chloride, followed by centrifugation. Actual serum recovered 72 per cent, by volume, of de‘Sibrinated blood; 10 per cent of a 5 per cent phenol solution was added as a preservative. tIn case of groups receiving precipitates, dose and rate per lb. are based upon amount of clear serum from which precipitate was derived. In view of the fact that the doses in these tests still protected, although carried down very low, it seemed quite conclusively 298 EDWARD RECORDS proven that practically all the antibodies present in the original serum must have been recovered by the single precipitation. REPRECIPITATION. In one instance a mixture made up of twenty-one different precipitates of various percentage fractions and one lot of clear serum was made and the whole mixture precipitated by the addition of 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate. The resulting precipitate was then brought into solution and tested for po- tency. As nearly as could be calculated in the case of such a complicated mixture, the final product contained nearly all the protective properties present in the serum from which the various portions of the mixture were originally derived. It is interesting to note, however, that this reprecipitation and solu- tion did not appear to make the final product any more readily filterable. The general difficulties in connection with this problem will be discussed later. DIALYSIS OF PRECIPITATES. No extensive work was done along the lines of dialysis of precipitates, market conditions being such that the obtaining of a supply of suitable paper was apparently impossible at the time this work was being carried on. Enough work was done, however, to indicate that these precipitates could be rendered ammonium sulphate-free by dialysis without material loss of antibodies. It was also found by experience that solutions made up from precipitates from which the free fluid had been removed by pressure between absorbent pads did not contain enough am- monium sulphate or sodium chloride to produce any local or general disturbance when administered to swine subcutaneously or intramuscularly; so that no material advantage was to be © gained by dialysis. CONCENTRATION AND FILTERABILITY OF FINISHED PRODUCT. The two outstanding advantages which might be obtained by a process such as we have discussed would apparently be a con- — centrated product admitting of small dosage and complete sterili- zation and clarification. Our experiments, however, did not yield much encouragement as to the Doeeevtey of a combination of these two features. ‘Great! concentration of finished product as compared to the Siginal serum is perfectly feasible. The precipitates obtained >" PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION. OF HOG CHOLERA SERUM 299 by a single precipitation with 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate can be readily brought into what appears to be complete solution in normal saline solution or distilled water, so that the solution is only one fourth the volume of the original serum. Once passed through a bacteria-retaining filter, the final product is a beautiful, clear, palely opalescent fluid, with no marked tendency to deteriorate by clouding or precipitation during storage, and apparently fully potent. However, the large mass of precipitate resulting from the addition of the 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate required to insure the gathering of all the antibodies in a single precipitation, even when dis- solved in a volume of water or normal saline solution equal to the original serum, produces an extremely viscid, opaque, gray liquid. Even after centrifugation or several passages through paper or asbestos filters, the passage of this liquid through a bacteria-retaining filter candle was not possible in practical amounts, the filter-choking substance evidently being in true solution or so finely suspended as not to be removable by such preliminary treatment. No attempt at chemical clarification of the final solutions before filtration was made, and there may still be possibilities along this line, or perhaps some modification or refinement of the precipitation method might overcome the difficulties of apa filtration. Reichel’s* report, in fact, indicates that with the sence more elaborate methods of precipitation used by him, passage of the finished product through bacteria-retaining filters pre- sented no great difficulty. An interesting circumstance was noted in connection with the practical failure of the final filtrations—namely, that cultural tests showed many of the solutions to be sterile in spite of thé fact that no precautions in excess of what might be considered ordinary household cleanliness had been taken at any time during the process against contamination, a final filtration having been counted on for sterilization. This indicated that the final precipitate solutions with the usual preservative added had marked bactericidal powers tending to self-sterilization. Such solutions, however, when actually planted with a culture of B. subtilis rich in spores yielding a luxuriant growth after six months, even though phenol was present in excess of 1 per cent, thus showing that self-sterilization of these solutions could not 300 EDWARD RECORDS © be relied upon in actual practice cag they were exposed to general contamination. THE UTILIZATION OF DEFECTIVE SERUM. In certain circumstances the use of the simple method de- scribed—namely, a single precipitation with 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate and the solution of the resulting precipitate —might be of value in utilizing defective anti-hog cholera serum. The great reduction in bulk possible by this method might permit of the utilization of antiserum of low potency but in good physi- eal condition, though the expense involved for chemicals and labor would probably be as great as that for the production of an equal number of protective units in additional lots of serum. The persistent production, however, of serum of low potency in spite of every effort to the contrary is not now a factor en- countered in the production of anti-hog cholera serum, as it still is in the case of some other antisera where the horse is used as the producing animal, especially with antigens not actually pathogenic for equines in the true sense of the word. We made one unsuccessful effort to salvage a lot of ordinary defibrinated whole blood hog cholera serum which was highly potent at the time of production, but on removal from cold storage four months later was found spoiled, some stock bottles being badly decomposed and others solidly coagulated. The trouble had arisen from insufficient agitation at the time the preservative was added to the whole lot in bulk before placing in stock bottles. This solid and liquid material was emulsified, strained, the solid residue leached with water and again strained, and this process repeated several times until nearly the whole was brought into a bulky, watery solution which was precipitated by the addition of 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate, a precipitate of satisfactory bulk and consistency being obtained. This precipi- tate, however, when tested for potency against hog cholera virus showed very little protective value compared to that present in the original serum represented. It is presumed that the anti- bodies were either destroyed by decomposition or so entangled in the solid residues as not to be removed by the leaching process, or both. PRACTICAL VALUE OF THE PROCESS. There would seem to be several very good reasons why anti- hog cholera globulins prepared along the general lines described PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF HOG CHOLERA SERUM 301 in this paper are of little practical value for actual use in the control of hog cholera. These reasons will be briefly mentioned. Owing to the generally low unit value of swine, any product used to protect them against hog cholera must be relatively in- expensive; and while no attempt has been made to keep detailed cost records during this work it is obvious that the outlay for chemicals, apparatus, fuel and labor needed to carry out a process of this sort is quite heavy. An actual demand for such a refined product probably does not exist, as the simple, clear anti-hog cholera serum which would be the raw material used in this process is itself an almost perfect agent of its kind. The relatively large dose used is no real drawback, owing to the fact that it is derived from and used entirely upon swine and is therefore a strictly homologous serum not capable of producing any objectionable phenomena such as anaphylactic shock, serum sickness, etc. At the present time clear, sterile anti-hog cholera serum is being produced commer- cially and sold at a price little, if any, in excess of that charged for the old type of defibrinated blood hog cholera serum and appears to be successfully meeting all requirements for the economical control of hog cholera; so that no increase in the cost of such work is warranted. CONCLUSIONS. 1. The recovery of practically the entire antibody content of anti-hog cholera serum in a single precipitation by the addi- tion of 55 per cent of ammonium sulphate is apparently uni- formly accomplished. 2. The subsequent final clarification and sterilization of such precipitates in solution by passage through a bacteria-retaining filter is exceedingly difficult and perhaps impracticable, though the anti-body content is not apparently lowered by such filtra- tion when it is accomplished. 3. The commercial production of such a globulin product is probably not justified at this time owing to the high cost as compared to the very satisfactory sterile, clear anti-hog cholera serum now on the market at a reasonable price. REFERENCES. 1. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 17, No. 2, Sept. 1915, p. 339. 302 JNO. R. MOHLER 2. Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 19, No. 3, Sept. 1916, p. 482. 3. Report of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting, United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, p. 127. 4. Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. 6, No. 9, May 29, 1916. d. The Biochemic Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1916. FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION AS A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH.* JOHN R. MOHLER, Chief, Bureau of’ Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is common knowledge that the Federal Government main- tains, through the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, a system of meat inspection, but comparatively few persons are familiar with its scope or the manner in which it protects public health. The work is scientifie and technical and gives consumers comfortable assurance that the inspected products they buy are healthful and wholesome. The inspection proceeds by logical steps, commencing with the careful ante-mortem examination of the animal, continuing with the inspection of the carcass while being dressed, the supervision of all meats, used for curing, pickling, smoking, cooking, or canning, and finally with the proper, honest labeling of all meat or meat products. MORE THAN SEVENTY MILLION ANIMALS INSPECTED LAST YEAR. The extent of the Federal meat inspection service is definitely shown by the number of cattle, sheep, goats and swine slaughter- ed under Federal inspection. For a number of years the totals have approached 60,000,000 annually, or nearly two-thirds of all such animals slaughtered for food in the United States in the same periods. Figures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, show a remarkable increase over previous. years. Altogether more than 70,000,000 animals were slaughtered under Federal inspection. This inspection included in round numbers: Cattle, 11,241,000; calves 3,674,000; sheep 11,268,000 goats 125,000; * Presented at meeting of American Public Health Association, New Orleans, October 30, 1919. — a. = FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH 303 and swine 44,398,000. The statement that so many animals were inspected means that all were examined while alive and that the organs and different parts of each animal were inspected at the time of slaughter to determine their fitness for food. However, this double inspection, complete and important as it is, is but the first of several steps in the Federal system. The subsequent handlings—processing, preparation, storage and labeling—are given supervision, and the meats are reinspected as often as may be necessary. The federal system has been aptly described as extending ‘‘from the hoof to the can’’ or ‘‘from the live stock pen to the finished meat or product in the labeled package ready for shipment to the consumer.’’ | WIDE RANGE IN INSPECTORS’ DUTIES. The scope and purpose of federal meat inspection are to place the federal mark of approval upon all meats and products which competent examination shows to be sound, healthful and fit for food, and to condemn and destroy those which are found to be dangerous, unsound or otherwise unfit for such use. The in- spection also includes supervision of the establishments with respect to. sanitation, construction, and suitable methods of handling all meat and their products. Furthermore, the con- sumer of meats is protected against the use of harmful dyes and chemicals, and against false or misleading names or statements on labels. In short, the meat inspection service seeks to protect the public health and the rights of consumers, and to do this without infringing upon the just rights of the producer, and ‘without waste of the nation’s meat-food supply. Federal meat inspection is being maintained at 825 establish- ments in 230 cities. These figures undergo some increase or decrease from time to time, but they represent a reasonably permanent average. Stated in round numbers about 2,600 in- spectors are regularly employed. Of this number about 800 are ‘graduate veterinarians; the remainder are lay inspectors, who, through experience and training, acquire the technical knowledge and skill necessary to a proper performance of their duties. The appointing of inspectors is controlled by and is in accordance with the requirements of the United States Civil Service Com- mission, Sometimes the question is asked why federal meat inspection is not made to cover every slaughter house and meat-preparing 304 JNO. R. MOHLER plant in the United States instead of a limited number. The answer is that the Federal Meat Inspection Act is based on the commerce clause of the constitution, which restricts the applica- tion of federal inspection to establishments engaged in interstate or foreign trade and to meats and products which are to be sold or shipped as articles of interstate or foreign commerce. The inspection cannot be extended to those establishments which con- — fine their sales and shipments to the state in which located. However, when federal inspection is inaugurated at an establish- ment it is maintained there in respect to the whole establishment and applies to all animals slaughtered, and to all products pre- pared therein. This is necessary to the completeness of the inspection and to a proper enforcement of the regulations. The result is that very great amounts of meats not shipped or sold in either interstate or foreign commerce, but consumed locally, are, nevertheless, inspected and bear the marks of federal in- spection. The inspection has been extended as far as contemplated and permitted by the law and as far as has been possible with the funds provided by Congress for its maintenance. If the entire meat food supply of the country is to be properly inspected, it will devolve upon the several states or municipalities to establish and maintain an adequate inspection to cover the field to which federal inspection cannot be extended. Many of our cities do maintain such an inspection. The great need of an efficient meat inspection is shown by the number of animals and the quantities of meats and products which are condemned yearly on account of disease, unsoundness, or other condition of unfitness, and thereby excluded from the food supply. The complete figures for all classes of animals and the various reasons for condemnation involve considerable detail. However, a general statement regarding them should serve the present purpose. For instance, on the post-mortem inspection alone there was condemned in the fiscal year 1919 a total of _ 212,245 cattle, sheep, swine and goats; while organs and parts of carcasses condemned on account of localized disease run into the hundreds of thousands. TUBERCULOSIS AND HOG CHOLERA CAUSE MOST CONDEMNATIONS. e Tuberculosis in cattle and tuberculosis and cholera in swine were responsible for more condemnations than all other diseases FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH 305 and causes combined. In addition to the condemnations on the post-mortem inspection, it was necessary to condemn in that year a total of more than 17,000,000 pounds of meats and products on account of their having become tainted, rancid, unclean, or otherwise unwholesome in the course of shipment, processing, preparation, or storage. The condemnations aggregate an enor- mous amount of material; fortunately, however, it represents but a relatively small part of the total of animals and meats inspected. By some the condemnations might be regarded as evidence that disease prevails to an unusual degree in American live stock, or that on account of undue strictness the inspection is wasteful of potentially good food. Neither of these deductions is in accord with the facts. Disease is less prevalent in the live stock of the United States than in the various European countries. As regards the inspection it must be maintained in the interest of the public health with a due measure of strictness. Necessarily this entails loss, but such loss can hot be called waste. Moreover, the basic rules and regulations by which condemnations on the post-mortem inspection are determined were prepared with great care by competent officials, and then were submitted to an inde- pendent committee, composed of scientists and hygienists of the highest reputation, for consideration, and received that com- mittee’s approval. INSPECTION BEFORE SLAUGHTER. The first examination is the ante-mortem inspection, or inspec- tion of the animals prior to slaughter. They are scrutinized while at rest in the pens or as they are moved from the scales. If the condition of an animal is such as to cause the inspector to suspect that it is diseased or affected by any condition which will eause its condemnation in whole or in part on the post-mortem inspection, the animal is set apart and marked ‘‘U. S. Suspect”’ by means of a serially numbered metal tag affixed to the ear. Such animals are held for separate slaughter and for an especial- ly careful post-mortem examination. The diseases and conditions for which animals are most frequently so tagged are cholera, actinomycosis, emaciation, advanced pregnancy, and severe or excessive injuries. Animals which show symptoms of rabies, tetanus, milk fever, railroad sickness, and hogs which manifestly are sick with cholera are condemned and their carcasses destroyed without admission to the slaughter room. Such animals are 306 JNO. R. MOHLER marked by the inspector with a numbered metal tng bearing the legend ‘‘U. S. Condemned.”’ . POST-MORTEM INSPECTION INCLUDES EXAMINATION OF ORGANS. The post-mortem or slaughter inspection is the most important of the several inspection procedures because it affords greater opportunity to discover the existence of most diseases. This ealls for careful examination throughout. Accordingly, the in- spectors first examine those glands, organs or parts in which disease most frequently ocecurs.. For instance, in both hogs and cattle certain of the lymph glands of the neck usually are the first to show evidence of tuberculosis; therefore, those glands in every animal are cut and carefully viewed. The cheek and heart muscles of cattle are the seats where the beef measle, which produces tape worm in man, first appears. Accordingly, these parts are sliced in every instance so that no cow or steer affected with measles shall escape. These particular procedures are cited simply to indicate the pains taken to make the post-mortem inspection a thorough one. All the organs, as well as the carcass, are covered by this examination. If, on the completion of this inspection, the meat is found to be sound and fit for food the carcass is passed, and marked ‘‘U. S. Inspected and Passed’’ with the official number of the establishment at which it was slaugh- tered. The brand used for thus marking the carcasses is circular with the above legend in abbreviated form, and is stamped with a purple ink on the principal parts of the carcass. The ink is absolutely harmless. — ALL CONDEMNED MEAT DESTROYED IN GOVERN- MENT-SEALED TANKS. If an animal is affected with disease or other objectionable condition, whether it be slight, extensive, local or general, the inspectors mark it with a serially numbered U. S. Retained tag. Carcasses and parts so marked are officially in the custody of the inspector and are transferred to what is designated the final inspection room or place, where all the facilities necessary for the thorough examination of such carcasses are provided. The final inspection and disposition of retained carcasses and parts is a very important duty; therefore, only those veterinary in- spectors who are the most experienced in the work are assigned to its performanve. If the final inspection shows the meat to be FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH 307 unfit for food, the carcass and the parts are condemned and plainly marked ‘‘U. S. Condemned’’ by means of a large metal brand. All condemned meats and products remain in the custody of the inspectors and are destroyed under Bureau supervision by conversion into fertilizer and grease in government-sealed rendering tanks. If the condition for which the carcass is con- demned is found to be local the affected parts are condemned and the remainder of the carcass is passed. LABELS MUST BE APPROVED. The products inspection, as it is termed, covers the inspection and reinspection of meats and products from the time of slaugh- ter through the succeeding processes of preparation and storage, including supervision of all operations to insure the sanitary handling of all edible materials. This supervision also controls the addition of spices, curing agents and other ingredients to products. None but those permitted under the regulations may be added. In order to see that the regulations are strictly ob- served a system of frequently collecting samples without notifica- tion to the establishment for laboratory examination is main- tained. The products inspection also includes supervision of the branding and labeling of meats and products. The use of labels bearing false or misleading names or statements is prohibited; in fact, only those labels which have first been submitted to the Bureau and approved by it, may be used. The contents of the package must conform to the statements on the label. The sanitary requirements prescribed and enforced under the meat inspection regulations constitute a highly important part of the federal system. The Meat Inspection Act confers upon the Secretary of Agriculture authority to prescribe and enforce such regulations at all establishments at which inspection is main- tained. The more important of these requirements are adequate and proper toilet and lavatory and dressing room accommoda- tions, and also smooth and impervious surfaces for operating rooms and equipment. Other requirements include good light, © adequate ventilation, modern plumbing, efficient drainage, com- plete separation of rooms in which edible products are pre- pared from those in which inedible materials are handled, and pure water with ample facilities for its distribution. The requirements enumerated indicate the character of the sanitary regulations. Their purpose is to insure strict cleanliness in the preparation and handling of meats and meat food products, and 308 JNO. R. MOHLER for the maintenance of clean and wholesome conditions in and about the establishment. Since the present meat inspection act became effective the establishments in the United States at which federal meat inspection is maintained have expended in the aggregate many millions of dollars in order to conform to the standard set by the regulations. It has been money well spent. The difference between a modern, sanitary plant operating under inspection and the country type of slaughter house operating without inspection of any kind is too marked for description. It needs to be seen to be adequately and properly appreciated. The regulations governing sanitation were framed on progres- sive lines, so that they not only serve the present needs, but also provide for the attainment of still better standards for the future. When new plants are to be erected or old ones reconstructed it is aimed to have the best standards followed; accordingly, it is required that the plans and specifications for the same be sub- mitted to the Bureau for examination and approval. IMPORTANT FACTOR IN FOREIGN TRADE. While federal meat inspection is primarily a service in hygiene and sanitation, it occupies, nevertheless, an important position in our trade economics, and is the agency through which a very important part of our export commerce has been main- tained. Without its certificate of inspection, the export trade in meats and meat food products would be seriously impaired. The amount of beef, pork and mutton certified for export in the fiscal year 1918 exceeded a total of 2,500,000,000 pounds, while the certification for the fiscal year 1919 will approximate 3,400,- 000,000 pounds. The figures do not include the shipments made to the American expeditionary forces in France. Exports have been tremendously stimulated by the war. However, under normal conditions the United States imports as well as exports great quantities of meats. All the imported meats are subjected to an adequate inspection under the federal system. An economic importance possessed by federal meat inspection, but to which only casual reference can be made at this time, is the relation of its post-mortem records to the locating of terri- tories in which food animal diseases prevail to an unusual extent, and the eradication of which is to be attempted. A further point in regard to the economic value of federal meat inspection is the moderate cost at which it is maintained. The first aim is to make the service efficiently fulfill the purpose FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION A SAFEGUARD TO PUBLIC HEALTH 309 for which it is intended; the second, to administer it with due _ regard to economy. In computing unit cost of maintenance the federal system has the advantage of a very large volume of operations, and it will be gratifying to the tax-payer to learn that largely owing to this advantage the service is maintained at a cost of less than six cents for each animal inspected. This sum covers the expense of all the inspections from that of the live animal to the final examination of the finished products. STUDY OF LOCAL INSPECTION. Lately the Bureau has completed a survery of municipal and state meat inspection. About one-third of the meat consumed in the United States is slaughtered and sold within state boun- daries and therefore is not subject to federal inspection. This is a condition which local authorities must handle. The results of the survey include some highly interesting facts and figures, and to make them available to members of thé Association I have requested our Mr. Roberts to furnish the Association with a copy of the findings. You will learn that the majority of cities have no inspection of their meats. The reasons for the absence of local supervision in many cities include lack of funds and lack of sufficient interest. Apparently health considerations alone have failed to rouse cities to the importance of having local meat establishments inspected. It is not within my authority to say what should be done, but this much is certain, the inspection is needed as the facts show and as all who are familiar with average slaughter house conditions will quickly admit. Their interest in health alone fails to get results, possibly some additional fact may be found and used as means of obtaining and holding the necessary support. Municipal and state meat inspection is a field where a great deal of constructive work remains to be done. It is paramount for health reasons and the health side appeals to many people. Yet the economic side may appeal to a great many more. This, briefly, is the thought I want to leave with you. Human welfare is the common cause we are serving. Methods of livelihood have produced what are commonly called ‘‘industrial classes’’ and also terms like ‘‘product,’’ ‘‘consumer,’’ and ‘‘distributor.’’ Each group has its problems in which it is deeply interested and many of which are vital to human happiness. In attempting to earry certain lines of scientific work before the public we may 310 M. C. HALL wisely study the aims of these groups, thus meeting with co- operation which may simplify many a knotty problem and hasten the successful solution of others. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS. VI. TESTS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF ANTHEL- MINTICS IN ENTERIC-COATED SOFT GELATINE (SOLUBLE ELASTIC) CAPSULES. MAuvRICE C. Hau, Ph. D., D. V. M., ; i Parasitologist, Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis and Co., Detroit, Mich.* Anthelminties intended to remove worms from the small intes- tine must first pass the stomach, and we know that a certain amount of the anthelmintic is absorbed by the stomach, thereby adding to the systemic toxic effects, in addition to diminishing the amount of anthelmintic available against the worms in the small intestine. Furthermore, the anthelmintic undergoes dilu- tion by the fiuids and ingesta in the stomach, which dilution may reach a point where it will perceptibly diminish the efficacy of the drug and may render it entirely ineffective. To avoid the above objectionable effects from the passage of anthelmintics through the stomach, it would appear to be the logical thing to enclose the drug in an enteric coat, so that the drug would be released in the intestine, thereby avoiding absorp- tion and dilution in the stomach. Im actual practice, enteric coats are not entirely satisfactory affairs. A number of sub- stances which are comparatively insoluble in the acid gastric juice are used, such as tale-shellac, phenyl salicylate, keratin, and formalin-hardened gelatine, but there are objections of one sort and another to these. In our experience, tale-shellac coatings will open in the stomach at times or fail to open in the upper portion of the small intestine at times, and the formalin-hardened gelatine gets progressively harder with age and ultimately fails to open at all, passing the entire digestive tract. Tests of soft capsules containing oil of chenopodium and coated with the tale-shellac preparation gave entirely satisfactory anthelmintic results. The dose used was that given by the writer (Hall, 1917) in a previous paper—5 minims for dogs weighing 10 pounds or less, 10 minims for dogs eer 10 to 20 pounds, * Resigned March 27, 1919. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 311 15 minims to dogs weighing 20 to 30 pounds, and 20 minims to dogs weighing over 30 pounds. In one or two instances where dogs weighed close to the upper limit of the 10-pound range given here, the additional 5 minims of the range above was given. The tests are given in the following table: Worms passed. Postmortem. e| e| ¢ | el e| 2] 3 ‘ g ui a a & | w 5 8 oe = 43 eg = |e] El é |E/ BI] EE] 288 Bot Bopeebe pel Sls pol alal sivas a) A St oR A -|@ielel-4 |< | mie] & a33 65 14° 20 v 2 0 0 0 4th | o| 0 0 0 | 100 2 7 138 */ 20-ve 5 0 0 0 6th | 0] 0 0 0 | 100 73 | . 16 20 + 0 0 0 0 4th | 0] 0 | 10 0 | aya 74 6 10 3 0 o| 0 4th 0 | 0 0 | 50 | 100 75 11 15 2 0 0} 0 4th o]| 0 0 8 | 100 76 AB fy O10 3 0 0 | 0 4th 0 1 18 his 100 77 10 15 22 0 1 0 4th On es Me Me 100 78 12 15 6 0 et 40: b> * Sth 0] 0 0 | 65 | 100 79 9 15. Vv 5 0 0 | 0 4th 0 0 0 | 22 | 100 80 7 10 6 0 0 0 4th 0 0 4/14 | 100 81 | 10 15 Hj'o} 0} oO} 4th | 0) of 0} 0} 100 82 10 15 | 108 4 0 | 0 4th | 0 |) 5 | o| 0} 100 84 8 10 | a 0 | 0 | 0 SR a Pe 7 0 | yy 86 15 20 'v | 2|°0 | 0 | O| 9th | 0. | 0 | 0:| 0 | 100 91 7 10 | 4 0 0 0 6th 0 o| O| 15 | 100 92 10 15 | 18 | 0 0 | 0 | 8th 0 0 | ty Me) 100 v vomited capsules. * received 45 mils castor oil. There are 16 dogs in the above experiment. The weight is given in kilos (1 kilo — 2.2 pounds). The dose is given in minims, and in all cases was followed immediately by 30 mils of castor oil, except in the case of Dog No. 72, where it was preceded by 15 mils of castor oil and followed by 30 mils additional, 15 minutes after giving the capsules. The 4 dogs marked v vomited their capsules, opened, which indicates that these cap- sules may open in the stomach at times, though the moistened capsule may have opened in the dog’s esophagus during vomition or may have been broken by the teeth at this time; the anthel- mintic efficacy was not noticeably impaired by the opening of the capsules, apparently. The dogs averaged a little less than 10 kilos in weight; Hall and Wigdor (1918) have shown that 10 kilos is about the average weight for dogs. They received an average dose of a little less than 18 minims,. or a little more than 1 mil, which is close to the therapeutic dose of 0.1 mil per kilo which the writer (Hall, 1917) has established experimentally. Two dogs were not infested with ascarids, which is taken by the $12 M. C. HALL writer as the test worm for this anthelmintic. The 14 infested dogs had a total of 182 ascarids, all of which were removed, giv- ing an efficacy of 100 percent. Of a total. of 10 hookworms, 4 were removed, or 40 percent. Of a total of 63 whipworms, only 1 was removed, a total of less than 2 percent. Of 252 tape- worms, none were removed, an efficacy of 0 percent. A series of tests were made with soft capsules containing 5 minims of oil of chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform” each, these capsules being treated to form an enteric coat of the gelatine by leaving them in 1 percent formaldehyde for a half minute to a minute and then allowing at least two weeks to elapse before using. The capsules used were given their enteric coating by Wilbur L. Scoville and were less than a month old when used. After a year to a year and a half, according to Scoville, such capsules become so insoluble that they pass the digestive tract unopened. In our series of tests we were unfortunate in being unable to obtain enough dogs infested with ascarids or hookworms to give the best sort of test, only 3 dogs out of 14 having ascarids and only one having hookworms. The tests were as follows: | Worms passed. Postmortem. a| a| x a| a g a é | ELE | ) EL Ets . a] - © S) i) g 2) ) 5 sheen) | @ =| Bl EB] & e| El EB] B |) 88s Z M 3 = “4 27 ® . 5 << = -o ago on 3 n g ° ee Q bs 8 ray — a g ray no rs) on o| € S 3 a Sal Ss 5) ne % } ® og AE A|¢| |e] a4 = ae ee a “oa 98| 10 3v 0 0 o| 0 4th 0 0 1.) ote 3 8 2 0 0 a ie 11th 0 2 7 0 94] 10 3 0 0 0 | 0 11th 0 0 | 125 0 | 99 8.5 2v 0 0 0| 2 4th 0 0 2 0 100} 11.5 3v*| 0 0 0| 0 5th 0 0 0 27°} 101 9 3v*| 0 0 ONO 5th 0 0 0 0 | 102 7 2v*| 0 0 ce a 5th 0 0 0 0 See 1038 is 2 0 0 Loe ag 5th 0 0 0 0 sats 104) 11 3 4 0 0! 0 5th 0 0 0 9 100 106) . 9.5 3v 0 0 0| 0 12th | 8 0 0 1 0 107) 19.5 3 0 0 0| 0 14th 0 0 0 10 hie 109} 8 2v 7 0 0| 0 14th 57] 0 0 0 758 112|, 9.25] 3v 0 0 sea 5th 0 0 0 56 siaee 118) 8 "| BV ae 0.) 0 [oe oe @ 0 ; € ! | v vomited after treatment. * given more than 30 mils castor oil with treatment. + ascarids in stomach. The weight is given here in kilos. The dose is given in number of capsules, each capsule containing 5 minims of oil of chenopodium and 10 minims of chloroform, as noted above. The STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 313 capsules were followed immediately with 30 mils of castor oil, except in the cases noted above, where larger doses were given. Eight of the 14 dogs vomited after treatment, bringing up the capsule in some cases. In one of these cases, Dog 106, where vomiting occurred, though no capsules were found in the vomitus, the treatment was an entire failure against ascarids. These dogs averaged a little less than 10 kilos in weight and received on an average about 13 minims of oil of chenopodium and 26 minims of chloroform. There were ascarids present in 3 dogs: The treatment removed all of these in one case, none of them in another case, where vomition occurred, and 58 percent in an- other case (Dog 109). In this last case, the dog had 1 ascarid in the small intestine and 4 in the stomach. This develops one objection to the use of enteric-coated preparations for use against ascarids. These worms are notorious for their wandering habits, and the stomach is a favored site for wandering, especially in puppies. Obviously an enteric preparation that passes the stomach unopened will fail to remove ascarids located in the _ stomach. While there is something fascinating about the idea of ex- ploding an anthelmintic bombshell in the midst of the worms in the small intestine, there are certain difficulties in the way of a practical application. For one thing, the shell may pass by a number of worms in the duodenum and upper jejunum before exploding, and it is impossible to time the shells for various ranges and bracket the initial shots. It seems likely that the capsule would shove before it such worms as ascarids, especially in masses, until it broke, but it would easily slip by such worms as hookworms or even small ascarids. The treatment failed to remove the 2 hookworms present. It removed 8 of 143 whip- worms, a little over 5 percent, and removed 2 of 476 tapeworms, or less than 1 percent. . The results obtained by the use of formalin-gelatine enteric coats, enclosing a mixture of oil of chenopodium and chloroform, - are not satisfactory. On-the other hand, the results obtained by the use of the tale-shellac coat are unusually good, the minimum therapeutic dose removing all the ascarids present from 14 in- fested dogs. Whether this efficacy is to be attributed in any part to the anthelmintic coat is debatable. Just how uncertain is the action of an enteric coat, may be judged from the following experiments: 314 M. C. HALL Dog No. 332, a mongrel weighing 14 kilos, was given three 10-minim soluble elastic gelatine capsules of oil of chenopodium, enteric coated with the tale-shellac preparation, the capsules being followed immediately with 30 mils of castor oil. Two hours and 5 minutes later the dog was shot and 4 minutes thereafter the stomach was opened. The three capsules were found in the stomach unopened ; the castor oil had apparently gone on through the small intestine. Dog No. 334, a wolfhound mongrel weighing 14.5 kilos, was given three similar capsules and the same amount of castor oil. Three hours later the dog was shot and the stomach opened. Two capsules were found in the stomach; the enteric coats were cracked, but the capsules were not opened. One capsule was found in the lower jejunum, similarly with a cracked enteric coat, but unopened. The castor oil was in the cecum and the large intestine. ; It appears from the above that enteric-coated tapsules may lie in the stomach for long periods, while the accompanying pur- gative passes out; that the enteric coats may break partly by digesting and partly, perhaps, from mere moistening, softening, and the mechanical effects of peristalsis; that the capsules may pass as far as the lower jejunum, and perhaps to the large intes- tine without opening; and that of the same lot of capsules, simul- taneously administered, some may do one thing and some another. With tale-shellae coats, the ascaricidal efficacy is unimpaired, while no conclusions can be safely drawn from the showing of 40 percent efficacy against hookworms. Zeigler (1917) has also investigated the possibilities of enteric- coated capsules of oil of chenopodium, from a physiological stand- point and without reference to their anthelmintic value. He used hard capsules, filled with a hypodermatic syringe and coated with salol by dipping in melted salol, drying, and repeating the process until a sufficiently thick coat had formed. He notes that as _ ordinarily given, dogs will show symptoms of chenopodium ab- sorption within 10 miniites, and that with the enteric coats, symptoms—and presumably absorption—were delayed from 30 minutes to an hour and a half. Of 10 animals given twice the minimum lethal dose (the m. 1. d. is 0.5 m. p. k.), only 2 died; some only showed vomiting and salivation. Two animals were given this dose and chloroformed at the end of 2 hours. The cap- sules had dissolved and evidence of their solution was found in the intestine. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 315 _ It will be noted that Zeigler’s findings differ from those given in this paper. He finds enteric capsules dissolved in 2 hours; we - found them still in the stomach in 2 hours, and in the stomach and in the ileum in 3 hours. Of course, the explanation for this may lie in the fact that he used a salol coat on a hard capsule, and we used a talc-shellac coat on a soft capsule. Zeigler states that ‘‘The animals were placed in metabolism cages and watched carefully to see that none of the capsules were vomited or passed in the stools.’’ It is to be regretted that all the dogs in his experiments were not killed and examined post- mortem. It would be interesting to learn why double the m. 1. d. of this drug failed to kill or even produce marked symptoms in these dogs. Apparently it is due to the slight absorption of the drug in the intestine, but if this is the case, why did 2 of the dogs die? Did the capsules, perhaps, open in the stomach in these 2 cases? In this connection, Zeigler says: ‘‘The absorption is more rapid from the stomach than from the intestines.’’ On the other hand, Salant and Livingston (1915) found that several hours may elapse before evidence of absorption into the circula- tion could be obtained when the oil was introduced into the stomach of animals, in which the pylorus had been previously ligated, whereas absorption from the duodenum was very rapid. In our own experience, we find that there is considerable variation in the ease of individual dogs, but certainly there is'a very rapid gastric absorption in most cases, the onset of symptoms following the administration of the drug very promptly. On the other hand, some dogs show little evidence of the presence of the drug at any time. Doubtless the conditions which have been mentioned by Salant and his collaborators enter into these cases—presence of hunger peristalsis, amount of fasting, etc. In our experience, the simultaneous administration of olive oil prolongs the period in which the castor oil remains in the stomach and increases the gastric absorption and production of gastric lesions. Regardless of the fact in this case, and both findings might be right for the animals experimented on, the writer believes that less is to be expected from enteric-coated capsules which will allow of chenopodium absorption only in the intestines than from the use of such purgatives as castor oil, which will distribute the absorption, and the ensuing shock and insult to the mucosa, over as wide a.surface as possible and simultaneously prolong the period of absorption and allow the patient a longer period in 316 M. C. HALL ’ which to dispose of the toxic elements absorbed. Zeigler con- cludes: ‘‘Just what effect this delayed absorption of the oil when administered in enteric capsules would have upon its vermicide- effect I am unable to say at this time, but certainly I believe that the most rational method of administering the drug in hookworm disease would be in this manner.’’ The writer cannot regard this entirely reasonable theory as sufficiently established by the avail- able: facts. The anthelmintic efficacy with the talc-shellae coats . was well maintained, so far as ascarids are concerned, but even these capsules went at times to the ileum without opening, and the efficacy of the formol-hardened capsules was impaired. From the available facts, the writer is of the opinion that enteric coats add to the uncertainties of the action of anthelmintics, though. more facts would be welcome. - REFERENCES. Hall, Maurice C. 1917. Anthelmintic treatment for nematode infestation in dogs. J. Amer. Vet. M. Asso., n. s., v. 5 (3), Dee., pp. 342-345. Hall, Maurice C., and Meyer Wigdor. 1918. Gastro-intestimal lavage in dogs; its value in removing worms and in other respects. J. Amer. Vet. M. Asso., n. s., v. 5 (4), Jan., pp. 443-456. Salant, William; and Livingston, A. E. 1915. Absorption and elimination of chenopodium. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol., v. 12 (6), pp. 130. Zeigler, W. H. 1917. A study of oil of chenopodium. Interstate M. J., v. 24 (10), 18 pp., fig. 5. Every one was pleased to welcome Dr. Mark Francis, of Texas, at the annual meeting after so long an absence. All sections of the country, as well as parts of Canada, appeared to be represented at the New Orleans convention. Dr. E. I. Smith, Chief Inspector, B. A. I., Baton Rouge, La., was recently called suddenly to-his home in New York State on account of the unexpected death of his mother, an estimable lady of over eighty years of age. THE JOURNAL desires to extend to Doctor Smith and the other members of the family its sympathy and condolence in their bereavement. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. NOTE ON A TOXIN-ANTITOXIN METHOD OF DIAGNO- SIS FOR ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS (BAC. PREISZ-NOCARD). _ E. A. Watson, Department of Agriculture, Canada. Nicolle, Loiseau and Forgeot have noted the antitoxic power of the serum of horses affected with ulcerative lymphangitis (Bac. Preisz-Nocard). Forgeot and Cesari showed that this specific property could be demonstrated and applied as a means of diagnosis (Annales de l’Inst. Pasteur, V. xxvi, 1912), in that a dose of serum from an infected horse would protect a guinea- pig against a lethal dose of killed toxic Preisz-Nocard bacilli— the bacilli being treated by alcohol and ether and dried in vacuo over sulphuric acid. In numerous experiments that I have made in a study of the toxic properties of Preisz-Nocard bacilli I have always found that bacilli treated as above, or if killed by heat or by chemical solutions, lose their toxicity in great measure and are rendered more or less atoxic and harmless for test animals. As a diagnostic agent such preparations had little or no value in-‘my experience. Further experiments showed that the soluble toxin obtained in the filtrate of unheated, highly virulent bouillon-cultures was fatal to guinea-pigs in very small doses and much better suited for a diagnostic test. Briefly, my method is based on the neutralization of a lethal dose of this soluble toxin by the addition of antitoxic serum. A suitable toxin should have a minimum lethal dose of 1.0 ¢. ¢. or less, killing a guinea-pig of average weight and size in 24-36 hours. The same amount of antitoxic serum, or even less, will neutralize the dose of toxin. One must prepare in advance the toxin and determine the required lethal dose. For the diagnostic test this dose of toxin is mixed with an equal quantity of serum of the suspected animal, given 20-30 minutes contact, and then injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly into a guinea-pig. The control is given the lethal dose of toxin alone, and will die within 24-36 hours. The test guinea-pig survives and is ap- parently none the worse for the experience, that is, if the serum 218 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS origin is a horse carrying the disease. On the other hand, if the serum origin is a normal horse or a diseased animal in which Preisz-Nocard infection does not exist, the test guinea-pig sue- cumbs to the toxin in approximately the same time as the control. The following is a demonstration test just recently made: The suspected. animal was an army horse detained under quarantine before admission to Canada after service overseas. No history of the animal having suffered from the disease was obtainable. During the period of detention at the port of entry the animal had been treated for a purulent sore in the region of the fetlock of the hind leg. At this inspection this old sore had healed and‘cicatricised, but another ulcer had broken out a few inches above the old one, and had, a day or two previously, so it was said, discharged blood and pus. ; ! For demonstration purposes, 6 guinea-pigs were used: Num- bers 1, 2 and 3—the controls—were given injections of toxin in doses of 0.5 ec. ¢., 1.0 ¢. @., and 2.5 ¢. ¢., respectively. Numbers 4, 5 and 6—the test animals—received a mixture of equal parts of toxin and the suspected horse serum (20 minutes contact) in double the amount given above, so that each test animal received the same amount of toxin as the control. The three controls died in from 24-36 hours after injection. The three test animals survived, apparently unaffected by the injections, thus demonstrating with certainty that the suspected horse serum had specific antitoxic and neutralizing action on Preisz-Nocard toxin. Diseases originating with the Preisz-Nocard bacilli, and dif- fering widely in clinical aspects, occur in different species of animals. In the horse the disease may occur in the form of ulcerative lymphangitis of one or more limbs, or as a large pus cavity situated anywhere in the body, in the muscles, or under the skin; also, and not infrequently, as renal abscesses while no outward signs of infection are present. The disease is essen- tially of a rebellious and recurring character. In the inter- mittent or sleeping stages and in those forms of infection in which clinical symptoms are absent, the toxin-antitoxin test method permits an accurate diagnosis. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The demonstration test noted above was made at the Research Station, Ottawa, by kind permission of Dr. F. Torrance, Vete- rinary Director General, and of Dr. S. Hadwen, pathologist. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 319 AN OUTBREAK OF BLACK LEG IN SHEEP HADLEIGH MARSH, Pathologist, Live Stock Sanitary Board Laboratories, Helena, Mont. Although blackleg is recorded in the literature as occurring in sheep, veterinarians and stockmen generally consider that sheep are not susceptible to this disease. It may be that, due to this fact, a diagnosis of blackleg is not made in some cases where sheep have been lost from this cause. However this may be, the ' diagnosis of blackleg in sheep is so seldom made, that the history of an undoubted outbreak should be of interest to veterinarians. In this instance, the disease occurred in a- bunch of 270 yearling Rambouillet bucks. The original diagnosis was made by Dr. N. T. Gunn, of Butte, and Dr. H. L. Jones, of Drummond, Montana. They forwarded tissues to the laboratory, and the diagnosis was confirmed. Vaccination was advised, and all the sheep were vaccinated with blackleg aggressin in 2 ¢. c¢. doses. This apparently checked the disease, but a month later there was a recurrence, At this time an investigation was made from the Jaboratory, and again the diagnosis of blackleg was confirmed by eareful laboratory experiments. The detailed history of this outbreak is of interest as indicat- ing the conditions under which animals become susceptible, and the possible means of spreading the infection. The sheep were being run on a timothy and clover meadow during the month of August. This field had no history of blackleg for a number of years, either in cattle or sheep. About the last week in August, a ewe got into the pasture | with the bucks, which caused severe fighting among the bugs for several days. About ten of the sheep died at this time, and.the owner thought at first that they were killing each other, as all those that died were badly bruised. The deaths continued, and by August 30th eighteen had died. On this date Dr. Gunn and Dr. Jones made a post mortem examination of a sheep that had died within a few hours, and found typical blackleg lesions, A specimen of the affected muscle was sent to the laboratory. Smears of this material showed organisms with the characteristic morphology of the bacillus of blackleg. A guinea pig was inoculated with some of the tissue, and developed typical black- leg lesions, in which the bacillus was demonstrated. ‘ On Sept. 5th all the sheep were vaccinated with blackleg ageressin, using 2 ¢. ec. doses. Four more died after vaccination, 320 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS and then the losses ceased. At the same time the sheep were turned into another pasture. The owner allowed the carcasses to lie in the field, without being buried or burned. Some time later the sheep were moved back into the field where the losses first occurred, and the owner irrigated the field. On October 6th, one month after vaccination, four deaths were reported, and on October 8th three more died. At this time an investigation was made from the laboratory. A post mortem examination was made on one sheep. No lesions were found in- the internal organs. The muscles of the face, jaws, neck and breast showed edema and hemorrhages. The muscles were dark red, and contained some gas. When the affected muscles were cut, the characteristic odor of blackleg was noticed. Muscle tissue from this sheep, and a specimen of soil and grass from the field where the loss occurred, were brought to the laboratory. A small piece of the soil was inoculated under the skin of a guinea pig, without any visible effect. Smears from the specimen of muscle showed the presence of the bacillus of blackleg. A guinea pig was inoculated with this material. After twenty-four hours, this pig showed no apparent systemic reaction, but there was a marked edema of the leg into which the inoculation was made. As an early diasnosis was desired, the guinea pig was killed and post mortem examination made. Smears from the bloody exudate showed tle presence of the blackleg bacillus. Another guinea pig and a rabbit were immediately inoculated with this exudate. The second guinea pig died in less than twenty-four hours with typical lesions of blackleg. The organism was recovered in anerobie cultures. The rabbit, on tte other hand, developed only a slight swelling in the inoculated leg, from which he soon recovered. This fact helped to confirm the diagnosis, as rabbits are considered to be relatively immune to blackleg. In order to complete the evidence in this case, a sheep was inoculated with some of the affected muscle which had been taken from the sheep which had been autopsied at the ranch. This sheep died in about twenty-five hours, and post mortem examination was made after he had been dead over night. At the time of post mortem examination, the blackleg bacilli had invaded all the internal organs, and the muscles and subcutaneous tissue showed the characteristic changes over the whole body. Typical blackleg bacilli were identified in smears from the muscle, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 321 .- heart blood, pericardial fluid and kidney. The organism was recovered in pure culture from the various organs. Especial pains were taken in this case to confirm the diagnosis, which was definitely blackleg. The history shows that the black- leg infection must have been present in the meadow where the sheep were run, although the owner knew of no previous out- break of blackleg at this place. This indicates that the organism is very generally distributed, and may cause disease at any place when the proper conditions exist. In this instance, the bucks were made unusually susceptible by their severely bruised condi- tion due to fighting. At the same time the field was irrigated after a dry season which probably made the blackleg spores more available, and may have caused germination of spores. The vaccination with the aggressin prepared for use with cattle, apparently checked the original outbreak, as Dr. Jones reported that four sheep died within a few days after vaccina- tion, and then there was no more loss until a month later. When all the conditions are considered, the second outbreak need not throw doubt on the immunizing value of the vaccine. Due to the fact that the owner, in violation of ‘state regulations and contrary to the instructions of the attending veterinarian, allowed more than twenty carcasses of sheep dead of blackleg to remain unburied, and then irrigated the field, an enormous number of virulent spores were probably spread over a considerable area. The result was, in my opinion, that the sheep were subjected to such an overwhelming infection that their immunity was broken down in some cases. Dr. J. F. Winchester, of Lawrence, Mass., attended, by invi- tation, a meeting at Worcester, October 25, held under the auspices of the Cattle Commissioners, at which he was called upon to answer questions relative to the inspection of cattle and experiments made in the use of tuberculin. N. 8. Mayo, Secretary of the A. V. M. A., has accepted an invitation to attend the California Veterinary Medical Associa- tion’s Short Course for Veterinarians to be held at the University Farm on December 29, 30, and 31, and to assist in the program. The Southern California Auxiliary will hold their meeting at Los Angeles on January 2 and 3. The same speakers will go from University Farm to assist in the meeting at Los Angeles. ABSTRACTS. ALYPIN IN THE NERVOUS FORM OF DISTEMPER. Jakob, in the Tijdschrift voor Veeartsenijkunde, reports the following observations: He has repeatedly used intra-lumbar injections of Alypin in the nervous form of distemper. He per- forms the injection between the last lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, and has also given some subcutaneous injections. He concludes that when myelitis and encephalitis appear in the course of distemper, with symptoms of paralysis and rhythmie and clonic contractions, lumbar injections of Alypin produce favorable but transient effects. He also finds that the dog sup- ports high doses of this drug. Symptoms of intoxication do not appear even after the injection of five centigrammes of Alypin to the kilogramme of live weight.—Amnmales de Méd. Vét. THE ACTION OF SOME DRUGS UPON THE ° PULMONARY VESSELS. Bereoine published the following observations in the Rousski- Vratch of 1914: Adrenalin, in concentrations which produce a very, strong constriction in the peripheral vessels, manifests no action on the pulmonary vessels; and even vaso-dilation is fre- quently observed. Nicotine, pilocarpine, and barium chloride produce vaso-constriction in the pulmonary vessels. Caffeine produces first pulmonary vaso-constriction, and afterwards, rapidly and constantly, a consecutive vaso-dilation. Atropine has no appreciable influence upon the pulmonary vessels; but, if these were previously contracted (under the influence of pilocarpine, for example) atropine causes the con- traction to disappear. (Revista de Hygiene y Sanidad Veteri- naria).—W. R. C. (Vet. Rec.) POLYNEURITIS OF FOWLS. C. SANZ EGANA, Revista Vet. Espana. Vol. XII, No. 6, June, 1918, pp. 241-247. The author has encountered in Malaga a polyneuritis in fowls which he regards as due to ‘‘deficiency’’ or avitaminosis. ABSTRACTS 323 e The flock in which the disease appeared was kept exclusively for the purpose of consuming injurious insects, and had to live almost entirely on what food the ground provided. Occasionally a feed of seeds of sweet sorghum was furnished to them in special cireumstances, but this was seldom. The disease presented itself generally in a chronic form, and the first symptoms which indicated illness were pains in the legs and difficulty in walking. The gait was vacillating, with inco- ordination of movements. Little by little the paresis increased, the feathers were held erect, and the wings became involved and pendulous. Paralysis of the neck was accompanied ‘by rigidity and contractures simulating those of tetanus, and there were manifestations reminiscent of those exhibited by a pigeon from which the cerebellum has been removed... Dysphagia accompanied paralysis of the neck. Respiratory symptoms (accelaration, dyspnea) and general emaciation were very marked. General’ sensibility diminished greatly. In most instances the disease lasted from fifteen to forty days, but there were more acute cases in which death ensued in fromefive to eight days.—Vet. Rev. TRACHEOSTOMY. F. CINortt, La Clinica Vet. Vol. XLI, No. 18. 30th September, 1918, pp. 457-462. Arguing from analogy, the author suggests that the term tracheostomy should be employed to designate the operation by which a permanent opening is made into the trachea. He recom- mends that the operation should be performed in the following manner: The horse should be cast, and, preferably, placed on his back, with the head and neck fixed in an accurately extended position relative to the body. The seat of election is in the upper fourth of the neck. The skin is shaved and a local anesthetic applied. An oval piece of skin is incised, the long axis of the oval being about 6 em. in length and corresponding to the long axis of the neck. The shorter transverse diameter should be about 3 em. The segment of skin thus circumscribed is removed. The musculature of the neck having been exposed, an oval segment of the muscles, equal in extent to the piece of skin already removed, is excised with curved scissors. This is facili- tated by first dissecting the muscles in the middle line of the 324 ABSTRACTS é neck. During the removal of the muscles it is imperative that the head and neck be held in exactly the correct position, other- wise there is the possibility that an unsightly deformity may be produced. The perichondrium over each of three or four tracheal rings is cut through, and segments of the cartilages shelled out of their perichondrial covering. That is to say, the internal perichondrium is left intact, so as to avoid injury to the mucous membrane. It follows that the segment of each tracheal cartilage must be removed separately. The mucous membrane is now incised in the middle line, and accurately stitched to the margin of the skin, care being taken that the -sutures do not cut the mucosa.—Vet. Rev. INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE. Since Bang’s discovery of a characteristic micro-organism associated with so-called ‘‘contagious abortion’’ in cattle, it has become customary to attribute the disease to Bacillus abortus described by him. The assumption that this is the sole or even the predominant etiologic agent concerned with a malady that occasions enormous economic losses has diverted attention away from the microbial cause and toward prevention or cure. Aside from the indirect interest that bovine disease represents in rela- tion to human welfare, and particularly when the milk supply is involved, the bacillus of contagious abortion in cattle has lately been discussed as a possible agent of more direct menace in childhood. The newer studies at the Department of Animal Pathology of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, N. J., under the leadership of Theobald Smith,’ bring unexpected evi- dence that contagious abortion may involve something more than Bang’s bacillus. They include the discovery of a spirillum of definite morphologic and cultural characteristics designated by Smith as Vibrio fetus and found associated in a considerable series of cases with what is commonly known as infectious abor- tion in cattle. He properly maintains that the isolation in pure culture of a definite morphologic entity, a vibrio, with practically the same biologic characters, from a series of cases of the same clinical complex, establishes a presumption in favor of the 1. Smith, Theobald: J. Exper. Med. 28:701, 1918. Smith, Theobald, and Taylor, Marian §8.: Ibid. 30:299 (Oct.) 1919. Smith, Theobald: Ibid, pp. 313, 325. Smillie, EH. W.; Little, R. B., and Florence, Laura: Ibid, p. 341. ABSTRACTS 325 specific identity of the organism and also in favor of the infer- ence that such organisms are etiologically related to the diseased condition. It might be assumed that Vibrio fetus found in the fetal membranes is merely an invader from the more external genitalia or from the blood after the fetus has been damaged by other agencies. However, the fact that disease of the fetal membranes has been produced experimentally by injection of pure cultures of the vibrio strengthens the presumption that it may be a true cause of infectious abortion. The new investigations indicate that many cases of abortion in cattle oceur without evidence of the presence of Bang’s ba- cillus. In general, Bacillus abortus is associated with first preg- nancies, and its presence rapidly diminishes in frequency in later ones. Apparently an immunity to this bacillus may become developed in cattle, whereupon Vibrio fetus, and perhaps to a far less degree, miscellaneous septic and pyogenic micro-organ- isms, may become the inciters of abortion in later pregnancies. If these conclusions become substantiated by further studies, it will become clear that abortions in cattle are attributable to a variety of infectious and noninfectious agencies. Even now it seems established, however, that the udders of a relatively high percentage of cows become infected with Bacillus abortus, prob- ably during their first abortion disease. In this way the relation of this micro-organism to the milk and consequently to human health is worthy of consideration—Jour. Amer. Med. Ass’n. While a number of the prominent Canadian members were absent, the ‘‘Chilly North’’ was well represented at the A. V. M. A. meeting. BRITISH HONORS FOR COLONELS WHITE AND MARSHALL. We are very pleased to note that at a recent meeting of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London, England, the names of two of our distinguished members are among those who were elected Honorary Associates of the Royal College, viz., Colonels David S. White and Clarence J. Marshall. This is quite an honor, and THe JOURNAL heartily congratulates the recipients, in which we have no doubt the profession generally will join us, as it is only conferred for distinguished service of some kind. ASSOCIATION NEWS. AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. THE FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ALY... Mo A: The second southern meeting of the A. V. M. A., during the fifty-six years of the Association’s existence, recently held in the City of New Orleans, has now passed into history. The A. V. M. A. was to have met in New Orleans in 1914, but on ae- count of the extensive epizoétic of foot and mouth disease raging at the time, the meeting was called off, owing to so many of the members being on duty in their respective states in connection with the outbreak. However, while the postponement was a dis- appointment at the time, we believe the Association gained by it in the long run, as many more members were added to the organization in the interim, and hence a.larger attendance was ensured by the wait of a few years. Perhaps the chief desideratum in connection with the late meeting was the weather; and if any one has any fault to find with the variety served up to them during the week of the 56th annual meeting, they are surely very hard to please. If previous arrangements had been made with the ‘‘ weather man,’’ he could not possibly have been more considerate. The weather was simply ideal; and we believe everybody returned home with that impression; and with pleasant recollections of their trip to the Crescent City. | Members and visitors arrived early, and when the meeting was called to order by President Moore for the opening session, the large auditorium of the Hotel Grunewald was comfortably packed, and with many ladies among the audience. Governor Ruffin G. Pleasant, of Louisiana, who was to have welcomed the Association on behalf of the State, was unavoidably absent on official duty, commissioned Dr. W. H. Dalrymple to take his place, which he did by extending the Governor’s regrets, and adding a few extemporaneous remarks of his own by way of welcome. His Honor Mayor Behrman extended a warm welcome to the Association to the City of New Orleans. Mayor Behrman is not aliogether unknown to many of the members, as he attended the AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 327 meeting in New York in 1913, and extended a hearty welcome to the Association to meet in New Orleans in 1914—the meeting which had to be ealled off. On behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, the Asso- ciation was warmly welcomed by its distinguished President, Dr. Oscar Dowling, who, as a sanitarian, has a national repu- tation. The foregoing addresses were responded to by Dr. David S. White, of Ohio, Dr. John W. Adams, of Philadelphia, who was to have done so, being late in arriving. The work of the Association was, as usual, divided into sections, all of which had full programs of interesting topies for discussion. A very interesting part of the program was that devoted to the Army Veterinary Service, both at home and abroad, and which ineluded the British Army Veterinary Service, a paper being presented by Col. D. S. Tamblyn, Regina, Sask., a member of the Canadian Service: In addition to the papers presented on the Army Veterinary Services, there were some excellent slides and moving pictures showing the activities of the A. V. C. both in the United States and abroad, the films being in charge of a representative of the Signal Corps of the U. S. Army; and the Army Veterinary Service was represented at the meeting by Lieut.-Col. R. J. Stan- clift, Assistant Director of the Army Veterinary Corps, and Major Robert J. Foster from the office of the Surgeon General. Among other matters of importance, the Section on Sanitary Science and Police was occupied with discussions on Infectious Equine Anemia, or Swamp Fever; Abortion Disease ; Tick Eradi- cation; Tuberculosis Eradication; Parasitic Diseases; Carriers of Anthrax Infection, etc. The Ladies’ Auxiliary, also, had their section, and transacted business in connection with their branch of the Association. An invocation was offered by Mrs. F. H. Schneider, Philadel- phia, after which a few words of welcome were presented by Mrs. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, La.; and the president’s address was delivered by President Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, of New York City. The officers for the Auxiliary for the ensuing year are: Presi- dent, Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, New York City ; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Chas. E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn.; Corresponding Secre- 328 _AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION tary, Mrs. Ash Lockhart, Kansas City, Mo.; Treasurer, Mrs. Thos. E. Smith, Jersey City, N. J. The entertainment feature was all that could be desired, and everybody seemed to enjoy it. The ladies were kept busy seeing the sights of New Orleans, and were given a card party and luncheon at the Southern Yacht Club. Perhaps the most pleas- urable part of the entertainment, participated in by both ladies and gentlemen, was a thrée hours’ boat trip on the Mississippi River seeing the extensive system of docks and warehouses at the Port of New Orleans. An elegant excursion steamer was provided, where dancing was enjoyed by both the older and younger members and their wives; and a ‘‘spieler’’ was on board to point out and explain what was to be seen as the S. S. Sydney glided up and down the ‘‘father of waters.’’ It should be men- tioned that the steamer trip was a donation, to the Association, from Pitman-Moore Company, of Indianapolis, Ind. The annual banquet was, as usual, very much enjoyed by a large number of those attending the meeting. The selection of Dr. John W. Adams, of Philadelphia, as toastmaster, who was introduced by President V. A. Moore, was a very happy one, and in his inimitable way, played his part well, his amusing introdue- tions of the various speakers invariably bringing forth roars of laughter. The toast, the ‘‘Chilly North,’’ was responded to by Dr. C. D. MeGilvray, of Toronto, Canada, who interspersed his remarks with numerous stories about the ‘‘Land O’ Cakes,’’ the Doctor himself hailing from the country of Bruce, Burns, Carlyle and other Scottish notables. ‘‘The Sunny South’’ was responded to by Dr. C. A. Cary, of Alabama, our new President, who, al- though not a Southerner born, has lived south of the Mason and Dixon line for well nigh thirty years, and was able to expatiate on the South’s great possibilities. Mrs. Ash Lockhart, of Kansas City, spoke for the Ladies’ Auxiliary in a delightful little speech which was much enjoyed. Dr. R. W. Tuck, of New Orleans, did the honors for our great national Bureau of Animal Industry. Major Robt. J. Foster replied entertainingly for the Army Vete- rinary Service. Dr. Fred. J. Mayer, of Louisiana, responded for the Medical Profession in a delightful speech, splendidly de- livered, which captured his auditors, and finished by a recital of his famous ‘‘Sanitary Kiss,’’ which ‘‘captured the crowd.’’ Finally, ‘‘The Ladies’’ were looked after by Dr. J. H. Blatten- burg, of Lima, Ohio. And every one who knows Blattenburg is AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 329 aware that he is at his very best when his attention is directed toward the fair sex. So it goes without saying, that he did the toast full justice. ) We believe it was conceded by all that the New Orleans meeting was one of the best in the history of the Association, both in point of attendance, in the quality of the program, in the entertainment provided, and in the delightful weather conditions during the entire time; and that all left with pleasant recollec- tions of the big city of the Pelican State, and with the hope that it might not be so very long before they again had an opportunity to enjoy the hospitality which is proverbial of the South. The City of Columbus, Ohio, was voted the 1920 meeting of the Association, where .a very large outpouring of the profession is anticipated. The following officers were elected for the coming year: President, Dr. C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala. Secretary, Dr. N. 8. Mayo, Chicago, Ill. Treasurer, Dr. M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn. -. Viee-Presidents: Lieut.-Col. J. H. Gould, U.S. Army; Dr. E. A. Watson, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; Dr. E. P. Flower, Baton Raia, La.; Dr. A. Eichhorn, New York; Dr. A. S. Conley, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Jno. R. Mohler, Washington, D. C., was elected Editor and Business Manager of Tur JourNAL of the Association to succeed Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, La., who had resigned.—D. No use discussing toastmasters. Dr. Adams ‘‘takes the cake’’; you can’t beat him. President Moore’s address was a splendid effort, and ought to be read and studied by every member. Dr. and Mrs. A. H. Baker are faithful in their attendance at the A. V. M. A. meetings, and we feel sure they must have enjoyed themselves at the New Orleans function. Dr. J. F. Winchester seems to look younger and enjoy him- self better at each succeeding meeting of the Association. His recent appointment by the American Public Health Association is a distinct honor to the profession. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. ANNOUNCEMENT. The next meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association will be held in St. Paul, Wednesday and Thursday, January 7 and 8, 1920. C. P. Frrcn, Secretary. ‘WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, INC. The sixth semi-annual meeting of the Western New York Veterinary Medical Association will be held December-12, 1919, - at the Erie Co. 8. P. C. A. Building, 121-123 W. Tupper St., Buffalo, N. Y. The meeting will be called at 1 p.m. sharp, All licensed practitioners of Western New York are cordially invited. F. F. Freur, Secretary. NEBRASKA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The twenty-second annual meeting of the Nebraska Veteri- nary Medical Association will be held December 9-10, 1919, at the Lincoln Hotel, Lincoln, Nebraska. After postponing the meeting last year on account of the war conditions we are putting forth considerable effort to make this a rousing good meeting and expect to have a large attend- ance. We have secured some excellent material for our program, which is timely and popular, for the purpose of creating as much interest as possible. S. W. Aurorp, Secretary. THE ILLINOIS-MISSOURI VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. This Association held its thirteenth semi-annual meeting in East St. Louis, Ill., on October 30. An excellent clinic was held OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 331 in the morning at the hospital of Dr. Menestrina; and in the afternoon a lively program was gone through which called forth plenty of interesting discussion. The literary part was held at the city hall. The Association reports a healthy growth, with: a few new members being added at each meeting. The next meeting of the Association will be held in St. Louis, Mo., some time in April, 1920. The officers: of the Association are: President—Dr. Jenneman, St. Louis, Mo. Secretary—Dr. Finnegan, Chester, Il. Treasurer—Dr. Ratz, Red Bud, Ill. NORTHWEST WISCONSIN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The second annual meeting of the Northwest Wisconsin Vete- rinary Association at Eau Claire closed with a banquet at the Eau Claire Cafe. Interesting business sessions were held during the day, some very instructive papers being read. Twenty-eight members of the Association were in attendance. Dr. A. P. Lien, of Stanley, was elected-president; Dr. T. Wrigglesworth, of-Eau Claire, vice president; Dr. H. E. Horel, of Augusta, secretary and treasurer; and H. A. Smeltzer, of Baldwin, trustee for three years. The following were the speakers: Anestheties in Practice—Dr. W. F. Nolechet, Thorpe. Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Swine Diseases— Dr. J. T. Pereell, Madison. Case Reports—Dr. J. B. Collins, Chippewa Falls. The Use of Strychnine in Cattle Practice—Dr. A. J. Abbott, Marshfield. Case Reports on Equine Hemorrhagic Septicemia—Dr. Leon- ard Hart, Jr., Chippewa Falls. Veterinary Current Events—Dr. O.*H. Eliason, state veteri- narian, Madison. Those present were: H. A. Smeltzer, Baldwin; S. O. Lewis, Glenwood City; H. E. Horel, Augusta; A. J. Abbott, “Marshfield ; L. R. Cummings, Spring Valley; E. M. Stein, Elmwood; W. J. Nolechek, Thorpe; G. I. Gregory, Colfax; W. R. Swan, Stevens Point; C. A. Brown, Red Wing, Minn.; P. E. Nulph, Greenwood ; 832 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS M. B. Ketehpaw, Bloomer; J. B. Collins, Chippewa Falls; J. B. Wilson, St. Croix Falls; H. E. Hensel, Arcadia; O. H. Eliason, Madison; J. T. Percell, Madison; L. G. Hart, Sr., Chippewa Falls; Wm. F. Kuester, Menomonie; A. F. Brown, Eau Claire; T. Wrigglesworth, Eau Claire; Birt Wrigglesworth, Eau Claire; H. D. Larzelare, Menomonie; J. F. Mack, River Falls; M. E. Nugent, Ellsworth; A. L. Troessler, Mondovi; Robert Dixon, Superior; G. B. Kramshuster, Bloomer. REPORT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting of the British Columbia Veterinary Association was held in the Knights of Pythias Hall, Victoria, B. C., on September 25, 1919. ‘ The business meeting of the Association was called to order at 9:30 a. m. by the Vice-President, Dr. A. J. Damman, who read a telegram from the Hon. Dr. S. F. Tolmie, our President, re- gretting that he would be unable to be present, being in Ottawa, and hoping that we would have a successful meeting and a good time in his home town. Dr. A. J. Damman then outlined the activities of the Association during the past year, particularly its efforts to secure an adequate system of meat inspection for British Columbia, and stated that a bill had been drafted by the Association and a great effort had been made to get it passed at the last session of the legislature, securing support from three- — fourths of the city and municipal bodies, various clubs and women’s organizations throughout the Province, they sending tel- egrams to the chairman of the Provincial Board of Health and their local member. A deputation of the Association, consisting of Drs. Damman, Jagger and Chester, being intrduced by Dr. 8. F. Tolmie, had interviewed members of the Cabinet on the subject and had convinced them of the necessity for better meat inspec- tion, which they acknowledged. However, the bill failed to pass, but the legislature agreed to appoint a Committee on Public Health, to which a veterinarian, a member of this Association, would be appointed, the committee to report at the next session of the legislature in January. Dr. Damman then requested the members on their return home to start a campaign of public education to the necessity for proper meat inspection and that he felt sure that a bill would be passed in January making at least OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 330 a start on compulsory meat inspection covering the more popu- lated areas in British Columbia. The Vice-President then referred to a complaint received during the past year from one of the members over the sale of biological products direct to farmers and stock men, which was considered detrimental to the veterinary profession and live stock interests, as the laymen were not trained to use such products successfully. A committee had been appointed who had inter- viewed agents of some of the leading biological companies, and he outlined the result and suggested the matter be discussed further later. Dr. Damman then suggested the by-laws be amended so that associate members be allowed to vote but not hold office and concluded by saying that in these days of unions it was up to the members to support the Association, to secure proper recognition of the profession and to the individual mem- bers, of it. The Secretary, Dr. K. Chester, then read the financial state- ment and was able to report a better showing than last year. Dr. Chester also reported that while away on a vacation on Vancouver Island he had found out that a Dr. A. Macdonald had been appointed to the Provincial Veterinary Service, he not being a member of the Association, which is directly contrary to the B. C. Veterinary Act. Dr. Chester said that being in Victoria he had gone to the Parliament buildings and interviewed Dr. D. Warnock, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, on the subject, show- ing him a copy of the B. C. Veterinary Act. Dr. Warnock replied that the Civil Service Commission had recognized the Animal Contagious Diseases Act, which states than an inspector can be appointed, notwithstanding the B. C. Veterinary Act. The exist- ence of this clause was not known to the Association. Dr. Chester then discussed the matter on a different basis with Dr. Warnock, who was glad to support the Association, and agreed to request from the Association, as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, an interim certificate for Dr. Macdonald, good until the date of the next examination. This was received, and interim certificate granted, and Dr. A. Macdonald was present at the | meeting, and was quite willing to join the Association and had expressed his intention to take the examination in the regular way in November. Discussion ensued and it was requested that the incoming Council attempt to get the clause in the Animal Contagious Diseases Act amended. 334 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS In addition to the subjects mentioned in the Vice-President’s address which were discussed, the subject of the indiscriminate giving of tuberculin direct to farmers by a government depart- ment, a specific case being mentioned by Dr. Howell, and the use of tuberculin by private practitioners, and the testing of the animals a few days later by the provincial inspector, not knowing that they had been injected a day or two previously. Discussion took place and it was agreed that when a private practitioner made a test he should fill out a report to the government imme- diately, and in the matter of supplying tuberculin to farmers, Dr. Chester suggested that now would be a most opportune time to take the matter up intelligently, Dr. S. F. Tolmie being Minister of Agriculture, and a committee was appointed to inter- view him on the subject. The Secretary then read various correspondence, which was approved, and a letter from the Hon. 8. F. Tolmie resigning as President of the Association on account of his public position, but promising. active support of the Association and profession as before. The election of officers then took place, ten being nominated. The following seven were elected: President, Dr. A. J. Damman; Vice-President, Dr. H. Keown; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Ken- neth Chester; Council, Drs. Turley-Brooks, White and Jagger; _ Examiners, Drs. Chester, Turley-Brooks and White. At the conclusion of a most successful business meeting the members were guests of the Rotary Club at their luncheon, 150 of the business men of Victoria being present. After the luncheon short remarks on the necessity for meat inspection were made by Drs. Damman, Strong and Chester, the Rotarians showing their accustomed interest by asking questions, and they promised their support. . In the afternoon the members made a trip in automobiles to various farms in the Saanich District, including that of Dr. 8. F. Tolmie, and in the evening a public meeting was held, the speak- ers being Dr. Damman on meat inspection, and lantern slides made by Dr. Davis, at present in Alberta, of conditions found on inspection in a packing plant, explained by Dr. Bruce. Then a few remarks by Dr. Strong, meat inspector for the City of Vancouver, on the same subject. Dr. Bruce, of Agassiz, then read a very interesting paper on some of the poisonous plants of British Columbia, showing beautiful pressed specimens of the OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 335 plants, and took great pains to show how to distinguish the poisonous plant, wild parsnip, that causes the death of a good many cattle yearly in this Province. Dr. T. A. Sleeth made a few remarks on the diseases of dogs, and answered questions. This brought a most successful annual meeting to a close. KENNETH CHESTER, Sec.-Treas. SPEECH BY DR. WM. THOMSON AT ROTARY CLUB LUNCHEON.* Gentlemen Rotarians: In my brief address today, I desire to say that while the properly qualified veterinarian may never receive the same éclat as his medical compeer, yet he is equally responsible and absolutely indispensable for the preservation of the public health, inasmuch as he is the only authority on disease transmissible from the lower animals to mankind. Whilst most medical doctors have failed to impress the powers that be of the necessity of meat inspection, this is no wonder, because they are by their qualifications unfitted to pass an opinion on animals that supply us with milk, meat, butter and cheese, dripping and lard, which are the main constituents of our diet. They are peculiarly devoted to the cure of disease in man; and fortunate is the person afflicted with diseases like tuberculosis, for example, whose bank roll can command the best attention. But what of the uncomplaining poor: they may get advice from hospitals and clinics, perhaps supplemented by some medical treatment. A corner in a sanitarium is not always available, and the local hospitals do not always have beds for them, and in lots of places they are not wanted at all. No man sets himself a higher task than he who labors to prevent the infection of his kind from tuberculosis and kindred diseases, obtainable from the lower animals. In my opinion, Dr. Torrance, the Veterinary Director General at Ottawa, is doing more to safe- guard the children and susceptible people of Canada from this dreaded scourge than all other institutions together. Now, with the advent of Dr. S. F. Tolmie to the portfolio of Minister of Agriculture, we are already informed of the Dominion depart- ment’s intention to institute the accredited herd system, by which in time, if applied to all sections, would reduce tuberculosis in cattle to a very large extent. But until there is some proper system of meat inspection in this Province, and so long as the Dominion Meat Inspection Service has to maintain the high * Read by Secretary Chester. 336 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS standard set for excellent quality of meat for export to foreign countries, the absence of any provincial standard for the protec- tion of the home consumer from what is left, is highly detri- mental to the national health. - Last week I destroyed a milch cow for tuberculosis; and on post mortem examination I found the lungs containing tubercles as large as three inches in diameter. The lungs were rotten, but the owner remarked on the nice looking meat in the quarters. I asked him if he would cook the lungs and feed it to his family. He replied: ‘‘Certainly not.’’ ‘‘Why, then, would you use the quarters?’’ I asked. Now, gentlemen, had this cow been killed in one of the many filthy rural slaughter houses of this Province, is there any one here credulous enough to believe it would have been condemned? No! the lungs with all the evidence of disease would in all probability have been cut out and not destroyed, but thrown to the swine herd that usually are waiting under the kill- ing floor to receive not only the trickling diseased blood but the entrails of all animals slaughtered, including that of their own kind. When we know that the blood in the living animal circulates and makes a complete round of the body in a few seconds, and from the diseased tissues to the healthy tissues, it follows ipso facto that if one part be diseased extensively, the other parts must at least contain the elements of susceptibility. And if we feed ~ our children on susceptible meat, it follows again, their tissues are being built on such elements, and must also become susceptible to tuberculosis. If uninspected milk is apt to convey to our chil- dren tuberculosis, there is no less danger eating the flesh and organs that produce this milk. . Some people might contend that meat is generally well cooked and in this state will not convey — disease. Cooked or uncooked, I maintain it contains all the elements that make for disease. .For instance, manure a piece of barren soil sufficiently and see if you do not get a good crop. The tubercle bacilli lives on manured soil, or in other words, fertilized tissues that have had to exist on the elements of sus- ceptible meat. This explains why the poorer classes have more tuberculosis by far as compared with the well to do classes. The latter can always afford to buy the very best meat, whereas the old cows sold in the many markets 20 to the men who eater to the poorer class of people. In India, where I lived many years, I never saw or heard of tuberculosis among the three hundred million Hindus; but OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 337 among the fifty million moslems this disease was fairly common. The Hindus only eat mutton, which is seldom if ever tuber- culosed; the moslems eat the fiesh of cows like white people. Now let’s turn to the Jews. Who ever heard of this unhygienic living race having consumption? Very seldom if ever. The rabbi will not allow his people to eat any meat that on the killing floor (and that is the only place to see it, gentlemen) shows the least sign of this disease. Is all this not sufficient proof that our people are being continually afflicted by this plague through the medium of uninspected meats. Gentlemen, a rigid milk inspec- tion without a rigid meat inspection is only a half-hearted pro- tection. In fact all the money spent in killing tubercular milch cows in this Province cannot obtain for the people the desired full protection without a rigid system of inspecting the carcasses of food animals in all the slaughter houses. Many butcher shops now contain the sign on their fronts ‘‘Government Inspected Meat.’’ Let me tell you that if you do not see the label affixed to the portion of meat from which your cuts are taken, and bear- ing the words ‘‘Canada Approved,’’ your meat has not been inspected by the competent federal meat inspectors, and that the shop sign is only calculated to deceive the public on that point. I can give you many instances of what I term emergency meat. The following will suffice: Somewhere in British Columbia this year, a farmer had a cow which for days labored to deliver a calf, and at last being exhausted she collapsed. The owner, instead of sending in good time for a veterinary surgeon, was too mean to pay for one, and as a last resort he operated by cutting through the animal’s sides and extracted two beautiful live calves. The cow after undergoing such a cruel operation, without the aid of chloroform, was then killed, and subsequently I heard that the meat was put on the market. Just two or three weeks ago I saw a cattle buyer going round the upper country buying for some butcher on the coast. He was told of a cow for sale, but the owner remarked that ‘‘she was thin, as she had not got over some sickness yet.’’ ‘‘Is she living?’’ asked the buyer; ‘‘well, then, if she can walk, bring her along.’’ My observations in the Orient as well as in the Occident, makes it easy for me to state emphatically that the tuberculous cow is the most common disseminator of tuberculosis in the world, by her flesh as well as her milk, and most veterinary surgeons know this. A healthy cow is a prize and a blessing to its owner; but a 338 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS diseased one is a curse; and, gentlemen, you cannot cure a curse, you can only prevent its breeding and spreading and in this way control it. Because every veterinary surgeon knows this, it behooves us to see, if we desire pure food, free of disease, that the most eminent veterinary surgeon in every Province is placed at the head of the Departments of Agriculture. Then we will begin successfully to control tuberculosis, instead of from hos- pitals, sanitariams and clinics, which can only give their attention to the already afflicted. The butchers all over this Province, with few exceptions, buy what they like, kill what they like, and sell it to the meat-eating public, without any supervision or control, far less inspection. Some are conscientious, but the majority are not. And, gentle- men, this is the crux of the tuberculosis situation. Rotary may say what she chooses, collect money as if by magic, and build scores of clinics, but until she can give a better use to humanity than mere cure—so excellent and charitable in itseli—of human beings, her high purpose will not appeal with the same force and power to those whose minds are capable of a higher reasoning, in favor of the phophylactic, or preventive measures. To abate this infection in mankind, we must necessarily at- tack the roots that lie in the source of impure foods that come to our tables wearing a mask of innocence, and liberate the people from the evil clutches of such an insidious foe, which the skill of veterinary surgeons has demonstrated beyond the shadow of a doubt. Gentlemen Rotarians, will you help us to protect our Canadian people from a system which, however excellent and imperative to preserve our export trade to protect the foreign consumer, militates against the Canadian national health ? Will you help us to impress the powers that be of the neces- sity of passing a law as speedily as possible that will guarantee to our people a healthy supply of meat, and remove from the face of our civilization forever the scars of tuberculosis? I know that Rotary will help, because she has already won the respect and admiration of all classes, and she must be jealous that that confidence is never shaken. Long live Rotary. Witu1am TxHomson, V. §. The presence of so many of the older members of the Associa- tion at the New Orleans meeting was quite marked, notwith- standing the ‘‘dry’’ times prevailing. COMMUNICATIONS. To the Editor: May I request a little space in the next issue of THE JOURNAL for the following: “VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF ALBERTA BAR VISITING BROTHERS. It would appear that the executives of the Veterinary Associa- tion of Alberta have lost sight of the object of an Association meeting and clinic when they excluded from entrance on Nov. 5 a visiting veterinarian holding annual license from the veterinary association of Saskatchewan for the year 1919 and also member- ship card from the A. V. M. A. as a member in good and regular standing for the year 1919.’’ Yours very truly, N. D. Curistiz, B. V. Se. 1109 15th Ave. West, Calgary, Alta., Nov. 6, 1919. Secretary Mayo, on instructions from the Executive Board of the A. V. M. A., sent a floral tribute to the memory of Mr. Harry C. Moore of Indianapolis, Ind., and the following letter received by the Secretary from Mrs. Moore is self explan- atory : **Dear Doctor Mayo: I want to express to you, and through you to the American Veterinary Medical Association, my sincere appreciation for your sympathy and for the beautiful floral tribute to the memory of my dear husband. The knowledge of the high regard and the genuine friendship that so many of your profession had for him is a source of the greatest comfort to me to know. Most sincerely, Mary S. Moors.’’ ‘THE PROFESSION NEEDS ADVERTISING. To.the Editor: In your publication for November, 1919, there appeared an article by William N. Berg, entitled ‘‘How to Raise the Stand- 340 COMMUNICATIONS ards in Veterinary Education,’’ in which Mr. Berg advocated making the veterinary school requirements exactly parallel with those of medical colleges. I shall endeavor to point out that Mr. Berg’s stand is poorly taken, for he has depreciated the profession unwarrantedly and in the ‘proposed system for improvement has placed least em- phasis upon the most essential point: publicity. I will quote a part of the article, which is as follows: The following quotation is from the Bulletin of Yale Uni- versity, School of Medicine, 1918-1919, p. 19: ‘“ ADMISSION OF STUDENTS. ‘*PREPARATION FOR MEDICAL STUDIES. ‘‘Students who enter college with the idea of subsequently studying medicine should realize that the broader the foundation a professional man can obtain the more efficient he will be. Those who are ina position to do so are recommended, therefore, to complete their college course before entering the School of Medi- ‘cine, including in it the necessary special studies in the sciences. ‘‘In view of the fact that circumstances do not permit all prospective medical students to complete their college course, two years of college work has been fixed as the minimum general requirement for matriculation m this school. Work in Schools of Dentistry, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine is not accepted as the equivalent of college work.’’ The last sentence shows how high veterinary colleges stand in the esteem of certain university authorities. Although this sen- tence was not found in several other medical school catalogs it is plainly implied there. This means that a second year student in Cornell Veterinary Medical College, for example, who changed his mind and decided to study human medicine, would find that — he was not eligible to enter the medical schools of Yale and other universities, although he had just finished two years in a good professional school. I beg to suggest that Mr. Berg has misinterpreted the inten- tion of medical colleges in refusing to accept veterinary educa- tion as pre-medical work. It seems that the explanation of their decision is stated in that first line of the bulletin extract above quoted, which informs us that ‘‘the broader the foundation a professional man can have, the more efficient he will be.”’ A broad education is one that includes a knowledge of the arts. This knowledge is essential not only for mental develop- ment, but for imparting to its possessor a cultural standing so necessary in any community. To accept other professional studies as pre-medical training would be to develop an ultra-. professional or scientific man only capable of doing research and ' COMMUNICATIONS 341 having no prerequisite training for dealing with the public. This attitude of medical colleges, therefore, does not depreciate the standing of veterinary schools. Similar requirements, I grant, should be applied to veterinary students and could be if the veterinary profession enjoyed the same popularity as that of the medical profession. Until recent years veterinary medicine was not so essential to the nation’s — welfare, but as its importance is now being sharply felt and as the demand for veterinarians far exceeds the supply, the most logical way to improve the profession is to first build it up numerically, according, however, to a sufficient standard. The only way to accomplish this is to advertise. There is but one reason for all the ambitious young men of our rurals attending agricultural colleges when some should study veterinary medicine; and that reason is the general lack of information about the profession, its attractions and importance. Agriculture is advertised by county agents, and. while the veteri- wary profession does not have such an efficient medium, means could be and should be developed. A campaign in our cities could produce several good results. I venture to say that one-half their inhabitants are ignorant of the existence of the veterinary medical science, and an enlighten- ment might accomplish great things. To interest city men would be to first increase the number of veterinarians, and, second, induce city-bred men to seek the rurals, thereby improving the communities both professionally and mentally. These recommendations may seem to be off the point, but before veterinary medical standards can be raised there must be sufficient veterinarians to supply the needs and at the same time naturally improve the personal professional standards by the laws of survival of the fittest. Until this is accomplished a system of increased entrance requirements for veterinary schools would tend to drive away the few men who are now applying and thus further reduce the present inadequate force. The profes- sion needs to be advertised. RayMonp WELLS, Student, Univ. of Penn. The Southern boys know how to fix. up for a real good con- vention, and they want another A. V. M. A. meeting back South before so very long—so they say. NECROLOGICAL. DR. HUGH FRANCIS DORIS. Dr. H. F. Doris died August 15, in New York City. He was a graduate of the American Veterinary College, class of ’85, and afterwards enjoyed a large practice, succeeding his father in Pittsburgh, Pa. He subsequently took up the study of human medicine in West Penn. Medical College, Western Reserve Medi- cal College, and Jefferson Medical College, but failed to graduate. He then studied for the bar in West Virginia University, and while there trained the athletic teams. Finally he located in law practice in New York City. THE JOURNAL has no record of Dr. Doris being a member of the A. V. M. A. DR. E. C. ROSS. Dr. E. C. Ross, New Haven, Conn., died on August 15, at his home in New Haven. Dr. Ross was a graduate of the American Veterinary Col- lege, class ’84, and while his name does not now appear on the present list of members of the A. V. M. A., he was an active member until his retirement from active service about 1910. Dr. Ross was one of the most prominent members of the - profession in the State of Connecticut; admired by his brother practitioners, and always ready and willing to give advice to the younger members. He had acquired sufficient to live com- fortably after retirement, but for the past year or two was quite feeble, and gradually succumbed to an incurable cancerous ¢con- dition of the rectum. Some of the older members who attended the New Haven meeting in 1906 will remember Dr. Ross as being the ‘‘ guiding star’’ on that occasion. DR. R. H. BIRD. Dr. R. H. Bird, who resided at Greeley, Colorado, and had for many years been a prominent member of the profession of his NECROLOGICAL . 343 state, died at St. Anthony’s Hospital in Denver on October 26. The immediate cause of death was a venous hemorrhage at the base of the brain resulting from an injury to me jaw received while vaccinating cattle. Dr. Bird was the son of James and Helen Amy Hewitt Bird of Kirkliston, Linlithgow, Scotland, where he was born on May 17, 1854. He was a member of the British Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and graduated from the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College, Edinburgh, April 17, 1873. Subsequently Dr. Bird served as a veterinary inspector in Ireland from 1878 to 1883. He later went to Australia, from where he came to the United States, and served as State Veterinarian of Montana from 1895 to 1897. Soon afterwards he moved to Greeley, where he has since resided. Dr. Bird became a member of the U. S. Veterinary Medical Association in 1895, and has since held membership in that organization and its successor, the American Veterinary Medical Association. The Doctor was a prominent member of the Colorado Vete- rinary Medical Association, having served as its president for two successive years. He was treasurer of the Colorado Board of Veterinary Examiners at the time of his death. His lodge affiliations were numerous, he having been asso- ciated with the Knights of Pythias, Elks and Masons. In his death the profession of Colorado, as well as the A. V. M. A., loses one of its ablest members. DR. WATT ASHCRAFT. Dr. Watt Asheraft, of Monroe, N. C., died recently at his home as the result of a punctured wound of his foot setting up blood poison. We understand that the Doctor had been suffering from diabetes for several years, which no doubt had the effect of weakening his constitution and hurrying on the final issue. Dr. Ashcraft was born at Rock Rest, N. C., July 22, 1887, and graduated from the Chicago Veterinary College in 1908. He was married in 1912 to Miss Viola Willson, of Baltimore, and is survived by his widow, mother, four brothers and a sister. He was a member of the North Carolina State Veterinary Medical Association, and took a very active part in its delibera- 844 NECROLOGICAL tions. He was also a member of the North Carolina State Board of Veterinary Examiners for several years; and he was a mem- ber of the A. V. M. A. His fellow: practitioners in North Carolina regarded Dr. Ash- craft as the leading veterinarian in the state. In a beautiful tribute to his memory, by Rev. J. E. Abernethy, of Salisbury, N. C., there appears the following: ‘‘In a classic sense Dr. Asheraft was not a scholar, but he had learned well the divine art of thinking. .His mind moved with the accuracy of a full-jeweled watch. He was a master of his profession. If the dumb animals of Union County were given the power of intelligent speech, they would rise up in a body and call him blessed. ‘‘He was preéminently a gentleman. He proudly wore the integrity of a plumed knight, and looked with disdain upon every form of fraud. He walked the royal highway of honor, and kept the company of his self-respect. He had the elements of a real man. He admired truth, and despised falsehood. He loved honesty and hated hypocrisy. He lived a clean life, and frowned upon every wretch who blights the flower of virtue.’ _ MRS. HAMLET MOORE. Mrs. Hamlet Moore, wife of Dr. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La., died September 28, 1919. Mrs. Moore before her marriage was Miss Haydee Sitgef. She was 44 years of age and the mother of four children, two boys and two girls ranging in ages from 16 to 20 years respectively. Dr. Moore and the surviving children have the sympathy of THE JOURNAL, but it is far more consoling to know that the mother had fulfilled all her obligations on earth and leaves a loving memory. Pal a A ciate] The ‘‘sanitary kiss’? recommended by Dr. Fred. J. Mayer at the banquet of the A. V. M. A., did not quite appeal to all of the ladies present, especially the younger set. The visiting ladies seemed to have a great time seeing the sights of New Orleans, some of whom took advantage of the famous French Opera. MISCELLANEOUS. HORSE AND HUMAN INFLUENZA. Writing in the New York Medical Journal Major George A. Soper, Sanitary Corps, U. S. A., presents a paper on ‘‘ Influenza in Horses and Men,’’ which, containing facts from army investi- gations, is published with the permission of the surgeon general. **Keonomieally,’’ writes Dr. Soper, ‘‘influenza is the most im- portant disease of horses in temperate climates.’’ Boston realizes this in peculiar fashion, since its great fire gained headway at a time when horses were incapacitated by the epizodtic. The mortality among remounts in the recent army due to influenza has been many times more than to all other causes together. It is estimated that more than 25,000 horses purchased in Canada and the United States for the British Army during the years of the war died on this side of the ocean while awaiting shipment. In the Army of the United States the loss among the horses amounted to $100,000 a week. Epizoétics have occurred from the earliest historic times. Italy had an important one in 1301; in 1711 it followed the tracks of great armies over Europe and in 1870-73 it was a pandemic occurring with the Franco-Prussian war. Its spread over this country was a wave. It appeared in Toronto in Sep- tember, reached Buffalo and Detroit in the first two weeks of October, by the third week it had spread to Bangor, Albany and New York and then quickly invaded a wider district. It reached Milwaukee the first week in November, and about the same time was observed in Raleigh and Charleston and by the end of the month had touched Houston, Texas, and Little Rock. In Decem- ber it reached Colorado, in January it was in New Mexico and Utah, by March and April it invaded the West Coast and Mexico and by summer time it was in Guatemala. It affected more than a million equines. ' Mortality rates of horses last year at the army shipping ports ran as high as 150 per thousand per year, which figure makes it comparable with losses from human maladies. Dr. Soper draws an analogy between the human and the equine influenza, and suggests that close study of horses’ influ- 346 MISCELLANEOUS enza may help in the human disease. He notes that it spreads at about the rate of the transportation of horses and points out the fact that humans travel very much more quickly. It is not so surprising, therefore, that the recent pandemic ran over the country with such speed.. MR. HARRY C. MOORE. (A SHORT BIOGRAPHY.) Mr. Harry C. Moore, of Indianapolis, notice of whose un- timely death appeared in the November JouRNAL, was born in Delaware County, Indiana, in 1874, and grew to manhood there. His parents, John L. and Lorinda (Lewis) Moore were natives of the same county, and their respective parents were among the pioneers who reclaimed Indiana from the wilderness and its original savage owners. MISCELLANEOUS 347 In his early manhood, Mr. Moore was associated with his father in the wholesale grocery business in Indianapolis, and later became purchasing agent for the White Knob Copper Company, Mackay, Idaho. In 1905, he became treasurer for the Pitman-Myers Company at Indianapolis, which at that time operated a small pharmaceutical laboratory, manufacturing a limited line of physicians’ supplies. The growth of the company, after Mr. Moore became associated with it, was rapid, and in 1906 a new pharmaceutical laboratory building was erected in the heart of the business section of Indianapolis. In 1913 Mr. Moore became president of the company, and it was reorganized under the name of Pitman-Moore Company; and in the same year the Veterinary Biological Laboratories of the company were established. It happened that Mr. Moore’s death occurred in Indianapolis at the time of the Conference on Tuberculosis Eradication was being held in Chicago, and the following resolutions, concerning his death, were adopted by the conference : ‘*Whereas, Death has taken from us one of our valued friends ~ and one who always had the live stock interests of the nation at heart; and Whereas, In the death of Mr. Harry C. Moore, of Indian- apolis, Indiana, the federal and state officials, as well as the entire veterinary profession, have lost a valuable and energetic co-worker ; therefore, be it Resolved, That we deeply mourn his loss, and that the memory ef his friendship shall ever be a bright spot in our lives; and be it further | Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his family with our love and sympathy.”’ SCHOOLED VETS GET GOOD POSITIONS. The army emphasizes the fact that it offers a useful training to its enlisted men which will be of value after their return to eivil life. This is aptly illustrated in the activites of the Medical Department. One of the most important functions of the Veterinary Corps is its meat and dairy inspection service. This Corps is responsi- ble for the inspection of all meats and meat and dairy products purchased for the army. To maintain this important work, the Corps established officers and men at the packing house center in Chicago. 348 MISCELLANEOUS All men selected for this duty in the Veterinary Corps are first given a thorough course of instruction, consisting of lec- tures, demonstrations and practical work, under officer special- ists, to qualify them as assistants to the veterinary meat and dairy inspection officers. Their services as trained assistants are needed not only at the packing centers, where large contracts for these products are made, but also at all army posts. This inspection is main- tained at all points of purchase, trans-shipment points, and places of issue. The Surgeon General has lately received letters from three of the leading meat packing companies stating that they are now employing discharged army men who were trained in this work by the Veterinary Corps, and that in every case their ser- vices are found to be very satisfactory. Their salaries in one company average $35 weekly, while in the other two a salary of $40 weekly is paid—The Come Back. DR. WINCHESTER’S EFFORTS APPRECIATED BY HIS PEOPLE. Bulletin 72 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, which calls attention to the menace which tubercular cattle are to the public health, has called forth the following from The Leader (Lawrence, Mass.) concerning the splendid work of Dr. Win- chester in that connection: ‘‘Wor thirty-two years Dr. John F. Winchester of this city has been carrying on his campaign of education on this very question. If I am not mistaken, it was Dr. Winchester who first presented this matter in a Massachusetts state report, and he has continued the battle against the tubercular cow ever since, con- tending against official indifference and public apathy .on the one hand, and commercial and agricultural greed on the other. His fight might have been well compared to the tilting of Sancho Panza against the windmill, so far as immediate results were concerned ; but he has succeeded in establishing the truth that he has been standing for, as this official publication of the U. S. government shows. ‘‘Tt is a result that repays Dr. Winchester for his ceaseless — stand for the lives and health of the little children of the nation.”’ THE JOURNAL congratulates Dr. Winchester, and delights in such splendid appreciation being afforded one of the staunch members of the veterinary profession. MISCELLANEOUS 349 APPOINTMENT FOR DR. WINCHESTER. Dr. John F. Winchester has been notified of his election to the committee on meat inspection of the American Public Health Association. The letter of notification follows: Boston, Mass., Nov. 5, 1919. Dr. John F. Winchester, Lawrence, Mass. Dear Dr. Winchester: I am taking this means of notifying you of your election as a member of the committee on meat inspection, of the section on food and drugs, of the American Public Health Association, at the recent meeting of the Section, held in. New Orleans. Mr. Geoge H. Shaw, Chief, Division of Housing and Sanitation, Room 615, City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., is chairman of this committee. Sincerely yours, a JAMES O. JorRDAN, Executive Secretary. We feel sure that the veterinary profession of this country will appreciate the appointment of Dr. Winchester as a decided compliment, not only to himself, but to the profession generally. Dr. Winchester’s aim in this sort of work has always been the prevention and alleviation of human suffering and distress, in their association with the lower animals, through suggestion and sound advice as to the most reasonable and feasible methods. To be elected on such an important committee of the Amer- ican Public Health Association is a high honor, and THE JOURNAL heartily congratulates Dr. Winchester, who is so eminently worthy of it. NOTICE BY THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. To meet the calls for a veterinary training from Wisconsin’s returning soldiers, the State Board of Education has asked the university authorities to establish the first two years of a course _ in veterinary medicine. Replies to the questionnaires, recently sent out by Governor Philipp to determine how many of the state’s soldiers and sailors would avail themselves of the $30 a month bonus, indicated that a considerable number wish to study veterinary medicine. No institution in the state has been training men to enter the veteri- nary profession. 350 MISCELLANEOUS Upon the recommendation of the State Board of Education the university will give the first two years of a four year pro- fessional course in veterinary medicine. Although designed primarily for bonus students, the course will be open to any who can satisfy the entrance requirements of the university. Officials of the institution are planning that students who com- plete the two years’ work will be qualified for advanced standing in any of the veterinary colleges of the country. Besides work in the department of veterinary science, the course will include ~ instruction in the departments of bacteriology, chemistry, animal husbandry, physics, physiology, pharmacy, and zodlogy. ; Stockmen in many sections of the state have frequently cham- pioned the proposal to establish a veterinary course. They argue that improved stock raising is growing so rapidly in Wisconsin that a strong staffed and well equipped course in which to train veterinarians would be a profitable investment for the state. Among the missed members at New Orleans were Drs. Ruther- ford and Torrance, of Canada, both former presidents of the A. V. M. A. Their absence was unavoidable, however. The Ladies’ Auxiliary of the A. V. M. A. was well repre- sented at the recent meeting. Their membership seems to be increasing both in numbers and in interest. Dr. M. H. Reynolds, of Minnesota, rarely misses an annual meeting, and was at New Orleans displaying his usual interest in Association matters. Northern members attending the meeting appeared to enjoy the celebrated Louisiana pecans, as a number of orders were left for consignments. _ The Army Veterinary Service illustrations were a great asset to the program of the meeting. The time to begin to get ready for the 1920 meeting at -Columbus is right now. . The ‘‘men in khaki’’ added a military air to the annual meeting. + ' a [e oF "5 i ne oy * Go as LSA. PRESIDENT C. A. CARY JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n). J. R. MOHLER, Editor, Washington, D. C. C. A. Cary, President, Auburn, Ala. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago M. JAcos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. . Executive Board Geo. HILton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District; , 4th District; C. H. STANGE, 5th District; R. A. . ARCHIBALD, 6th District; A. T. Kinsley, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal Gro. HILTon R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vou. LVI, N.S. Vor. 9 JANUARY, 1920 No. 4 PRESIDENT C. A. CARY OUR newly elected president, Dr. Charles Allen Cary, is an American by birth as well as in sentiment and practice. On his father’s side his lineage is traceable to a vigorous, thrifty strain of the English stock that came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634, and on his mother’s side he is of Scotch-Irish descent. Thus he was favored with a rich cémbination of racial characteristics to begin the battle of life. About 1857 William Cary, his father, and Lucy Ellen Cary, his mother, were attracted to the fertile plains country that was develop- ing so rapidly west of the Mississippi river. They migrated from the East to Millersburg, Iowa, and it was here that Dr. Cary was born on November 27, 1861. During his early life in Iowa, Charles worked and studied with more than the average industry of the growing boy. In 1885 he was graduated from the Iowa State College with high standing, among the first ten upon whom the degree of Bachelor of Science was conferred. In 1887 he completed the course in veteri- nary science in the veterinary department of the same institution, and graduated with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. 351 352 EDITORIAL After graduation Dr. Cary located at Keokuk, Iowa, and. pursued the practice of veterinary medicine there until 1889, when he ac- cepted the position of professor of veterinary science in the South Dakota Agricultural and Mechanical College. He remained in South Dakota until 1892, with the exception of the winter of 1890, which was spent in post-graduate work at the University of Missouri. At the beginning of the year 1892 he accepted a temporary assign- ment of three months at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and the remaining nine months of that year were spent in the study of medicine and language in Germany. On his return from Europe, in 1893, he accepted the chair of veterinary science in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and has been a member of the faculty of that institution continuously to the present time. In addition to his duties as professor in the college, Dr. Cary has been actively engaged in agricultural, live stock, and important community matters. For a number of years he has been rendering distinguished service in Alabama as State Veterinarian; he served a long term as a member of the Auburn City School Board, and for more than twenty-five years he has served as president of the Alabama Live Stock Association. As a churchman Dr. Cary is of the Presby- terian faith, and his high standing in the community is also reflected favorably in the honors that have been conferred upon him by vari- ous organizations of which he is a member, notable among which are the Masonic and Knights of Pythias fraternities. : "Busy as his life has been in endeavors to elevate his profession, in teaching and in investigations in veterinary science, in advancing agriculture, in promoting the live-stock industry of the Southland, and in serving his community, he has found time to write many papers, both technical and popular, and his articles on sanitary, public health, and live-stock matters are sought by the editors of our leading publications in those fields. His high ideals, his compre- hensive vision, his tenacity of purpose, his unflagging zeal and devo- tion to his profession and his friends command universal admira- tion and respect. The A. V. M. A. is to be congratulated on its selection of so com- petent and worthy a representative of the profession as its presi- dent, and THE JouRNAL joins his many friends in wishing him a successful administration. EDITORIAL 353 ECHOES FROM THE NEW ORLEANS MEETING THE veterinarians of America have gloriously passed another milepost in the history of the profession. The fifty-sixth annual meeting in New Orleans was a splendid success from the smallest feature of the entertainment to the execution of the most technical part of the program. In all, the program was excellently arranged and combined a discussion of a wide variety of practical subjects. Near the close of the session it became rather congested and required another half day to complete it. Among the participants on the program were representatives from all parts of the United States, as well as from Canada. A careful study, however, reveals the fact that the practi- tioner was not so well represented as he should have been. Never- theless no one individually should be censured for this because it is a condition that must be remedied through closer co-operation. The officers, the various committees and the Executive Board admirably fulfilled all their obligations without respect of persons and, so far as could be observed, for the interest of the Association and its future welfare. The attendance was far more than was expected, considering the long distance that many had to travel and the high cost of living and transportation. More than 500 men and about 150 ladies registered, and it is presumed that a few of the members and a number of the ‘visitors did not record their names. For the occasion the weather was ideal. The days were clear and invigorating, while the evenings were balmy but tinged with sufficient sharpness of the atmosphere to induce pleasant sleep. Not a drop of rain dampened the streets, nor did a cloud darken the sky. The ladies appeared to be busy every minute and their stay was one continuous round of pleasure. The men enjoyed their presence and only wished there could have been more of them, for the charm- ing qualities of the fair sex go a long way toward making any convention a success. 8 The playhouses, the French Opera, the boat ride, and the restau- rants with their characteristic cuisine were generously patronized and hugely enjoyed. Very little more could have been wished for; in fact, not even excluding the president’s reception and the banquet, og i: it was one of the most democratic occasions that we have had an _ opportunity to observe. 354 EDITORIAL The election of officers passed off with very little confusion, and the newly elected officials promised solemnly to render a full measure of efficient service to the entire Association regardless of fac- tions or sections. The honor of the A. V. M. A. should be para- mount in their minds, and, with such resolutions in view, the mem- bers will strive with them to that end. For a long time members had been anticipating the meeting. Therefore they began to arrive as early as Sunday, and, with the ex- ception of a few, did not leave until the following Friday. The lobby of the Grunewald during mornings, noons and evenings was constantly filled with groups of old friends recalling experiences of bygone days. Let us hope that the same friends may be permitted to greet one another again under similar happy conditions. E. 1. S. A REVIEW OF 1919 OUR Association is indeed fortunate in having called to its service men like Ex-President V. A. Moore and President C. A. Cary during these trying days of reconstruction. The sterling ability, the rare resourcefulness and the untiring efforts of such men, who have been and who are now leading the American Veterinary Medical Association to more important public service, are valued possessions in making for the success of our organization. It was with a feeling of deep regret that the members saw the term of Dr. Moore come to an end. His administration of 15 months was characterized by continued progress, as great as any in the history of the Association. It would be impossible to summarize the extent of Dr. Moore’s service or the many activities supported by him during the year. He was ever at the beck and call of State organizations and other medical and veterinary gatherings which needed his inspiration and advice. He, with many others, was instrumental in obtaining from the National Congress increased funds for paying better salaries to veterinary inspectors. He traveled to a number of States to present educational and sanitary control matters of international importance which would prove beneficial to the A. V. M. A. During his administration there were 772 applicants elected to membership, which is the second highest number that have been taken into the Association at any one meet- ing. While this is very satisfactory, it is equally pleasing to note by the treasurer’s report that the financial condition of our organi- zation has become greatly improved. Notwithstanding the vastly EDITORIAL 355 expanded cost of conducting our affairs, this healthy state of the finances will permit larger projects to be undertaken in the future. Moreover, it will allow the Association to attain a higher place in keeping with its objects and to become more truly the great Ameri- can association whose prosperity depends on the advancement of the veterinary profession of America. ’ THE NEW HOME OF THE JOURNAL SOME complaints of the delayed arrival of the January issue of Tue Journat will probably be received from some of our sub-. scribers. By way of explanation our readers are reminded that THE JOURNAL is now printed in Washington, D. C., instead of Baton Rouge, La., and that incidental to the change there have been some unavoidable delays. Until the new arrangement is complete and in smooth working order we must ask our readers to bear with such delays as may occur in the receipt of their copies. The new editor of THE JouRNAL enters upon his duties at a most un- propitious time. Unfortunately this year the International Live Stock Show, the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Associa- tion, the hearings before the Agricultural Committee of the House of Representatives and those before the Congressional Commission on the Reclassification of Salaries have all been crowded into the month of December: with the holiday festivities. In addition the United States Fuel Administration has ordered the publishing houses in this city to remain closed on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays in order to conserve the coal supply and this will greatly handicap the print- ers in getting the January number out promptly. However, our predecessor has already requested forbearance on the part of the subscribers until some of these unavoidable complications have ad- justed themselves. ‘The hearty co-operation of all the members of our Association is earnestly solicited, as Tue Journat has reached the stage when it can not be handled successfully by any one individual. We par- ticularly urge the practicing veterinarians to send. in the papers that they present at the various State and county meetings, also reports of their interesting cases. THE JOURNAL can not cater to the needs of the practitioner unless the practitioners themselves provide the papers and case reports requested. 356 EDITORIAL MORE AND BETTER LIVE STOCK VERSUS PARASITES WITH the end of the campaign against the cattle tick already in sight, the movement for more and better live stock in the South is attaining considerable impetus. However, in this movement there are certain obstacles to overcome that must not be wast disre- garded. eo ie The eradication of the cattle tie will remove one enemy that has kept the live-stock industry of the South down to its present com- paratively small holdings. The expansion of that industry to the larger holdings of better stock that have been rendered possible by tick eradication must, however, be made on a conservative basis or more or less serious trouble is certain to be experienced. In other words, with the eradication of the tick there still remain other parasites that will prove very bothersome to those live-stock owners who fail to observe proper precautions in the management of their animals. Complaints of damage from internal parasites of live stock are becoming more frequent, and a warning by the Bureau of Animal Industry to the veterinarians of the South at the recent meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New Orleans brought out the fact that the warning was none too early and that serious losses among horses, mules, cattle and sheep were occurring on many farms through the neglect of certain fundamental principles in the control of parasitic diseases. The South generally has a climate which furnishes certain very injurious parasites with conditions highly favorable to their propa- gation, that is, a climate characterized by abundant warmth and moisture throughout almost the entire year. The check on these parasites imposed in the Northern United States by dry and cold seasons is largely lacking. Attempts, therefore, to stock southern pastures up to approximately what their feed production would seem to warrant or to the extent commonly practiced in cooler, drier climates, are likely to result in considerable wastage from losses by parasitic diseases, if not in the first year, then in the two or three years necessary for the pastures to become heavily infested, during which time also there may be a tendency to increase the holdings of live stock beyond the number that may be safely carried on a given area. The spread and development of man and his live stock in tropical and semi-tropical countries has always been limited by parasites, and it is only by adequate control of parasites that civilized man yt ¥ | é EDITORIAL ake can expect to maintain himself and his flocks in prosperity in warm countries. In the South man has suffered from yellow fever, bubonic plague, malaria and hookworm, all diseases due to parasites or car- ried by parasites. The first two have been eradicated, the last two are being controlled. His live stock has suffered from Texas fever and its tick carrier and from many kinds of parasitic worms and in- sects. Texas fever and the tick will soon disappear, but the problem of controlling worm and insect pests is now urgently demanding solu- tion. Serious losses at the very beginning of the new live-stock in- dustry in the South will tend to give the project a bad reputation that it may take years to live down. The time has come for all persons interested in the southern live-stock industry to insist that appropriate measures be taken to protect it from the hindrance of uncontrolled parasitic diseases. Some of the important measures that will help to control para- sites under southern conditions and to prevent serious losses are as follows: A large margin must be maintained between the number of live stock on a given area and the number which that area will ap- parently support as judged by northern standards. Provision should be made for frequent movement to fresh grazing areas; the use of permanent pastures should be minimized; forage crops should be utilized as much as possible, and low-lying, swampy areas should be avoided. Horses, swine and ruminants (sheep and cattle) may be grazed in turn upon the same fields with little risk of serious spread of parasitic diseases from one kind to another, but sheep and cattle can not follow one another with safety in the absence of other pre- cautions, as several kinds of parasites, including the stomach worm, are common to both sheep and cattle. Because the dog is respon- sible for the conveyance and spread of certain dangerous parasites of man and live stock, the all too common wandering dog must be suppressed. It is safe to assume from the outset that parasites in small num- bers at least are always present and liable to become troublesome if given an opportunity to increase in numbers. This opportunity may come with an unusually wet season or through the failure of the live-stock owner to take measures to control parasites, which, under conditions favorable to them, multiply rapidly and soon become numerous enough to cause great damage. Together with measures for controlling parasites, the use of medicinal treatment will commonly be necessary, and in this connection competent veteri- narians who have learned the best methods for the treatment and 358 EDITORIAL control of parasites can render valuable service to the live-stock owner. In addition to the practical application of such knowledge as is already available, the inauguration of a more comprehensive program of research along the lines of parasite control in the South is imperative. Every southern experiment station should have a capable parasitologist on its staff to investigate local conditions and to add much-needed information to our comparatively meager knowledge of parasites in the South. Liberal provisions should be made for such investigations, as their cost will be many times repaid by the avoidance of the losses that will surely follow through igno- rance of the proper management of live stock to avoid damage by parasites. B. H. R. New MEMBER FOR EXECUTIVE BoarD On account of the expiration of Dr. J. R. Mohler’s term of office on the Executive Board a new member is to be elected by postal card votes from District No. 4. This district includes Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, Cuba and South America. Return postal cards for nominations are being sent out from the Secretary’s office. Epitor’s Notes Unfortunately, none of the proceedings or papers of the New Orleans Convention has reached this office as yet, so we are forced to go to press without any of this material. However, we hope to have the entire proceedings in our possession in time to start publish- ing the first papers in the February number. Every member of the A. V. M. A. who has not paid his dues for the current year should send in $5.00 immediately to the Secretary’s office. The final statement is being sent out to those who have not paid for the present fiscal year. Don’t delay in sending your remit- tance as you will miss your JOURNAL, because it will be necessary to stop the Journals of those who have not sent in their dues. —— PROGRESS IN HOG CHOLERA CONTROL: By U. G. Hovex, Washington, iG. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SWINE INDUSTRY THE United States at the beginning of the present year contained approximately 42 per cent of all the hogs in the world. Our swine , population at that time numbered 75,587,000, which was more than the combined total number in any other ten countries. This number does not include those farrowed since January 1, 1918, and mar- keted before January 1, 1919. During the past year the flesh of swine constituted nearly one-half of our meat diet, and more than two-thirds of our total exports of dressed meat were pork products, while. of animal fats exported more than five-sixths was lard. Within the last ten years the population of this country has in- creased about 39 per cent. Our pork production is the only branch of the meat industry that has been able to keep pace with the rapid in- crease of population. When it is realized that in one year (1918) we produced 11,226,000,000 pounds of pork products, with a surplus of about 2,250,000,000 pounds, it is evident that this great and growing national industry is deserving of our fostering care. Hoc CHOLERA THE Most Destructive DISEASE OF SWINE It is established by evidence on every hand that hog cholera has been and continues to be the greatest impediment to the swine in- dustry, since-it, with its complications, is responsible for about 90 per cent of the mortality of hogs that die on farms and in feed lots. Last year more than two and one-half millions of hogs in the United States were allowed to die from hog cholera. The fact that for the past 11 years we have had a reliable preventive treatment at our disposal and yet have allowed this heavy loss to continue seems to indicate that we are not giving to the swine industry as much protection as it should receive. CONFIDENCE ESTABLISHED IN SERUM In 1908 the United States Department of Agriculture commenced to urge the immunization of swine against hog cholera by what is known as the Dorset-Niles treatment. While State institutions seemed slow to realize the possibilities from the use of this treat- 1 Presented at the twenty-third annual meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, Chicago, Ill., December 1, 1919. 359 360 U. G. Houck ment, commercial establishments grasped the opportunity to supply the public demand for serum and virus, and up to July 1, 1913, they were allowed to prepare sand handle these products in their own way without State or Nat Qual Bupervision. The impotent and contaminated serum and virus placed upon the market prior to the passage of the virus-serum-toxin act, to- gether with faulty technique in administering the treatment and the inability of many veterinarians to differentiate hog cholera from other swine diseases, produced disappointing results in so many instances that the immunization treatment was not growing in popularity as it deserved. In some sections it was regarded with doubt and in some instances with disfavor. Up to this time the Department had undertaken no extensive field experiments or demonstrations for the eradication of hog cholera, but during the widespread outbreak of the disease in 1912 the Bureau of Animal Industry decided to conduct in selected areas some demonstrational and investigational hog-cholera work, directed by the Biochemic Division, in co-operation with the State regulatory authorities and extension divisions of Agricultural Colleges, to ascertain the best adaptable methods for controlling hog cholera and to show live- stock owners and others how they might reduce their losses from the disease through the proper use of potent serum and virus prop- erly administered in conjunction with the application of quarantine and sanitation. A sum of $75,000 was made available through ap- propriation by Congress for conducting such activities during the fiscal year 1913. At the beginning of the fiscal year, July 1, 1912, the work was commenced in Dallas County, Iowa, and before the end of the calendar year it had been extended to four counties, each located in a different State. The results obtained from the use of serum in connection with the other repressive measures employed were so gratifying and the demands for extension of the service were so pressing that on Feburary 23, 1914, Congress appropriated $450,000 to continue the activities against hog cholera. The work was gradually extended to 17 counties in different portions of the country in the latter part of 1914, but the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the fall of that year made it necessary to drop it in two counties and interfered with it materially in others. The satisfactory results obtained by the Bureau and the co-operating agencies established confidence in the preventive treatment and gave an impetus to the production and use of serum throughout the country, and hog production was Hoc CHQLeraA CONTROL 361 greatly increased in the areas covered by the demonstrational and educational work. EXTENSION OF Hoc-CHOLERA CoNnTROL WoRK Funds were provided by Congress to continue the work during the fiscal year 1916, and on January 1 of that year the Office of Hog-Cholera Control. was established in accordance with the policy of the Department to segregate research, extension and regulatory work from each other. Up to this time the activities in the selected counties were carried on with free serum and virus administered by Bureau veterinarians free of charge. This plan served a useful purpose, but it proved impractical and too expensive for extending the activities to cover a larger territory. Therefore in 1916 the Department discontinued furnishing free serum and the operations were restricted to 10 States but extended to cover larger areas in each State. Under this arrangement assistance was given to 127 counties in the 10 hog-growing States selected. The. sum provided by regular appropriation for hog-cholera ' work was increased in August, 1917, by an allotment of $196,400 from the war emergency funds, which made it possible further to intensify the work and to extend it within the remainder of the fiscal year from 127 counties in 10 States to 295 counties in 14 States. A special feature of the project in 1917 was the successful efforts in enlisting the support and co-operation of practicing veteri- narians, resulting in more uniform and successful methods of treat- ment and charges. The allotment from the war emergency fund for hog-cholera con- trol for the fiscal year 1918 was increased to $202,965. By the judicious use of this sum, in addition to the regular appropriation, the Bureau was. able to extend further its co-operative activities from 295 counties in 14 States to State-wide efforts in 34 States. The extension of the work as a war measure gave swine breeders better protection against losses from hog cholera than they had ever before received, and there was an increase of about four millions in our hog production and a marked decrease in the losses from swine diseases. The mortality fell from 119.9 per 1,000 in 1914 to 42.1 per 1,000 in 1913, which was the lowest in 35 years. ProcrEss OF THE Work Durinc THE Last FiscaL YEAR In April, 1919, the Office of Hog-Cholera Control was made a division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The work under this 362 U. G. Houck division has progressed along the same lines as in the preceding year, in co-operation with State regulatory authorities and the ex- tension divisions of State Agricultural Colleges in 34 States where hog raising forms an important part of the farming activities. There was an increase in hog production of more than four mil- lions over the preceding year, and notwithstanding this large increase in the number of swine and the abnormal conditions that prevailed as a result of the war, the mortality of swine from all diseases was further reduced from 42.1 per 1,000 in 1918 to 41.4 per 1,000 in 1919, which is equivalent to about 37 per 1,000 from hog cholera. This is the lowest mortality that has been recorded in 36 years. To cope with the abnormal conditions during the war the field force was increased in the early part of the last fiscal year consider- ably above the average for the 12 months, which made it necessary later to reduce it accordingly and restrict operations in order to hold the expenditures within the limits of the appropriation. As seven States were able to give financial assistance in maintaining the forces in the field until the present appropriation was available, it did not become necessary to discontinue entirely the operations in any State. The assistance furnished by these seven States was appreciated by those engaged in the swine industry as well as by the Bureau. The work of the field inspectors was materially increased during the year through the necessity of giving attention to the many additional garbage-feeding stations established in the neighborhood of large cities and army camps and the repeated observations of the live stock on farms in various States to which the 614,673 feeder hogs were shipped after immunization at public stockyards. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, there were 12,336 outbreaks of hog cholera. reported to the Burgau inspectors by county agents, live-stock owners and others in the 34 States. A total of 53,586 postmortems were conducted in connection with the 51,022 investigations made on farms where outbreaks of disease occurred. Appropriate literature was widely distributed and 2,734 meetings were held in hog-raising districts for the purpose of form- ing organizations and giving information to live-stock owners con- cerning the application of quarantine, sanitation and the serum- prevention treatment as the most successful means of preventing losses from hog cholera. These meetings were attended by 78,584 farmers and others, and in addition the inspectors had personal in- terviews. with 315,359 live-stock owners, bankers, veterinarians, Hoc CHOLERA CONTROL 363 county agents and others at their homes, places of business, or in the offices at the local headquarters. During the year 93,512 farm visits were made by the inspectors at the request of the owners or otherwise to observe the conditions of live stock and to give advice and other assistance. There was a marked increase in the number of farm visits last year, because the inspectors have come to realize more fully than ever before that the nearer they can get to the stock raiser the more good can be accomplished, and that there is no place so favorable for discus- sing these matters with a farmer as in the feed lots on his own farm. In the performance of their official duties the Bureau repre- sentatives traveled 2,029,519 miles; they treated 233,987 hogs for demonstrational purposes, and the reports seem to indicate that at least 12,000,000 in addition -were treated in the United States by veterinary practitioners and others. Under the direction of the co-operating regulatory authorities in the 34 States, 9,564 farms were quarantined on account of hog cholera, and 4,382 of these were cleaned and disinfected. Consider- ing the number of outbreaks that were reported during the year, it seems that the importance of quarantine and disinfection is not fully appreciated by either the State authorities or live-stock owners and that these matters are not receiving the attention they should. During the calendar year 1918 about 528,306,874 cubic centi- meters of serum was used, the mortality of swine was further low- ered, and in general much good was accomplished; but at the same time swine owners allowed 2,815,000 hogs to die of cholera, which shows that we are not making as rapid progress as we might in preventing losses or in eradicating the disease. The best results that we may hope for, until the work is intensified and extended through more liberal appropriations, closer co-ordination of efforts and more effective co-operation by all concerned, is only a fair control of the disease through the liberal use of serum and the application of such sanitary and quarantine measures as we are able to apply under existing conditions. Attention seems to be centered on immunization while we are generally negligent in regard to efforts to prevent the spread of the infection from primary outbreaks. It does not seem to be fully appreciated that quarantine, cleaning and disinfection are of as much importance in combating hog cholera as they are in eradicating outbreaks of such diseases as foot-and-mouth disease, glanders or anthrax. 364 ; U. G. Houck | Funps ror Hoc-CHOLERA CONTROL The matter of funds is an important feature of co-operative hog- cholera work. Up to the present time some of the largest and richest hog-growing States have not provided funds to co-operate effectually with the Department in combating hog cholera within their borders. It might be expected that any State receiving assist- ance from the National Government would appropriate at least as much money for co-operation as the National Government is willing to use in that State. The hog-cholera work has advanced beyond the experimental stage, and in future those States which do not pro- vide adequate funds for co-operation with the Bureau should not expect to receive the same consideration in the allotment of Bureau funds as those which make liberal appropriations for co-operative hog-cholera work. At the present time the Bureau has 140 veterinarians detailed to hog-cholera work in 34 States. If the States had av equal number devoting their entire time to the work, the losses fiom hog cholera could be reduced sufficiently to bring very large returns to the swine industry from the investment. We are approaching the time when a State receiving assistance in hog-cholera work will be expected to assign continuously to the work at least as many veterinarians as the Bureau furnishes. Congress appropriated $446,865 which may be used for hog-cholera control work during the present fiscal year. A recent survey showed that the combined available funds of the 34 States for co-operation with the Bureau probably will not amount to over $250,000, which is about one-eleventh as much as 44, States have appropriated for tubecuulosis eradication work and about one-fourteenth as much as was provided for tick eradication in 1918 by the States and counties in the 10 States where that work was carried on. From present indications it seems quite probable that the southern cattle tick will be exterminated and that tuberculosis will be elimi- nated from our breeding stock, while the great losses from hog cholera will continue to drag along from year to year unless swine owners, through their organizations, make known their wishes and give better support to the live-stock sanitary authorities in their efforts to induce State legislatures to make more liberal appropriations to combat hog cholera. State Live-Stock Laws AND REGULATIONS There are a number of matters of importance in connection with the hog-cholera work that might be discussed, one of the most im- Hoc CHOLERA CONTROL 365 portant of which is State laws and regulations. Various State authorities and prominent members of live-stock associations have commented liberally on the variations in State laws and regulations affecting the movement and supervision of live stock to prevent the introduction and spread of disease, and suggestions have been made in regard to the desirability of uniformity. Under present condi- tions shippers of breeding animals are frequently subjected to inconveniences and annoyances and have a reasonable excuse for their mistake’ in shipping interstate. The radical differences that exist in the requirements of different States are bewildering and inexplicable and give opportunities for just criticism on account of the apparent contradictions expressed in official regulations. The agents of transportation companies can scarcely be expected to keep themselves informed on the varying requirements and frequent changes in the different States, and in general there is confusion and considerable dissatisfaction. It seems reasonable to suppose that laws and regulations which have been found necessary to protect one State against the intro- duction and spread of hog cholera would prove equally effective and desirable in any other State. The differences that exist in State laws and regulations are probably due to the variations of public sentiment that exist in different sections of the country. In some States the live-stock sanitary authorities have been unable, when they have tried, to secure the passage of laws which they know to be important to protect properly the live-stock industry. In other States they hesitate to attempt to enforce the good laws they have because of the low ebb of public sentiment. It is generally recognized that any policy that is adopted for combating contagious animal diseases must have the support of public sentiment to prove successful. This has been demonstrated in the eradication of such diseases as foot-and-mouth disease, sheep scabies and the Texas-fever tick. Where public sentiment is strongly in favor of tick eradication the ticks disappear rapidly, but in those communities where dipping vats have been repeatedly dynamited the extermination of the tick is prolonged and the task is more irksome and expensive. Live-stock men generally are intelligent, and if they were made to understand, through their organizations or otherwise, that rigid, uniform State laws and regulations are needed better to protect their interests there is no doubt that they would give their support to such measures. There is a need for specifically directed educa- tional work to bring about uniformity in State live-stock laws and 366 U. G. Houck regulations. It might be charged that the requirements of some States are inadequate and that the live-stock sanitary authorities of © some States have not given this matter the attention that it deserves. VARIATIONS IN STATE Laws AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO SWINE Recent official correspondence with State live-stock sanitary authori- ties in connection with the revision of a Bureau publication entitled “State Sanitary Requirements Governing Admission of Live Stock” show the following facts, tabulated to show at a glance the radical differences that exist in State requirements: Admission of Hogs Intended for Breeding Purposes States Nox requixemenitss. 55 000.5034 OCU. 9a Uae 3G ee Permits) requitedies:s.: snes. seisver 46%. ao. boetioen 4 Permits required if from public stockyards............... 1 Accepted on affidavit of shipper................0..eeeee- 8 Accepted on affidavit if for exhibit........... 4 ss Se aR sy Accepted on affidavit or health certificate............ si ph Ta Accepted on affidavit if from a district free from cholera. . 1 Health certificate. required. ... ...,« bscicr «a-p:6 » mie an ‘urd o¢:¢ paid auON auON Z ‘urd Qo:¢ Prd et | 9°9 OOT ud 00:F ‘suiojyduiAs = AyoTjoo AzaAa Ajsnosue} "2°9 OOT uid o¢:¢ Jeuorseo900 pue uor} -noqns [10 poze1 2°D OOT urd 0¢:Z as1OY] -98 JAvdY UI aseaIOUT -oydured *9°9 CF 2°D OOT urd O¢:] SI6l ‘¢ 29q ‘T INAWWOD) INVTOWILS MISNONBAVULN] GaLVINOONI aLvd SaSVD OvIduvD INQONY anoy WOH}BIIXOJU] SNUI[NjOg OJ oYToodg JUOUT}LOLL, OI}NedvI9Yy,|-O1Vg [eJUIUTTIedxy—Z ATAV.L PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 385 During the months of September, October, November and Decem- ber, 1918, as well as January, 1919, specimens from 37 fatal cases were received for examination. It will be seen from Table 3 that in approximately 22 per cent of the cases the organism being con sidered was recovered. In a few instances other organisms of the paratyphoid type were encountered, but these were given little con- sideration due to their infrequency and lack of virulence. MorPHOLOGIC AND BioLoGic CHARACTERISTICS In stained preparations the organisms appear rod-shaped with rourded ends, 0.5 to 1.5 microns long and 0.2 micron wide. Direct from the tissues of affected animals a tendency to bipolar staining was observed. This characteristic was not noted in artificial cul- tures, though involution forms were frequent in old cultures. The organism stains readily with ordinary aniline dyes and is Gram negative. There were neither spores nor capsules. Motility was active and flagella were demonstrated by Smith’s modification of Pitfield’s method.* “A saturated solution of bichlorid of mercury is boiled and poured while still hot into a bottle in which crystals of ammonia alum have been placed in quantity more than sufficient to saturate the fluid. The bottle is then shaken and allowed to cool. Ten cubic centimeters of this solution are added to 10 c.c. of freshly prepared tannic acid solution. To this add 5 c.c. carbol-fuchsin solution. Mix and filter.” In preparing films for staining, a small loopful of bacterial growth from an agar slant (24 hours) is transferred to about 20 c.c. of sterile distilled water and incubated for one hour at 37.5° C. (When inoculating the tube it should be held in a slanting position in order that the bacteria may be placed well down toward the bottom.) Thoroughly cleansed and sterile slides, free from grease, are employed. After incubating the suspension one hour, a loop- ful is carefully removed from the top and transferred to the slide, exercising care not to injure the organism. It is gently spread with a platinum wire, being careful not to touch the slide. It is then dried quickly, and is ready for the stain. It is a difficult procedure, and many failures result, however careful the technic. “To stain, filter the above mordant directly upon the fixed prepara- tion. Heat gently for three minutes, but do not allow to boil. Wash in water and stain with the following solution: : “Saturated alcoholic solution gentian violet........ 1 cic. “Saturated solution ammonia alum............... 10 c.c. GRAHAM, REYNOLDS AND HILL 386 —‘sainqjng je Wey *QUI}S9}UT adie] *QUT}SOqU] Teas “YIRUIOIS “purely I119} WISE I ‘Aoupryy ‘uaa[ds (‘punoj sem JauzIeS) jo sIpytgua snypopg ey} ‘yues Jed ZZ JO ‘sased g ul Jey} sivedde 3] SasBQ dIpelodg Woy semyNDO—¢E AIAV.L ‘aAT}e30u UZIS SNUIWI pUe aArzIsOd saj}OUaP USIs snjg) “shes sivas vu Trio ris wo es Pea i eta 0 | PaarTE 3) ii ne iia heen ; am) : wees + ae ‘ : pa ‘. we : - Sy i 2 oS oo eRe es oe gudier i ae Wey eines ae af ia a8 cobain? rt ! 3 va - ‘uk af . yt Ae deo PR wi “ig . oa. eee? OG. SR! Rina ta predeti* (Sta ie ie, a ; 7 < * es TAG a: ay Ferme tear, . Y yniwen ROM. 4 . +. . - . . ae SN Ti+ +] ]] ae 2 ee a ted o SEPT eo eae Ae . one . . aye yh Slee tics . i 4 = paeit stg “Spa ei be " tat & igang ke 1) > att ’ dig vary! ish tb % -—«gansusezeaaae | Sans me wae, ages 1 Pat q; eden Set es aaa viaoghy adhe rte lea) tes by pian ii ate syne? seis 7 i i Mente eud, Saeines ole Pekka dt Dene) Bie: : * * . 388 GRAHAM, REYNOLDS AND HILL “Filter the stain directly upon the preparation and heat for three or four minutes. Wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam.” Growth occurred aerobically and it was found to be anaerobic. The growth upon agar plates containing 5 per cent human blood occurred in two forms, circumscribed colonies from light inocula- tions or an even growth spread along the line of inoculation with small budding colonies at the borders. The colonies varied in size from a pin-point to 0.5 cm. in diameter. The small colonies were round, convex and elevated, and when close together on the plate did not enlarge or become diffuse. Isolated colonies were larger, 5 mm. in diameter, round, convex, translucent, and of a distinct pearl gray or bluish tinge. After 48 hours’ inoculation an opaque center is observed. The growth is glistening, opalescent, and is readily re- moved from slants, with salt or other solution, by rotation of the tube. Upon Russell’s triple sugar medium (Andrade indicator plus lead acetate) a pink butt with gas formation and a lead sulphid reaction was noted, which reaction was indistinguishable from that of Bacillus paratyphoid B. Indol is not produced. Sugars including lactose, saccharose, maltose, mannite, dextrose, dextrin, xylose, arabinose, salicin and galactose (in Hiss serum water medium) were the only ones available for the determination of the physiological action of this organism upon carbohydrates. Tenbroeck* suggests - the use of inosite to differentiate Bacillus enteritidis (Gartner) and B. paratyphoid B culturally, but as it was impossible to procure this sugar it could not be tried. It is stated that medium containing this sugar is fermented by B. paratyphoid B. The few slight discrepan- cies appearing in the tables may have been due to the “war” quality of the sugars employed. For instance, B. paratyphoid B failed to alter medium containing dextrin. Gelatin stab cultures showed a grayish, round, tiansladee colony about 0.5 cm. in diameter on the surface at the point of inoculation. After 48 hours, along the line of stab a faint beaded growth devel- oped which was followed by the formation of a few lenticular’ colonies. The gelatin was not liquefied. There was a very thin dis- crete grayish line of growth after streaking the surface of a gelatin plate. Three days later the growth became wrinkled and opaque in character. Small colonies along the line of streak do not thrive nor are they characteristic. The growth on agar slants is heaviest at the base of the slant. Along the streak the growth is grayisht and opalescent. On dextrose and glycerin agar slants the growth is similar to that on plain agar slants but more luxuriant. On PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 389. Loeffler’s blood serum, Dorset’s egg medium and Petroff’s egg medium growth is not characteristic and spreads over the surface in a thin whitish film. Beef extract broth (salt free) containing glycerin showed an even cloudiness in 12 to 18 hours. No color reaction was noted on the endo medium, while the character of the growth was similar to that upon blood agar, though not as luxuriant. The colonies were less opalescent and an amber color to transmitted light was noted. In litmus milk slight acidity, then alkalinity, was noted during the first three days of incubation, but later a marked alkalinity was observed. Thermal death point——Due to the variable and unsatisfactory results gained from the use of 15-mm. tubes in determining this factor, 8-mm. glass tubing was employed. Cut in 7-inch lengths, one end was sealed by flaming, the other plugged with cotton, sterilized, partially filled with bouillon and autoclaved for 45 minutes at 15 pounds pressure. It was then incubated for 48 hours to insure sterility. These tubes were inoculated with Gartner’s bacillus and incubated for 24 hours, after which they were sealed at the open end by flaming and totally immersed in a bath registering 60° C., the tubes being removed after varying intervals from one-half to 60 minutes. All cultures heated for three minutes or more showed no growth upon being transplanted. A series of cultures heated at 55° C. demonstrated that 5 minutes at this temperature was required for the destruction of the organism. Destruction by disinfectants—Tubes of broth were treated with 5 per cent phenol to make dilutions varying from 1-100 to 1-5,000 of a bacterial suspension. Two-tenths of a cubic centimeter of the culture at a density used for agglutinatings was added to each tube. These were incubated for 24 hours, then cultured, the dilution of 1-500 prohibiting growth while that of 1-560 was not sufficient to destroy. When treated with freshly prepared Dakin’s solution, growth occurred in dilutions of 1-1,000 but was negative at 1-400. In testing out tricresol 1-200 was found to kill while 1-400 did not. In our investigations 229 specimens from equine feces, water and feed troughs were gathered to obtain data on the prevalence of this organism in the excrement and intestinal tract of healthy horses as well as in nature. Thirty-one samples of equine feces were ex- amined which had been obtained, from the Quartermaster’s. stables at Fort McPherson, Ga., while the remaining samples were taken from the stables, corrals and feeding pens belonging to 390 GRAHAM, REYNOLDS AND HILL private owners at the Atlanta Mule Market. Samples were also gathered from the loading chutes and uncleaned stock cars at the Atlanta Stock Yards where the disease under investigation occurred sporadically. Specimens of dejecta were gathered on sterile swabs and planted on endo medium, each sample being numbered with an index as to its origin. Not over one hour elapsed between the. time of gathering until plates were seeded and placed in the in- cubator. Suspicious colonies were picked and transferred to Rus- sell’s triple sugar medium for identification. Cultures from this medium were examined in stained films by Gram’s method or were planted in broth, returned to plates of endo for repicking, or trans- ferred directly from Russell’s medium to Hiss’s serum-water medium ~ containing the various sugars, for further identification. Through a process of elimination, by the use of endo, Russell’s medium and Hiss’s serum-water medium, 14 cultures of paratyphoid- like types were encountered. (See Table 16 under “Cultural Char- acteristics.” ) GARTNER INFECTION IN ANIMALS Mohler © records the presence of Bacillus enteritidis (Garter) in bovines suffering from fatal enteric disturbances, while Meyer, Traum and Roadhouse ° have confirmed this observation more ‘rec- ently. B. enteritidis was also observed by Jensen in fatal enteric calf diseases. The occurrence of this organism in the intestinal dis- turbances of calves was, however, considered as secondary to B. paracolon and other true colon-like species, particularly virulent strains of B. coli communis. The strains of B. paracolon and B. paratyphoid B of this laboratory, while indistinguishable morphol- ogically and culturally, may be clearly differentiated by serological tests. (See Tables 7 and 9.) GARTNER INFECTION IN Man.® Of special interest is the food epidemic which occurred in Frank- enhausen in 1888. The source of infection was a cow slaughtered on account of severe enteritis. Fifty-seven persons became ill from eating of the meat. Some ate it raw, some had it boiled or roasted, three partook only of the broth. The symptoms were those of a severe gastro-enteritis followed by desquamation. Only one person, who had eaten of the raw meat, died. He was nursed by his mother, who later developed the same symptoms, probably as a result of infection from the discharges. Gartner cultivated from the spleen PERACUTE DISEASE OF HorsEs AND MULES 391 of the fatal case, also from the flesh and intestines of the cow, an organism he named Bacillus enteritidis. In the following year Gartner found a similar organism in another outbreak of food poisoning at Cotta, near Dresden. The meat, in this case, came from a cow suffering from an inflamed udder. There were 136 persons affected, and of those 4 died; apparently all had partaken of raw meat. Cultures were obtained from the cow and from the bodies of 2 of the persons who had died, and, though they resembled B. enteritidis morphologically, they differed in being non- poisonous. Moreover, the flesh of the cow lost its poisonous prop- erty when cooked. Van Ermengem in 1891 obtained from an outbreak at Morseele, Belgium, a typical B. enteritidis. In this outbreak 80 persons were affected, 4 of whom died. The flesh was derived from 2 calves which had a severe enteritis; one died and the other was slaughtered. The meat was eaten in a boiled or roasted state, though the isolation of the organism from the internal organs of one of the dead would in- dicate that part of it had not been sufficiently sterilized. An identi- cal organism was obtained from the bone-marrow of one of the calves. Feeding or injection of mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and calves produced severe and fatal infection. A monkey developed typical cholera nostras, but recovered. Van Ermengem held that it was the same as the enteritidis bacillus of Gartner, a view which has been confirmed by the subsequent studies on agglutination. In 1892 Fischer obtained an apparently true B. enteritidis from a food poisoning at Rumfleth. The same organism was obtained by him from meat which caused poisoning at Haustedt in 1905. The following year he met with the same organism in the spleen of a _ cow suffering with an infected udder. Van Ermengem studied a case of poisoning in Ghent in 1895. A sausage made of pork and beef was examined by an inspector who, on account of its fresh appearance, pronounced it unobjectionable. He himself ate the raw sausage and others followed his example. They all became sick and the inspector died in five days. The animals furnishing the meat were not known to be sick. Cultures from the sausage demonstrated the presence of B. enteritidis. In 1896, at Posen, cultures were obtained from a fatal case by Gunther. The bacillus differed from Gartner’s bacillus in minor points. In England the first application of the agglutination test in the study of these organisms was made in 1898 by Durham, who had 392 GRAHAM, REYNOLDS AND HILL occasion to investigate four outbreaks of gastro-enteritis. In the first of these, at Hatton, 185 persons were affected, but the cause was not traced to meats of diseased animals. From the liver of a fatal case he obtained a bacillus which was agglutinated by sera of the sick in varying dilutions, in some as high as 1-1,000. The sera also agglutinated the typhoid bacillus to some extent. The Gunther bacillus and another from Vienna were agglutinated about the same as typhoid, but B. enteritidis was not clumped except in fairly high concentrations. By making these tests on different organisms Durham was able to show that the epidemic was associated with and probably due to a variety of B. enteritidis. In three other out- breaks studied by him the organism was not isolated, but from the behavior of the sera of sick to various bacteria it was made clear that the cause was essentially the same, i. e., a variety of the enteritidis bacillus. In the Derby outbreak, 1902, the cause was traced to the eating of pork pies. About 210 persons became ill and there were at least 4 deaths. From the organs and intestines of victims Délépine iso- lated B. enteritidis derbiensis. In Neunkirchen, 1903, another case of food poisoning occurred. Over 30 persons developed a gastro-enteritis and 3 died. From horse flesh which was used as food and from organs of two of the fatal cases Drigalski isolated a bacillus which was agglutinated by the serum of infected persons. This serum would likewise agglutinate B. enteritidis equally as well, and to a lesser degree B. typhosus and B. paratyphosus. Boiled cultures proved fatal to animals. Osler further states that “it would appear that paratyphoid in- fections are essentially the same in kind as the typical meat in- fections,” which, of course, would include B. enteritidis, and would correspond with the result gotten by the writer when feeding both B. enteritidis and B. paratyphoid B to horses. Both animals died after showing the typical picture of the spontaneous disiease; clinically they could not be separated. Edelmann® in his work on Meat Hygiene says: “The character of the disease developed in this manner in man varies extraordinarily. According to van Ermengem, the symptoms in general show an acute course and develop as an attack of cholerine, cholera nostras, or an inflammatory gastro-enteritis (febris gastrica) , sometimes accompanied by muscular weakness and ataxia. Frequently the symptoms can be hardly distinguished from a gastro-intestinal catarrh. Mortality hardly exceeds 2 to 5 per _ PERACUTE DisEASE OF Horses AND MULES 393 cent. According to recent observations, cases of so-called paratyphus belong within the sphere of action of the Bacillus enteritidis.” According to Stitt,*° it has been noted that the bacteria (Gartner) or their toxins may be distributed unevenly in the meat eaten, so that one person consuming the same meat may be made very ill while others eating this meat may escape infection. Infection of food may occur from the material carried by flies, or even from the feces of mice and rats deposited on foodstuffs. This organism (Gartner) is very pathogenic for laboratory animals, producing a hemorrhagic enteritis and at times a septicemia. Buchanan** points out that in man the disease may be diagnosed by the agglutination test, although with difficulty, for the various strains agglutinate differently, and blood from a typhoid or para- typhoid patient may show a marked capacity to agglutinate B. enteritidis. It should be noted, he says, that various types of the paratyphoid bacillus are very similar to this form, if not identical, and doubtless are the cause of meat poisoning as well. . Speaking of the bacillus of Gartner, Park and Williams’ state that “in experimental animals immunity is produced by feeding and by injection. Immunity is produced not only against the homolo- gous strain but, as a rule, also against related strains.” (To be continued.) Kansas Farmer (November 29) says editorially under the heading “Banish the Scrub Sire”: “If half the effort had been spent in push- ing for the universal use of the purebred sire that has been exerted in setting up new inexperienced men as breeders of purebred live stock, the general run of our market stock would rank much higher than it does. Breeders of purebred live stock would do well to line up with the Nation-wide program of boosting for an increased use of purebred sires in live-stock production.” Dr. John F. Winchester, with his wife and daughter, stopped off at Washington en route from New Orleans. They visited the Bureau laboratories and became deeply interested in the work which is being conducted on bovine tuberculosis. _ Dr. and Mrs. N. S. Mayo, accompanied by Dr. and Mrs. H. R. Ryder, spent a fortnight: after the New Orleans meeting in visiting Cuba. STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS VII. A comparison of castor oil and other purgatives in connection with the administration of some anthelmintics By Maurice C. Hatt, Ph. D., D. V. M.," and Meyer Wicpor, M. A., Research Laboratory, Parke, Davis & Company, Detroit, Mich. THE question as to the best purgative for use in connection with the administration of oil of chenopodium is an unsettled one, but the two drugs most used are castor oil and magnesium sulphate or Epsom salts. The Third Annual Report of the Rockefeller Foundation, dated January, 1917, says (p. 191), in regard to hookworm work in Trini- dad: “It was necessary to use magnesium sulphate instead of castor oil, because in Trinidad there is an exceedingly strong local preju- dice against the latter and it is practically impossible to induce per- sons of the lower class to take it.” Darling, Barber and Hacker (1918) state: “We divided the squads of men into halves. Those on one side of the ward were given magnesium sulphate; those on the other side were given castor oil. The castor oil squad always showed the greater number of cases of dizziness and deafness;- most of the cases of inability to rise and walk occurred in this group. The urine of patients taking castor oil contained much heavier precipi- tates when tested for oleoresin than those that had taken magnesium sulphate. Dizziness and muscular incoordination were less with magnesium sulphate than with castor oil, compound mixture of senna or calomel.” [In this connection, it is worth noting that Dr. David E. Buckingham, of Washington, D. C., has called the attention of one of us (Hall) to cases in his practice where deafness in dogs has followed the use of chenopodium with a delay of 12 nea or so in administering castor oil.] On the other hand, the Third Annual Report of the Rockefeller Foundation, quoted above, notes (p. 193) the following case: “The most serious mishap was collapse in a child of three, on whom the second dose of magnesium sulphate had no effect. She recovered after a dose of castor oil.” Heiser (1917) reports the death of 2 children in Ceylon, where magnesium sulphate was used, and in 1 Resigned March <7, 1919. 394 STUDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 395 comparing the results here with results in Sumatra, where there were no deaths in 300,000 treatments with chenopodium, he notes these differences in mode of administration: In Sumatra there were no dietary restrictions, no preliminary purgation, castor oil was used instead of magnesium sulphate, and the chenopodium was given in hard capsules. By way of comment, we may say that lack of dietary restrictions probably adds to a patient’s safety, as a rule, but also commonly diminishes the anthelmintic efficacy; preliminary purgation has been abandoned by us as a routine procedure, as it seems to be unnecessary; of the 2 deaths cited by Heiser, 1 was a case where soft capsules were used, and 1 a case where no capsules of any sort were used; and the use of magnesium sulphate in the cases which died is apparently the only difference of importance. At that, there is the possibility of idiosyncratic intolerance to cheno- podium or the presence of contraindications to the use of cheno- podium in the cases where deaths occurred. Fixed oils have been found of value in preventing chenopodium poisoning by Salant and Nelson (1915). Hall and Foster (1917, 1918) had excellent results with castor oil. In our experience—and we have here the data on 220 dogs which have been treated with chenopodium—the simultaneous administration of an ounce or two of castor oil with chenopodium gives very excellent results—good purgation and a high degree of protection against the gastro-intes- tinal irritation and the toxic effects. Some experiments indicating the protective action of castor oil in cases where double the mini- mum lethal dose had been given were published by Hall (1918) in Hall and Hamilton’s (1918) paper on constituents of chenopodium. Those experiments showed the following results where 4 dogs were given 1.0 m. p. k. (mil per kilo) of chenopodium or a distillation product of chenopodium: One dog was given 15 mils of castor oil before treatment, 15 mils more with a chenopodium constituent, and 30 mils after the chenopodium, and was killed the sixth day after treatment. That the castor oil is protective, and not merely purga- tive, is shown by the fact that this dog passed no feces the first day after its treatment with double the lethal dose. A second dog was given chenopodium with the same amounts of castor oil in the same way, and was killed the sixth day after treatment. The protective action of the castor oil is again shown here by the fact that the dog passed no feces the first two days after treatment; the animal was then given another dose of 30 mils of castor oil. The other 2 dogs received the same amounts of chenopodium or chenopodium con- 396 HALL AND WIGDOR stituent in 50 mils of liquid petrolatum, and died the day after treatment or the following day. A number of experiments show that liquid petrolatum diminishes the anthelmintic efficacy of oil of chenopodium and furnishes inadequate protection against toxic effects. The protective action of castor oil against the toxic effects of oleo- resin of male fern have been pointed out in another paper by Hall (1918). Of 5 dogs receiving 20.mils of oleoresin of male fern, a lethal dose, 1 dog received no purgative and died the sixth night after treatment; 2 received 60 mils of castor oil and were killed the sixth and eighth days after treatment; 1 received 30 mils of castor oil and was killed the eighth day after treatment; 1 received 6 grains of calomel and was killed the ninth day after treatment. To these records we may add the case of dog No. 180, a bulldog weighing 9 kilos, which received 20 mils of oleoresin of male fern and 6 grains of calomel, and was killed 8 days afterward. The dogs that were killed had recovered from the treatment and were in good physical condition. These experiments show that one essential in the administration of male fern is purgation. So far from castor oil increasing the absorption of male fern and making it more dangerous, it will save animals that have been given a lethal dose, as will calomel. In the same paper, Hall (1918) notes that a little more than the lethal dose of 0.5 m.p.k of chenopodium, administered to a dog with an accompanying 100 mils of olive oil, and followed by 50 mils more 21%4 hours later, resulted fatally in less than 24 hours. A number of other experiments with sub-lethal doses shows that olive oil administered with oil of chenopodium affords little pro- tection from toxic effects, hastens gastric absorption, and delays the passage of the drug from the stomach, with the resultant production of severe gastric lesions. In the following experiments each of 4 dogs was given a lethal dose of 0.6 m. p.k. of oil of chenopodium. One hour later 2 dogs were each given 60 mils of castor oil and 2 dogs were each given 15 grams of magnesium sulphate. The results were as follows: Dog No. 287, a hound weighing 9.5 kilos, showed chenopodium poisoning about 15 minutes after treatment. The chenopodium was given in hard gelatine capsules. Dog staggered and slobbered pro- fusely. Within a half hour the animal had vomited and was lying down in its cage with feet outstretched. An hour after treatment an attempt was made to administer the magnesium sulphate, but StuDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 397 the animal was in no condition to swallow properly and a con- siderable part of the salts never reached the stomach. The dog was found dead the next morning. This can not be regarded as a test of magnesium sulphate, as conditions were unfavorable. The dog was a poor subject for treatment; the temperature was 102° F. before treatment, and the conjunctiva was inflamed, indicating distemper, and this was confirmed by postmortem examination. Anthelmintics are contraindicated in distemper and other febrile conditions, even when given in therapeutic doses. Dog No. 282, a spaniel weighing 11 kilos, was given the cheno- podium in hard gelatine capsules. The dog showed no immediate effects, but in a half hour it was staggering and slobbering. An hour after treatment it was lying down, unable to keep on its feet. It received the castor oil, and again lay down, setting its teeth in the wires of its cage. The next morning the dog was found dead; 60 mils of castor oil could not save this animal 1 hour after the administration of 0.6 m. p.k. of chenopodium. Dog No. 284, a bull terrier weighing 9 kilos, was given the cheno- podium without the use of capsules and lost over half of it. About a half hour after dosing, the dog vomited. At this time the dog was standing up and yelping noisily. An hour after dosing, the dog was staggering, and the magnesium sulphate was given at this time. The next morning the dog was lying on its side trembling. At 1:00 p- m. the dog was apparently unconscious, barking at intervals and moving the legs automatically and rather rapidly; temperature 96.3° F. At 2:00 p. m. the bark had changed to a whine. At 2:35 the dog was lying on its side, moving the legs in a swimming stroke, and stopping and whining at intervals; temperature 97.4° F. The second day after treatment the dog was lying in its cage uncon- scious, kicking very feebly and breathing very slowly. Tempera- ture, 94 at 8:00 a. m.; 94.2 at 11:00 a. m.; 94 at 4:00 p.m. The dog was not seen the next day (Sunday), but was found dead the following day. The magnesium sulphate could not save this animal one hour after a dose of 0.6 m. p.k of oil of chenopodium. The dog was a young and active subject, but the eyes contained purulent matter before treatment, and the lungs showed a purulent bron- chitis on postmortem; the temperature before treatment was only 100.4° F., however. Dog No. 286, a terrier weighing 8.5 kilos, was in good physical condition an hour after the chenopodium treatment; it had vomited ~ and was trembling, but was still active. Gave castor oil. Tempera- 398 HAL AND WIGDOR li = ay —— qr, SE OS ture 101 before treatment. The next morning the dog was sitting down and seemed drowsy; in the afternoon, the dog was standing, not trembling, and the temperature was still 101. The following day, the dog was standing up, but trembling and had not yet eaten. The dog was not seen the third day after treatment (Sunday), but on the fourth day the dog had eaten and was in good condition. The dog was killed 18 days after treatment. The digestive tract was normal. The castor oil saved the life of this dog. Possibly the absorption of chenopodium was slow for some reason, as it seemed to be, so that the castor oil was in ample time to exert its protective action. Unfortunately, the above experiments do not give definite results on which to make a choice between castor oil and magnesium sul- phate, and it is possible that no choice need be made. However, the experiments show that even after the lapse: of an hour, fol- lowing the ingestion of 0.6 m.p.k of oil of chenopodium, which is more than the m. 1. d., 60 mils of castor oil will save a dog’s life at times and will fail to save it at times. No conclusions may be drawn from the experiment with dog No. 287; it confirms the con- clusion that anthelmintics should not be given to animals with dis- temper. Dog No. 284 got less than a lethal dose of chenopodium, received the magnesium sulphate, and died, probably on the third day; but this dog was not in the best physical condition. The experiments, then, throw no light on the protective value of mag- nesium sulphate, but do confirm the value put on castor oil for use with chenopodium. SUMMARY Experiments published in this paper and elsewhere show: That . castor oil is highly satisfactory as a purgative after oil of cheno- podium, not only by virtue of its purgative properties, but by virtue of a protective action aside from this. It will save the lives of animals receiving lethal doses of oil of chenopodium, when ad- ministered with the drug or an hour later, and will save animals given lethal doses of oleoresin of male fern when given with the drug. Calomel will also save animals when given with lethal doses of male fern. Liquid petrolatum affords but little protection against lethal doses of chenopodium and diminishes the anthelmintic efficacy. Olive oil retards the passage of chenopodium from the stomach and increases gastric absorption; it does not protect against lethal doses. Some medical men prefer magnesium sulphate to castor oil; our STuDIES ON ANTHELMINTICS 399 data on this point are inadequate. Magnesium sulphate is not well suited to dog practice. BIBLIOGRAPHY Darling, Samuel T.; M. A. Barber; and H. P. Hacker. 1918. The treatment of hookworm infection. J. Am. M. Assn., v. 70, Feb. 23, pp. 499-507. Hall, Maurice C. 1918. A discussion of some principles of anthelmintic medication. N. Orleans M. & Surg. J., v. 70 (8), Feb. pp. 637-653. : 1918. The anthelmintic value of chenopodium components. In Hall and Hamilton (1918), pp. 240-261. Hall, Maurice C.; and Winthrop D. Foster. 1917. Oil of cheno- podium and chloroform as anthelmintics. Preliminary note. J. Am. M. Assn., v. 68 (26), June 30, pp. 1961-1963. 1918. Efficacy of some anthelmintics. J. Agric. Research, v. 12 (7), Feb. 18, pp. 397-447, 1 fig. Hall, Maurice C.; and Herbert C. Hamilton. 1918. Investiga- tions on the composition of oil of chenopodium and the anthel- mintic value of some of its components. J. Pharm. & Exp. Therap., v. 11 (3), Apr., pp. 231-261. Heiser, Victor G. 1917. The administration of chenopodium. Military Surg., v. 41 (2), Aug., pp. 353-354. Salant, William; and E. K. Nelson. 1915. The toxicity of oil of chenopodium. Am. J. Physiol., v. 36 (4), March, pp. 440-463. Dr. E. L. Bertram, who for the last five years has been in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry work of meat inspection at Na- tional Stock Yards, East St. Louis, Ill., has resigned from the Bureau to accept a position with the E. Kahn Sons Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, at a salary considerably in excess of that paid to him by the Government. Dr. Bertram entered the Bureau in 1899. Drs. U. G. Houck and J. R. Mohler returned from New Orleans by way of the Government Experimental Farm at New Iberia, La., and later inspected the offices of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Baton Rouge, La., and Jackson, Miss. The year 1919 is the centennial anniversary of the introduction of the stethoscope into practical medicine by René Laennec of France. CATARRHAL VAGINITIS IN THE DOG By Oscar SCHRECK, New Haven, Conn. SynonyM.—Leucorrhea. DeEFINITION.—It is a subacute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina, and may extend to the walls of the uterus. Et1oLocy.—In some cases it may be caused by the sequel of distemper, or inflammation of the mucous membrane, the result of coition, polypus, morbid growths, or catarrhal conditions, and dif- ficult parturition. It is not a common disease in the small animals, and the few cases seen by the writer were caused by difficult parturi- tion and catarrhal conditions. Still in some cases it may be due to violence at the time of serving or to local violence, as by inserting foreign substance into the vagina. Symptoms.—In the acute form the lips of the vulva are swollen, sensitive and injected and of a violet-red color on the internal surfaces. The disease is characterized by a whitish discharge from the vagina, and is accompanied by severe itching, the animal biting the parts more or less, to the great annoyance of the animal and owner. The general health of the animal suffers and the appetite fails. In some cases there is excessive debility. In the catarrhal condition the nose and eyes may also be congested. The animal will also be observed in some cases to drag the kind parts on the ground. As the disease advances the discharge becomes muco- purulent. Micturition and defecation are painful and difficult and the animal will change from place to place, trying to comply with the laws of nature, it is at this time that the discharge will be more noticeable. In the chronic stage the drain on the system leads to more or less weakness of the animal. In the chronic form, the mucous membrane may be thickened and rough or it may become relaxed and prolapsed. TREATMENT.—The treatment must be both constitutional and local. Laxative food is very beneficial; in fact the bowels should work freely and without the straining generally seen in the dog. On this point I put a great deal of reliance and it is worthy of a great deal of attention in treating this disease. Alteratives and 400 » CATARRHAL VAGINITIS IN THE Doc 401 tonics are indicated. The following case report will outline the best and most worthy line of treatment that is used by me. Case REporT.—The animal, a Russian wolfhound, female, age 2 years; condition at the time of examination poor; temperature 102° F. There was also a loss of appetite, weak pulse, debility, with a vaginal discharge of milky, sticky fluid. The animal had been sick between 3 and 4 weeks before I was called. The eyes showed some conjunctivitis, the left eye being somewhat closed with mucous secre- tion; also a catarrhal condition of the nasal mucosa. The animal would draw herself along on her hind parts every little while and would lick and bite the vulva to the great annoyance of the owner. On examination the following was noted. Lips of vulva swollen and somewhat sensitive; the wall of the vagina of a violet red color; on the floor of the vagina was a muco-milky secretion, acid in re- action; the animal was not pregnant, nor in the period of estrum. I eliminated the possibility of the discharge being of a local nature. I also discarded the idea of uterine disease, or cancer of the uterus, for in cancer we have a peculiar persistent fetor of the discharge which is characteristic. This was not in evidence. I also discarded polypi, for in the latter the discharge is most often mixed with blood, which was not in evidence. I therefore made my diagnosis of catarrhal vaginitis, and the following treatment was given: Te pews ot Co o'eck eceioiep tie + da es gr. XXXV rer Tesin cupebe se oe OSA. dr. I Balsam capaba (para)................ dr. II OTM rs hl 1b a Rak 4 Wetenee = sLedide able sink « gr. XV UN. OE OE I cas o's 6.wre Sans 2 0 +s XV Sig. One capsule t. i. d. I also ordered an injection of 1-1,000 solution of pyoktanin twice daily. The only objection to this latter treatment is the stain, but this is easily removed if the external parts are washed after each injection before drying. The solution must be made fresh at the time of using. The treatment was continued until the discharge stopped. The dog is now a very much changed animal, and the owner is well pleased. ABSTRACTS VACCINATION OF HERBIVORA AGAINST RABIES BY MEANS OF “ETHER- Virus.” P. Remlinger. In Bul. Acad. Méd., Paris, July 8, 1919, vol. 82, p. 47-49. Abstract in Bul. Inst. Pasteur, Rev. et Anal., Sept. 15, 1919, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 575, 576. | Goats were used in the experiments. The animals were injected in the muscles of the neck with 20 c.c. of a 1 to 50 emulsion of street virus capable of killing rabbits in 14 days. They were then separated into two lots, one serving for controls and the other sub- jected to vaccination. From 48 to 96 hours after inoculation with street virus the vaccinated animals received subcutaneously the entire emulsion (in 150 c. c. of water) of a fixed virus rabbit brain which had been left in ether for 72 hours. The checks succumbed to rabies on the twenty-third to sixty-eighth day after inoculation, while. those vaccinated resisted the infection. These results, in all proba- bility, can be obtained with cattle and horses, and it, seems that hereafter it will be possible to vaccinate the latter by injecting them two or three times subcutaneously with two or three fixed-virus rabbit brains which have remained in ether for 70 to 75 hours. L. T. G. - AuTo-VACCINO-TOXINOTHERAPY IN APHTHOUS FEVER. G. Finzi. In Nuovo Ercolani, 1919, no. 3. Abstract by L. Panisset in Bul. Inst. Pasteur, Rev. et Anal., Sept. 15, 1919, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 51% During a serious epizootic of aphthous fever occurring in Italy, the author highly recommended the following manner of treatment: In an affected animal during the febrile period, blood is drawn from the jugular and immediately injected subcutaneously into the same animal (150 c. ¢. in adults, 50 to 75 ¢. c. in heifers and young steers, 20 to 25 c.c. in calves). The blood contains toxins and aphthous antigens, but its injection brings neither new virus nor added toxin to the treated animal. In animals which on account of previous _ attacks show only a slight or mild form of the disease, in spite of . the increased virulence of the virus, the injection furnishes, in addi- tion to the antibodies of the plasma and the formed elements of the blood, an abundance of toxins and aphthous antigens. In young animals the treatment is accompanied by a thermic and a general reaction; improvement follows these reactions. 402 ABSTRACTS yi 403 The method can be recommended in centers of serious outbreaks of aphthous fever; its use arrests the mortality and hastens recovery in those treated. The operation is simple, since each animal fur- nishes its own treatment. L. T. G. THE NATURE OF THE REACTION TO MALLEIN AND THE HEREDITARY TRANSMISSION OF ANTI-GLANDERS Bopies. E. Bertetti and F. Finzi. In Rend. R. Accad. Lincei, Dec., 1918, vol. 27. Abstract by L. Panisset in Bul. Inst. Pasteur, Rev. et Anal., Sept. 15, 1919, vol. 17, no. 17, p. 557, 558. Finzi, after his studies on mallein sensitization, has been able to affirm that the glandered horse reacts to mallein not only by pro- ducing specific autibodies, but also on account of a particular form of sensitization peculiar to glanders infection. Mallein should be considered as a substance containing a special toxin which, when arriving in the sensitized organism, constitutes a poison only for the animal affected with glanders. In denying that the reaction to mallein should be an anaphylactic manifestation, the authors con- sider that it is the result of a phenomenon of immunity. Recent studies have confirmed Finzi in his first opinion. These have shown that if the reaction to mallein was connected with the presence of antibodies, it should exist in the animals hyperimmunized for the purpose of furnishing serums rich in antibodies; but the reaction is always wanting in these animals. The study of the hereditary transmission of glanders antibodies brings new arguments in favor of the idea sustained by the author on the pathogenesis of the mallein reaction. Ten foals born of dams affected with glanders or in the course of hyperimmunization fur- nished an agglutinating serum and positive tests to complement deviation, but none of them furnished a reaction to mallein. If there is proof that the glanders antibodies pass through the placental membrane’ (the foals having been found protected), the results obtained show clearly that the existence of antibodies does not suffice to explain the reaction to mallein. ) aR Es 1In the United States, Schoening has shown that foals from dourine- infected dams lose their reaction to the complement-fixation test after several months, indicating that transmitted immunity is only transitory. 404, ABSTRACTS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE THERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS. G. Vol- pino. In Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1919, vol. 33, p. 191-196. The experimenter noticed that guinea pigs inoculated with ex- tracts of tuberculous materials containing xylol did not become so severely infected as control guinea pigs inoculated with similar extracts containing no xylol. Twelve guinea pigs were used in an experiment as follows: All were inoculated with portions of the same sputum moderately rich in tubercle bacilli. Sputum was ground in a mortar with 15 volumes of sterile water. Each animal received 14 c.c. in the internal face of the thigh. Four days after infection the injection of xylol was begun on 6 animals, the other 6 remaining as controls. Dose, 1% c. c. xylol subcutaneously, over the abdomen. Local edema followed. The injections were repeated every 2 to 4 days, waiting longer if necessi- tated by extended infiltration. Both antemortem and postmortem examinations of the animals showed, 46 days after infection, that the control animals had become much more severely infected than the animals receiving xylol. In summarizing: It is found that with guinea pigs not too heavily infected, if treatment is begun 8 to 10 days after infection, they may be kept up to the fortieth day without manifesting anything other than signs of limited infection; whereas the control ‘animals, begin- ning with the fifteenth to eighteenth day, show easily visible external alterations as well as extensive internal invasion. In order to obtain this result it is necessary to inject xylol as often as possible, in robust animals from 1% to 1 c. c. daily for 15 days. Xylol is only slightly toxic to animals; rabbits were not killed by 4 to 6c. c. injected subcutaneously; 600-gram guinea pigs toler- ated 1 to 2 c. c. doses; sheep, 3 c. c. Prolonged treatment results in pronounced alterations of the skin; this makes it difficult to keep up the treatment until a complete cure is effected. The mechanism by which xylol (and other hydrocarbons) exerts its antituberculous action seems to consist in large part in its stimu- lating effect on the phagocytic apparatus of the animal. In fact in preparations from tuberculous treated animals one finds that most of the bacilli have been ingested by phagocytes. Tuberculous human subjects were improved by intramuscular injections of 1% to 1 c. c. xylol, although there were intense local reactions with fever and pain, This necessitated the abandonment ABSTRACTS 405 of this method of injection. Instead, the hydrocarbon was dissolved in sterile olive oil. Ten per cent solutions were well tolerated; 1 c. c. could be injected daily. Gradually, 20 per cent solutions could be injected without provoking dangerous reactions. W. N. B. INTESTINAL INFECTION OF MAN CAUSED BY FowL-CHOLERA BACILLUS. Von Boer. In Zentbl. Bakt. Orig., vol. 79, p. 390. The author describes a case of acute gastro-intestinal infection in a 32-year-old Russian prisoner of war, caused by Bacillus avisep- ticus. The bacteria could be isolated from the feces, but not from the blood. Recovery occurred after 6 days. W. N. B. THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF TINCTURE OF Opium. Taskin. In Bul. Soc. Cent. Méd. Vét., April 3, 1919, p. 139-141. As a result of the uncertain effect of opium administered by the mouth, the author tried tincture of opium intravenously in a number * of cases of colic in the horse. He found that small doses (10 to 30 c. c.) produced a sedative effect, slightly superior to that produced by morphin, preceded by a slight intoxication. Large doses (60 to 90 c. c.) in cases of violent colic were not a success, nor would they produce narcosis when given prior to surgical operation. The initial phase was followed by a period of excitement lasting several hours and accompanied by tetanic spasms. When an equivalent dose of morphin was given intravenously, similar symptoms were produced, while the equivalent quantity of alcohol (60 to 90 c. c.) produced - symptoms of intoxication solely. Therefore the writer concludes that in colic the intravenous dose of tincture of opium should not exceed 30 to 40 c. c. Dr. J. A. Gilruth, formerly a professor in the Veterinary College at Melbourne, Australia, and more recently Administrator of Northern Territory, Australia, spent a week in Washington, D. C., studying the various methods of tick eradication applied in this country. Later he visited Louisiana and Texas for the purpose of seeing the work in actual operation on the open range, with the view of submitting a complete report to his government, which is likewise confronted with the tick problem. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE NEWS FROM THE SURGEON-GENERAL’S OFFICE NUMBER OF VETERINARY OFFICERS ON Duty The Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army has furnished the following information as to veterinary officers on duty. : Officers, Veterinary Corps, United States Army, with temporary rank as authorized by Congress in act providing for 18,000 officers until June 30, 1920, on duty on dates shown (1919) : Oct. 11. Nov. Ll. Dec. 11. TOON i es i er il 0 0 0 Lieutenant Colonels.......... 5 4 4 CUDTMNS ie es mck 8 Gad 6 77 75 72 Majors is2icar aw. Oo a. 68s is 43 40 37 First Lieutenants............. fh LOT. 160 156 Second Lieutenants........... 86 74, 72 MONTE CT. fe ee ee 378 354, 342 Officers, Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, with permanent rank under act of June 3, 1916, on duty December 11, 1919: Majore) 5. SPOR ood JOR, a pong Captelinis tay sudiliives | .iaisrsis alia eed any Lote tele aligk tae 17 Firat,’ EAGQUGR OTB oi. 0.0. «00.45% & « bsnvuiersim's micinmbeniy. tude diel 21 Second. Lieutenants. ... . .. » ic 0.00 +05 nv. 0iscése ane ous 940k 47 Totaly 2. eth SO OEP Aa Ree 92 TRANSFERS AND REASSIGNMENTS ; The following orders of transfer and reassignment have been issued for veterinary officers: Major B. A. Seeley, U. S. A.,, from Camp Upton, N. Y., to Re- mount Depot, Camp Meade, Md., for duty as the veterinarian. Major G. H. Dean, U. S. A., having completed his instruction in meat inspection, is relieved from duty with the Zone Supply Officer, — Chicago, Ill., and assigned as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Bragg, N. C. Major A. L. Mason, U. S. A., General Veterinary Inspector with headquarters at Kansas City, Mo., has been relieved from his present station and directed to proceed to Washington, D. C., for station and 406 ArMy VETERINARY SERVICE 407 duty as General Veterinary Inspector in that territory formerly covered by Major J. P. Turner and Lieut. Col. G. E. Griffin, U. 5S. A., which embraces the entire Atlantic Seaboard States. Major W. R. Pick, U. S. A., General Veterinary Inspector, from Fort Worth, Texas, to San Antonio, Texas, for station to act as General Veterinary Inspector for the States of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon and California. Major T. H. Edwards, U. S. A., from Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Jackson, S. C., to Auxiliary Remount Depot, Camp Gor- don, Ga. Lieut. Col. R. Vans Agnew, U. S. A., from duty as Post Veteri- narian, Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo., to Camp Dodge, Iowa, for duty as Division Veterinarian, 4th Division, and Camp Veterinarian, Camp Dodge, Iowa. Major G. H. Koon, U. S. A., from duty as Division Veterinarian, 4th Division, Camp Dodge, Iowa, to Zone Supply Officer, Chicago, Ill., for instruction in meat inspection. Major H. S. Williams, U. S. A., on expiration of leave of absence is assigned as Division Veterinarian, 6th Division, Camp Grant, IIl. Major A. E. Donovan, U. S. A., Division Veterinarian, 6th Divi- sion, on being relieved by Major Williams is directed to proceed to Siberia for duty as Chief Veterinarian, American Forces in Siberia. Captain J. A. McKinnon, V. C., Chief Veterinarian, American Forces in Siberia, upon the arrival of Major Donovan is relieved from duty and directed to proceed to the United States for assign- ment. Captain J. R. Stifler, V. C., Camp Taylor, Ky., to Kansas City, Mo., for duty with the Purchasing Quartermaster that place. Captain C. B. Dunphy, V. C., from Headquarters Southern Depart- ment, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, to Chicago, Ill., for instruction in meat inspection. Captain E. P. Coburn, V. C., from Camp Dodge, Iowa, to Kansas City, Mo., for duty with the Purchasing Quartermaster that place. Captain E. P. O’Connell, V. C., from Remount Depot, Camp Devens, Mass., to Chicago, IIll., for instruction in meat inspection, upon the closing of the Remount Depot at Camp Devens, Mass. Captain E. J. Cramer, V. C., upon the closing of the Remount Depot, Camp Custer, Mich., is directed to report to Chicago, IIl., for instruction in meat inspection. 408 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE Captain H. N. Beeman, V. C., upon the closing of the Remount Depot, Camp Sherman, Ohio, is directed to report to Camp Sherman, Ohio, for duty as Camp Veterinarian. Captain H. H. Howe, V. C., from duty as Camp Veterinarian, Camp Sherman, Ohio, to Remount Depot, Camp Gordon, Ga., for duty. Captain J. L. Ruble, V. C., from Remount Depot, Camp ‘Gordon, Ga., to Chicago, Ill., for instruction in meat inspection. Captain G. W. Brower, V. C., recently returned from duty as De- partment Veterinarian, Philippine Department, is directed to pro- ceed to Chicago, IIl., for instruction in meat inspection. Captain E. C. Conant, V. S., from Remount Depot, Fort Keogh, Mont., to duty as Transport Veterinarian, U. S. A. T. “Dix,” Seattle, Wash. ' Captain V. B. Wright, V. C., from duty as Transport Veterinarian, U. S. A. T. “Dix,” to Remount Depot, Fort Keogh, Mont. Captain H. R. Wise, V. C., recently returned from duty overseas, is assigned to duty with the 2d Division, Camp Travis, Texas. Captain J. P. Divine, V. C., from Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, N. J., to 6th Division, Camp Grant, IIl., for duty. Captain J. W. Crouse, V. C., upon the closing of the Remount — Depot, Camp Dix, N. J., is directed to proceed to Chicago, Ill., for instruction in meat inspection. Captain K. F. Hinckley, V. C., upon the closing of the Remount Depot, Camp Lewis, Wash., is directed to proceed to Chicago, a for instruction in meat inspection. Captain W. H. Dean, V. C., having completed the course of in- ; struction in meat inspection at the Zone Supply Office, Chicago, IIL., is transferred to Fort Jay, Governors Island, N. Y., for duty as the Post Veterinarian. HumANE DisposaL oF BLinp Army ANIMALS As a result of recommendations originating with Major John P. Turner, V. C., when he was serving as a General Veterinary In- spector, which were strongly concurred in by the Veterinary Divi- sion, Surgeon General’s Office, the War Department recently changed the regulations regarding the sale of blind Army animals. For humanitarian reasons solely, blind animals, even if otherwise serv- iceably sound when inspected and condemned, will not be sold but will be killed. ASSOCIATION NEWS UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY ASSOCIATION _ The twenty-third annual meeting of this Association was held in Chicago, I1l., December 1, 2 and 3, 1919. In his address of welcome Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois referred to the meeting being held simultaneously with the Inter- national Live Stock Show which is the greatest in the world. “Its influence during 20 years has been felt in every corner of this country,” he stated. The Governor spoke as a breeder of farm live- stock and referred to the service of the veterinary sanitarian as being beyond calculation. He said: “In tuberculosis alone you have accomplished the almost impossible.” He referred to Europe being pretty well depleted of live stock and stated his opinion that “no farmer could afford to use anything but a purebred sire.” And yet he recalled that there is only a small percentage of farms in America that do not pursue the old wasteful, extravagant method of using scrub sires. He concluded by stating: “Agriculture is the basic industry of any land. Without better methods of agriculture and especially without better methods in the live-stock industry, America will soon reach the stage where she can not feed herself.” In responding, Mr. D. A. Wallace, editor of “The Farmer,” stated: “We have admired the understanding of the situation which Gov- ernor Lowden has shown in his address. Farmers are maintaining their equilibrium and will continue to act in the right way during the weeks and months to come.” He referred to the awakening of the farm people to the necessity of formulating a national program of agriculture in its relation to our other great industries. He paid tribute to the memory of Dr. S. H. Ward, whose death occurred just after the meeting a year ago, and said: “His wonderful direction of his work, his broadness of vision, his great understanding, aided Minnesota to assume leadership in live-stock sanitary work among the States.” President G. W. Dunphy in his presidential address mentioned the valuable service rendered by the Legislative Committee in securing better salaries for inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry and considered it very important that efforts of the Asso- ciation should be continued in this direction. He recommended 409 410 U. S. Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION eh Te “ Leeman a ab ee reco - ~ oS == Sl cea mad that some e steps be taken to secure better protection of States fen disease introduced by live stock moving through public stockyards. Chairman Mat S. Cohen of the Legislative Committee recounted the experience of his committee in getting Congress to appropriate more money for salaries for B. A. I. men. He said the amount secured was a mere pittance and that a million dollars should be added. He referred to the restrictions on the appropriation for tuberculosis eradication which left the Bureau without sufficient — funds for operation in this field. The entire afternoon session on December 1 was given over to a symposium on tuberculosis. Several of these papers will be pub- lished later. A session on swine diseases was held Tuesday morning, Decem- ber 2. The session was opened with the presentation of a paper by Hon. W. W. Wright of Illinois, entitled “Safe and Practical Regulations for Handling Feeder Hogs.” The paper led to a lengthy discussion in which many members of the Association par- ticipated, during which Dr. D. F. Luckey of Missouri asserted that a number of biological concerns were marketing impotent anti-hog-cholera serum, that one concern actually practiced “plug- ging” impotent with potent serum, and that heavy losses among hogs at the Kansas City stockyards were chargeable to this evil. Dr. R. R. Birch of New York, in replying to Dr. Luckey, aptly pointed out that, since one or more serum companies had been ac- cused of marketing unsatisfactory products, it should not be difficult to secure the correction of this evil if the name or names of the company or companies were frankly given. Dr. A. W. Miller of the Bureau of Animal Industry stated that the immunization of hogs at the Kansas City stockyards until two years ago had not been under the supervision of the Bureau. Since then losses have been very materially reduced. He denied that any biological product concern uniformly turns out poor serum, and asserted that the losses at the stockyards were decidedly lower than Dr. Luckey claimed them to be. Dr. J. I. Gibson of Illinois said that St. Joseph was a bad market from which to buy stock hogs, but attributed this to the length of time hogs are permitted to remain in the yards. He suggested that the order .or regulation which permits hogs to remain in public stockyards five days should be changed to three days. Great surprise at Dr. Luckey’s statement was expressed by Hon. J. H. Mercer of Kansas. He advised Dr. Luckey to secure authority U. S. Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION 411 from his State to eliminate the use of objectionable serum produced within his own State. He further said that Government supervision — had been most helpful and that losses due to hog cholera had been enormously reduced. Like Dr. Gibson and several other speakers, he believed that losses among stockyard hogs were largely due to other causes than impotent serum, and that such losses were in a measure proportioned to the length of time hogs were permitted to remain in the yards. Dr. A. T. Peters of Illinois advised that hogs should be gotten out of the yards as soon as possible. A motion was made, seconded and carried that the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association appoint a committee of from three to five members, and that the Swine Breeders’ Association be requested to appoint a similar committee, the two to confer with regard to possibly desirable changes in the present methods of dealing with hogs in stockyards. A paper was next presented by Mr. Carmichael, secretary of the National Swine Breeders’ Association, though his name did not appear on the program of the session. The title of the paper was “Regulations for the Shipment of Crated Hogs.” The conditions under which purebred hogs are shipped were first defined and attention was then called to the troublesome and confusing differ- ences in the various State regulations governing the shipment of hogs. A plan was made for uniform regulations. Accompanying this paper a table was presented showing the lack of uniformity of State regulations for the year 1919 relative to the interstate shipment of breeding hogs in crates. Dr. U. G. Houck of the Bureau of Animal Industry presented a report on the progress in hog cholera control during the year 1919, in which he called attention to the need for uniform regulations in different States relative to the movement of hogs, and proposed regulations which merit careful study. Following this paper Dr. A. L. Hirleman of Georgia presented the report of the Committee on Hog Cholera, which had been printed and was distributed among the members of the Association. Dr. A. T. Kinsley of Missouri next presented the report of the Committee on the Differential Diagnosis of Swine Diseases, in which the contradictory character of the ideas prevalent regarding these diseases was discussed and the need for distinguishing more sharply in the future between facts and theories was pointed out. A list of the names of the diseases which should be specifically 412 U. S. Live Stock Sanitary ASSOCIATION recognized was given. Hog cholera, because of its importance, was placed at the head of the list, and it was stated that our knowledge of the cause of this disease remains incomplete. Hemorrhagic sep- ticemia was characterized as an affection which may be primary, but which is usually secondary; infectious abortion of swine as an evil which requires more attention in the future; conditions produced by the colon and paratyphoid group of bacteria as requiring better sanitary control. Tuberculosis, actinomycosis, anthrax, infectious rhinitis or bull nose, necrotic enteritis, etc., were also briefly dis- cussed. Dr. A. W. Dimock of Kentucky read a paper on the occurrence of the colon bacillus in the deeper tissues of swine, and expressed the opinion that the penetration of these bacilli into the deeper tissues was facilitated by, if not entirely dependent upon, the existence of abnormal conditions. Dr. W. E. King of Minnesota presented a paper on the symptoms, lesions and diagnosis of conditions produced in hogs by Bacillus paratyphosus and B. enteritidis, and emphasized the need for the careful study of other hog diseases than that produced by the ultra- microscopic virus. In the absence of Dr. Robert Jay of Tennessee, Dr. M. Jacob of that State presented a paper prepared by the former on the com- parative symptoms and lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia and hog cholera. Attention was-called to the transmissibility of septicemia to other species of animals; to the facultative pathogenic character of its bipolar organism, and to the dependence of the disease on environmental conditions, particularly a high protein diet, and diet too rich for the amount of exercise taken. In the place of the paper of Dr. W. L. Boyd of Minnesota, a paper by Edward W. Boddington, Esq., was presented. Attention was called to the arbitrary and unfair character of some State laws for the control of hog cholera; the work of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry was indorsed and the belief expressed that no biological products should be sold unless they were produced under United States license; the character of the laws needed was defined; State serum plants, while they may have been justified in the ex- perimental stage, were condemned as failures. The abortion disease session was held on Tuesday afternoon, December 2. Although this session was specially appointed for the consideration of abortion disease, it was opened with a discussion of the papers on swine diseases presented in the morning. The prin- U. S. Live Stock SAniTARY ASSOCIATION 413 cipal matters brought out in this discussion were the need for making greater efforts to secure serum of the highest purity and freedom from contamination with extraneous bacteria, and the desirability of _a meeting of Federal and State officers engaged in the control of hog diseases, such meeting to be called by the Federal Government. _ Dr. M. Dorset of the Bureau of Animal Industry pointed out that it is a mistake to treat hog diseases with bacterins before we know what they are, often to the neglect of the use of serum, when we are practically all agreed that hog cholera has retained the rank of first importance. Dr. Ward Gilmer of Michigan, before presenting the report of the Committee on Abortion Disease, read a short paper, prepared _by himself and not submitted to the committee, relative to the name which it seems desirable we should give to the group of phenomena generally spoken of as abortion disease. The report of the committee was a concise statement of the known facts about infectious abortion disease of cattle and a formulation of the simple conclusions relative to the control of the disease to which the facts point. __ A paper on the etiology of so-called Stlentious abortion disease _of cattle was then read by Dr. E. C. Schroeder of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In this the known etiological facts of the disease were summarized and simple control measures suggested. The next. paper was by Prof. W. L. Williams of New York. In this the Professor’s views on the pathology of sterility were pre- sented and various references made to the causes of calf scours and other calf diseases, some of which were characterized as having an ante-partum origin. __ Dr. E. T, Hallman of Michigan presented a paper on the sequela of abortion bacilli infection of the bovine uterus. The bacteria found in ten cases studied were given, and the belief was expressed that lowered vitality often gives ordinarily harmless bacterial organ- isms an opportunity. to establish themselves and to exercise a true pathogenic activity. _ _ Dr, John F. DeVine of New York gave only a synopsis of his _paper on practical methods of handling herds affected with abortion disease. This paper merits the careful study especially of practic- ing veterinarians. The discussion of the various papers was opened by Dr. George F. Jungerman of Kansas, who expressed the belief that the papers were not sufficiently practical in character. He spoke about the 414 ‘U. S. Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION great losses due to abortion disease in the Middle West, where calf troubles were also very common. He doubted the reality of the agglutination test when applied to single animals, but did not refer to the information that may be gained through its application to a herd. In the general discussion it was brought out that the differences in the views held by different investigators on abortion disease of cattle are, in the final analysis, not very great, and that if there are factions they are gradually getting together. It was brought out strongly by more than one speaker that the harm that so-called secondary invaders may do can not detract from the importance of the Bang bacillus, the activity of which paves the way for the secondary invaders, which in most cases would be harmless organ- isms if the Bang bacillus could be eliminated. Bacterin treatment of abortion disease of cattle received very little attention, though — one statement was made to the effect that autogenous bacterins used against secondary invaders had given remarkably encouraging results. On Wednesday morning, Dr. L. Van Es being absent, the report of Committee on Diseases was read by Dr. D. M. Campbell. Atten- tion was called to the wide propaganda on diseases of hogs and mention was made of the much talked of presence of hemorrhagic septicemia, mixed infections, “flu,” etc. Recommendations were made that on account of the maze into which the veterinary profes- sion is at present in regard to diseases of hogs, it is an opportune time to devote considerable effort to their solution. Abortion, it was said, is recognized as very infectious and very prevalent, and the importance of further scientific investigation was expressed. On account of the varieties of pneumonia of sheep and swine, it was declared, much investigation will be necessary to clear up these troubles. Dr. Van Es strongly recommended a Bureau of Statistical Data on the Diseases of Animals (communicable diseases). In the discussion which followed it was pointed out that certain States do now attempt to be advised of the prevalence of contagious diseases and that there are statutory laws making it compulsory for veterinarians to report all such diseases, Illinois having just passed such a law, $500 fine being the penalty for failure to comply. Dr. B. H. Ransom of the Committee on Special Skin Diseases presented a very comprehensive and complete report on the preva- lence of the skin diseases of animals, but principally of the wide prevalence of scabies at the present time in sheep and cattle, al- U. S. Live Stock Sanitary AssocIATION 415 though there is now actually less than at the close of the war period. The new centers of infection throughout the country were attributed to the going to war of the sanitary inspectors, the lack of help to do dipping, the general demoralized state of help, and the absolute necessity of moving sheep and cattle regardless of the scabies infec- tion. The vicissitudes of dipping in cold weather were discussed and suggestions were made for compulsory dipping of feeder sheep at owner’s premises. Lime and sulphur dips and nicotin dips were held to be the principal efficacious dipping agents. Dr. Ransom went into details of strength of dips used and the manner of using them, and recommended that in treating cattle scabies hand treatment and scrubbing methods are important ad- juncts to the actual dippings. It was pointed out that many treat- ments are at times necessary to overcome scabies and that in treating only affected animals it was found that as many as 5 to 8 treatments have at times been necessary. After treatment it might require 6 to 8 weeks before the animals regain normal health, as affected animals are in a very poor condition on account of the disease. Kerosene is at times beneficial in treating limited areas, but is severe on the animal’s skin. Nicotin makes the cattle very sick at times, but after about two hours they begin to regain their stability after judicious use of cold water dashed on the face of the sick cattle. Dr. F. Torrance of Canada, in speaking on the subject, stated that they had no sheep scabies in Canada and cattle scabies occurred only in restricted afteas of the Northwest Provinces. He highly recommended that the temperature of the dip be raised to 110 to 120° F. and thought the results would be much better. He spoke of the almost impossibility of eradicating the disease in so wild a country, as sometimes a cow with calf would hide out when the rest of the bunch might be collected for dipping. Dr. Adolph Eichhorn stated that it had been impossible to collect data for his proposed paper on the uniform State regulations of biological products. Mr. F. R. Marshall of the Bureau of Animal Industry spoke on the subject of sheep husbandry and its changing character in the United States due to the breaking up of western ranges into smaller tracts because of farming operations. He presented the necessity of limiting the numbers of sheep in these States to meet conditions as they arose, but drew attention to the fact that irrigated farms could care for many feeder sheep when the range country became unable to do so. On account of different conditions on farms as 416 U. S. Live Stock SAniTary ASSOCIATION compared to range conditions more diseases in sheep will of course manifest themselves. Mr. Marshall suggested that the Live Stock Association should take up the matter of organizing agricultural staffs in each county to give advice on animal husbandry and animal diseases, stating that more educational and demonstration work is necessary, and indicated that a trained animal specialist should be in charge of the county bureaus. Mr. Felker of New Hampshire cited a case of disastrous result from a demonstrator in sheep husbandry, and strongly advised that a veterinarian is the proper person to give advice on sanitary matters. | Dr. I. E. Newsom of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion read a paper on hemorrhagic septicemia as affecting the sheep industry in Colorado. He stated that although there were many outbreaks of the disease the losses except in rare instances were not exceptionally heavy, the disease usually dying out of itself after the — animals had become used to their new environment. Dr. Newsom pointed out his belief that it is a probability that some predisposing factor, as shipping by train, hard drive, changed character of feed (perhaps to heavy protein diet), dipping, etc., is necessary in the incidence of the disease. The feed lots of Colorado and the lambing grounds, he said, are the usual centers of infection. In the discussions that followed Dr. Kinsley supported the con- tentions of the essayist, while Dr. W. J. Butler of Montana expressed doubt that the losses of sheep were so universally caused by the hemorrhagic septicemia organism. Dr. Kinsley thought that dis- ° infection of the yards and cars would materially reduce the number of outbreaks of the disease. In regard to preventive treatment, Dr. Newsom thought bacterins were of little efficacy and that possibly live organism treatment of the flock would be an effective preventive of the disease. Dr. Kinsley combated this suggestion and thought that it would be a hazardous undertaking. Dr. L. E. Day, in discussing the statement that the disease often followed dipping, stated that although he had investigated quite a number of cases following dipping he did not find hemorrhagic septicemia in a single instance, although he had followed the post- mortem examination by the approved bacteriological methods for the detection of this disease. He thought that the deaths were due to pneumonia following exposure after dipping. Dr. Butler mentioned a form of edematous piteuraonia in sheep over 3 years of age occurring in Montana and producing a 5 per U. S. Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION 417 cent loss of old ewes, that is not caused by the bipolar organism, and mentioned that sudden change of character of feed, as from short grass pasture to beet tops or beet by-products, will induce the pneumonia, and that it can be prevented by providing alfalfa or other good hay in addition to the beet roots. At the final session in the afternoon, Mr. A. F. Stryker, secretary and traffic manager of the Omaha Live Stock Exchange, spoke on “Sanitation and Live-Stock Transportation,” and made an earnest appeal for the stabilizing of the various State laws regarding the requirements for the entrance of dnimals into the various States. He thought that one law for all States should suffice, and complained of restrictive laws in certain States wherein no animals are permitted to enter the State in non-disinfected cars although the cars might be otherwise clean. Attention was also directed to the requirements in certain States of the tuberculin test of cows and bulls although on shipment of these animals from the public stockyards affidavits had been made that they were for feeder purposes and were shipped accordingly under interstate regulations. In the discussion which followed, Dr. T. A. Burnett of Ohio gave as Ohio’s reason for requiring tuberculin test and inspection and quarantine regulations the promiscuous dumping of reacting cattle into Ohio when the State is trying to clean up and is paying indem- nity for reacting animals, and stated that the $100,000 meant for this purpose is not intended for reactors brought in under the guise of feeders, when as a matter of fact unscrupulous cattle dealers, after bringing them into the State, sell them to whoever has the price. Dr. B. F. Davis, State Veterinarian of Wyoming, showed how an affidavit was prepared by a commission firm in Denver for a carload of bulls “for feeders’ and stated that the affidavit was fraudulent, also that the States are likely to be imposed upon by unscrupulous commission men and by unscrupulous dealers in cattle. Dr. Robert D. Wall of Iowa explained fully why Iowa insists on the disinfection of cars by stating that cattle shipped in a car in which hog cholera hogs had been were likely to carry cholera to any farm they were taken to, and stated that many of the affidavits are obtained by fraud. Dr. Gibson advocated cleaned and disinfected cars for all stock destined to the farm. Dr. J. A. Kiernan of the Bureau of Animal Industry read pro- posed amendments to the regulations for the accredited herd plan which permitted the establishment of a supplementary herd list 418 U. S. Live Stock SANITARY ASSOCIATION wherein all cows must be free from the disease and reacting bulls must be kept segregated, serve cows on neutral ground and must be handled with a staff. Mr. George McKerrow of Wisconsin was present at the afternoon session and availed himself of the invitation to speak on “The Sheep Industry.” The ease with which he attacked the subject was proof of his mastery of this business, both in the production of wool and of mutton. Dr. Gibson presented a series of resolutions, which were adopted. The movement for increase of salaries of inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry was indorsed and the Association’s support was pledged in calling attention of Congress to such desirable legisla- tion. The Bureau work on hog cholera control and tuberculosis eradication was approved. The continuance of scientific studies of all other swine diseases to facilitate their control was advocated. Resolutions were passed that the Association should on any and all occasions champion the cause of the horse as having a proper and useful sphere in America which has been threatened by the over- zealous automobile propaganda. The Association recommended that race horses, on account of the extreme care taken by their owners in preventing disease among them, be permitted to go in interstate traffic without being mallein tested, and that uniform State laws be advocated which will permit of such shipments. Intensely interesting as the whole meeting was, everyone present at the closing session had a treat in the sparring that took place in the selection of suitable timber for officers for the coming year. Dr. Lester O. Howard, nominated by Dr. Butler and seconded by Drs. DeVine and Cassius Way, was defeated for the presidency by Dr. S. F. Musselman of Kentucky, nominated by Mr. Mercer, Live Stock Commissioner of Kansas, and seconded by Dr. Gibson of Iowa and Dr. Dunphy of Michigan. Drs. E. M. Ranck, F. A. Bolser, W. F. Crewe and J. Reeves and Hon. J. H. Mercer were selected as vice- presidents. Dr. D. M. Campbell of Chicago was selected as secretary- treasurer. OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION THE thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association will be held in Columbus, at the Deshler Hotel, January 15 and 16, 1920. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 419 The. Committee on Local Arrangements and the officers of the Association are exerting every possible effort to make the thirty- seventh the most successful meeting, which bespeaks something when the excellency of former Ohio meetings is taken into consideration. A study of the program, which has been mailed to the members of the profession, reveals the fact that a number of very important subjects have been selected by the men who will address the meet- ing. Some of the topics pertain to subjects the solution of which the profession is confronted with today. The city of Columbus has been selected as the place of meeting for the A. V. M. A. in 1920. This being a fact, it behooves every Ohio veterinarian to attend the meeting of the State organization in January and to do his part by assisting in the perfection of plans whereby the State Association can most royally entertain the Na- tional Society next August. The management of the Deshler Hotel is extending the hospitality and courtesies of the house. The hotel is centrally located, facing Broad Street, opposite the State Capitol. It is the most modern and - up-to-date hotel in the State. It has a beautiful, spacious lobby, entresol and grand lounge. Conveniences unexcelled. Address all inquiries in regard to details of the meeting to R. I. Bernatu, Secretary, Wauseon, Ohio. NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY DR. GANNETT has reported as follows on the clinical cases ex- hibited at the meeting of the New-York State Veterinary Medical Society, held in Brooklyn in October. The open navicular bursa case by Dr. R. S. MacKellar, operated upon by Dr. J. N. Frost, Professor of Surgery at the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, did well and walked home in about one month. The 2-year-old colt furnished by Drs. Gannett and Risley and castrated standing by Dr. P. J. Axtell had a temperature of 105° F. on the fifth day. The wounds were opened, when considerable liquid escaped and the temperature subsided. The roan gelding with quittor and ossification of lateral cartilage furnished by Dr. R. S. MacKellar and operated upon by Drs. Frost and Gannett did well for three weeks, when swelling and lameness appeared. A second operation was performed, some detached bone being removed, which resulted in prompt healing. In this case the 420 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS coronary band was left intact and recovery took place with no blem- ish on the hoof. The 2-year-old stallion with an umbilical hernia about the size of a duck’s egg, furnished by Dr. R. S. MacKellar and operated upon by Dr. Frost by stitching the skin without incising it, made a partial recovery. The size of the hernia was reduced about one- half. A second operation was performed by Dr. Frost at the end of five weeks; the skin over the hernia was incised down to the hernial sac or peritoneum, which was then pressed back through the hernial ring and stitched there. This operation resulted in a good recovery. The bay gelding with necrosed first upper molar, furnished by Drs. Gannett and Risley, operated upon by Dr. Frost by extraction with forceps with considerable difficulty, did well and illustrates that trephining can be avoided in many instances. The postmortem performed by Dr. S. A. Goldberg was upon an aged bay gelding which had been given a dose of aloes for intes- tinal obstruction. The physic operated and the animal did well for a few days, when pain again appeared and continued at intervals for six days, with impaired appetite but no rise of temperature until the sixth day. Then the temperature went up, pulse became weak, patient perspired, and death occurred. Postmortem revealed peri- tonitis with small amount of fecal contents in the abdominal cavity and a rupture of the cecum about 2 inches long near the ileo-cecal valve. This rupture was not recent, as the edges were granulating. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION THE Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association will hold a meeting at Harrisburg, Pa., January 19 and 20, 1920. All veteri- narians are cordially invited to be present. CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION THE tenth semi-annual meeting of the Central New York Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Syracuse November 26, 1919. The meeting opened at 10 a. m. with a clinic at the infirmary of Dr. J. A. Pendergast. The following cases were operated on: i Gray gelding, tumor of the membrane nictitans; surgeons, Drs, E. E. Dooling and W. L. Clark. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 421 Brown mare, pus in the nasal and frontal sinuses; surgeons, Drs. J. H. Stack and W. M. Long. Roan pony, removing depressor muscles of the tail; surgeons, Drs. Frank Morrow and E. E. Dooling. Black mare, removing the ovaries; surgeons, Drs. McAuliff and Boardman. Bay stallion, median neurotomy; surgeons, Drs. Salsbury, Stack and Long. Bay horse, median neurotomy; surgeons, Drs. Stack and McAuliff. Roan horse, median neurotomy; surgeons, Drs. Stack and McAuliff. Bay gelding, roaring operation; suygeaie, Drs. Boardman and McAuliff. Black horse, neurotomy of right hind leg at hock; surgeon, Dr. W. L. Clark. ‘At the close of the clinic the meeting was adjourned to the Hotel St. Cloud, where the business session was called to order at 3:30 p- m. by the president, Dr. W. L. Clark. , Roll call showed the following members present: Drs. D. A. Boardman, J. K. Bosshart, I. L. Buchanan, F. M. Burk, W. L. Clark, E. E. Cole, E. E. Dooling, O. P. Jones, W. M. Long, McAuliff, L. G. Moore, Frank Morrow, J. A. Pendergast, W. M. Pendergast, W. H. Salsbury, George A. Shaw, J. H. Stack, M. W. Sullivan, W. B. Switzer, W. M. Thompson, A. J. Tuxill, F. E. York. Minutes of the last meeting were read, approved and ordered placed on file. At this stage of the meeting the secretary received a telegram from Dr. J. M. Currie expressing his regrets at being unable to be with us, and wishes for a successful meeting. On motion by Dr. Dooling, seconded by Dr. Morrow, the secretary was. instructed to write Dr. Currie in behalf of the society, expressing our regrets at his recent illness and congratulations for his recovery. The special committee that was appointed at the June meeting to look into the matter of securing an operating table for the use of the society at its clinics reported that they had been able to secure one at the extremely low price of $61.15, including transportation, repairs, and installing. They also reported that they had decided to install it in the infirmary of Dr. J. A. Pendergast, as he was willing to give the society the use of the infirmary in exchange for 422 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS his use of the table from one meeting to another. The action of the committee was approved by the society. The following names were proposed for menibersip: Drs. Frank Burk, DeRuyter, N. Y.; W. M. Thompson, Skaneateles, N. Y.; W. H. Salsbury, Clifton Springs, N. Y.; George A. Shaw, Man- chester, N. Y. The last two names were proposed as associate members, as they are out of the territory included in our charter. The above- named gentlemen were unanimously elected to member- ship. At this time Dr. F. W. Sears, sanitary inspector of Syracuse, arrived and was introduced by the president. Dr. Sears gave a very interesting talk along the line of milk, meat and market inspection in cities and villages, holding very strongly to the opinion that the office should be filled only by a competent veterinarian. ° His talk brought out a good discussion and he answered many questions raised by the members, at the close of which a vote of thanks was extended to Dr. Sears. Dr. O. P. Jones, being called upon, gave a very interesting paper in the form of a case report on azoturia. His paper brought out a good discussion, and showed that where raw linseed oil and turpen- tine had been used the results were generally good. Dr. J. K. Bosshart was then called upon and presented a very interesting paper entitled “A Destructive and Undiagnosed Disease of Cattle in New York State.” This paper also brought out a good discussion, and while others had had more or less of the disease, it still remained undiagnosed. Dr. Bosshart was of the opinion that it was a form of hemorrhagic septicemia. Following these papers an animated discussion on a variety of subjects occupied the balance of the time. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned until June, 1920. 1 W. B. Switzer, Secretary. CONFERENCE OF NEW YORK VETERINARIANS The New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University will hold its annual Conference for veterinarians January 15 and 16. It offers a very attractive program. ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE ALUMNI A MEETING of the Alumni of the Ontario Veterinary College was called at New Orleans with a big number present. Graduates pres- ent were as early as 1880 and as late as 1916. OTHER ASSOCIATIONS 423 Dean McGilvray of the college gave an outline of the activities of the work at the college. It was the opinion of all present that the summer course with a preceptor as demanded by the college was a good idea and should be continued. After discussion, all present were in favor of the president of the Alumni appointing a committee to campaign for funds in order that a scholarship might be maintained at the college to commemorate the life of the late Andrew Smith. The amount decided on was $5,000. All graduates are requested to send their names and addresses to Dr. Tait Butler, 323 Falls Building, Memphis, Tenn., who will mail out particulars of the campaign. Officers of the Alumni: President, L. Enos Day, Chicago, Ill; vice- president, George Hilton, Ottawa, Canada; secretary, Hubert Shull, Texarkana, Ark.; treasurer, S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich. The organization will be ex- Memorial tablet at Ontario Veter- : weir a, wuemiess “ak the tended at Columbus (A. V.-M. A. i faculty, alumni and undergraduates : who fell in the great war. meeting ) next year. HuBert SHULL, Secretary. INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF DAIRY AND MILK INSPECTORS THE International Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors held the eighth annual convention at Hotel McAlpin, New York City, December 4-6. The program covered a wide range of subjects re- lating to the supervision and improvement of milk supplies. Special committees of the Association reported regarding new. legislation affecting milk and milk products, dairy farm inspection, transpor- tation and marketing of milk, methods of bacterial analyses of milk, transmissible diseases, organization and administration of milk con- trol, construction of dairy buildings and its relation to sanitation, pasteurization of milk and cream, and food value of milk and milk products. COMMUNICATIONS NEW ORLEANS FRENCH OPERA HOUSE BURNED To the Editor: INASMUCH as a number of the veterinarians and their wives who attended the late meeting of the A. V. M. A. in New Orleans patron- ized the French Opera, it may interest them to know that the old historic structure was completely destroyed by fire on the night of December 3. Fortunately, however, no lives were lost. The old building has stood for years as an exponent of one of the chief characteristics of the French descendants of southern Louisiana, their inherited love of art and their sociability. The edifice represented the finest traditions of new France, as evolved from the old. It held memories sacred to the élite of New Orleans in its earliest days. It was a temple of society, the one shrine where for generations friends and relatives gathered to mingle with one another and in the meantime hear the opera. How unfortunate indeed that a structure so replete with memories of the past, so distinctly monumental, should have been destroyed. It is to be regretted that there are few enough such monuments in _the provincial life of various sections of our country, and we can ill afford to spare any of them. E. I. Smiru. PUS IN FRONTAL SINUS To the Editor: Herewith is a veterinarian’s mistake. Publish it if you think it of value. On November 8 a client of mine living 12 miles north of Hankin- son who was the owner of purebred Holsteins called at my office. He stated that his bull had a sort of bronchitis and he would be glad to have me see him. I examined the animal that same day. History.—Animal had been sick about three days, had refused all feed, would lie down and took no interest in anything. Symptoms.—Animal recumbent but when made to get up he did so after some effort. Great depression, quickened breathing, back arched, left eye half closed and discharging tears over face, right eye partially closed but no discharge, drooling from the mouth, con- 424 COMMUNICATIONS 425 stipation, very little movement of bowels on auscultation, tempera- ture 104.5° F. Diacnosis.—After going carefully over animal and not finding any other symptoms, and as it was hemorrhagic septicemia time, I so pronounced it and advised vaccination and segregation of the bull, all of which was done. On November 19 I received a hurry call from the same client, who was very much upset. He said, “Doctor, the $500 cow that stood alongside the bull is sick, I am afraid she is going to die.” This case was simple, being only a mild attack of indigestion that responded beautifully to the usual treatment. After treating the cow I asked to see the bull. On entering the boxstall I noticed the odor of rotting flesh and so remarked to the owner. I asked him to catch the bull, which was apparently well, and I made another examination. I discovered some pus around the base of the left horn, which was only about one inch long, having been dehorned one year previously. On testing the stability of this horn I found it loose. With the aid of a pair of ‘scissors and pincers the shell was removed. Immediately a lot of thick pus flowed out through the horn core. I opened up the pas- sage into the frontal sinus, which was filled with pus. A hole was trephined and the sinus cleaned out, and at date of writing the bull is well, but the trephined hole is not quite healed. I am satisfied that I made a mistake in diagnosing hemorrhagic septicemia. CuHaARLEs H. Hart, Hankinson, N. Dak. Dr. and Mrs. W. Herbert Lowe spent a few days in Washington on their return trip from New Orleans. They were particularly pleased with their visit to the Bureau of Animal Industry Sheep Farm at Vienna, Va., and the Experiment Station at Bethesda, Md., where they renewed their friendship with Drs. Cooper Curtice and E. C. Schroeder, respectively, in charge of these stations. The National Geographic Magazine for December contains a most interesting discussion of the reindeer industry in Alaska as fostered by the Department of the Interior. “The present need,” the author states, “is for a scientific study of the animal. The importance of the industry demands it.” Reindeer meat from Alaska is now shipped to Seattle and Minneapolis for distribution. MISCELLANEOUS BREEDERS AND VETERINARIANS DISCUSS TUBERCULOSIS © DURING the International Live Stock Exposition at Chicago a conference of live-stock owners, representatives of the thirteen pure- bred cattle breeding associations and State and Bureau of Animal Industry live-stock sanitary officials was held at the Saddle and Sirloin Club. The purpose of this conference was to discuss the. subject of tuberculosis and especially the accredited herd plan. After a very sumptuous beefsteak dinner a number of short speeches were made by the representatives of the purebred cattle associations, followed by short talks by several State and Federal live-stock officials. It was the unanimous voice of the: conference that the campaign of eradicating tuberculosis be carried on along conservative and progressive lines, but that it will be necessary to broaden the scope of the work by extending supervision over a larger number of herds than is permissible with the present funds appropriated for the work. Discussion centered on two questions: 1. Keeping herd bulls which react to the tuberculin test. 2. The desirability of modifying present Federal regulations so that the owner of an accredited herd on finding a reacting animal can have the herd tested in 90 days or so and repeat if necessary, in order that he need not be off the accredited list for a longer period than absolutely necessary. Both breeders and veterinarians talked to these questions. Several veterinarians urged that the rules be modified so that reacting herd bulls of merit could be retained on what Dr. Mohler, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, called “neutral ground.” This amounted to segregating the bull under the Bang plan as prac- ticed in Denmark. The bull would be put to the cows outside of his lot or paddock and proper measures taken to prevent his trans- mitting infection to the females. ; Dr. Dunphy of Michigan upheld this plan in several talks, citing the case of the Holstein bull Hengerveld DeKol, which reacted as a yearling and was saved, and which proved later to be one of the greatest sires of the breed. Others who concurred were Dr. Charles 426 MISCELLANEOUS 427 E. Cotton of Minnesota, Senator A. B.' Hackney, Holstein breeder, of the same State; Dr. J. I. Gibson of Bloomington, Ill., and others. A. B. Cook of Townsend, Mont., president of the American Here- ford Breeders’ Association, made vigorous objection to any modify- ing of rules. He declared that he did not want to buy an animal from a herd headed by a reacting bull. Dr. W. J. Butler, State Veterinarian of Montana, said it would never be practicable to retain reacting bulls under range conditions. They would have to be kept under some sort of Government supervision if kept at all. J. C. White of Winterset, Iowa, president of the Aberdeen-Angus Breeders’ Association, opposed the idea also. J. C. Glover of Wisconsin asked how many farmers were fixed so they could keep a diseased bull safely. C. P. Norgord, Agricultural Commissioner of Wisconsin, told of the progress of the work in that State. By Christmas every herd would be tested in Waukesha County, where the work was being done on the “area” plan. The State makes an annual appropriation of $250,000 to carry on the work. Until they began to test whole herds not much progress was made. Testing single animals, he said, was like acting as an insurance company for dealers. Other speakers were F. W. Harding, secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association; Everett C. Brown, president of the Chicago Live Stock Exchange; Thomas E. Wilson, Shorthorn breeder and packer, of Chicago. Dr. D. F. Luckey of Missouri pleaded for the use of the intra- ‘dermal test. He claimed this made it possible to test four times the number of cattle and had proved very effective. On motion by Prof. Smith a committee of five breeders was named to meet with a committee from the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association to thrash out the questions at issue. The breeders named were: John Tomson, president American Shorthorn Breeders’ Asso- ciation, Dover, Kans.; A. B. Cook, Townsend, Mont.; J. C. White, Winterset, Iowa; Fred Pabst, Oconomowoc, Wis., and George P. Grout, Duluth, Minn. The committee from the Sanitary Association was: Dr. J. A. Kiernan, ‘Washington, D. C.; Dr. Charles E. Cotton, Minnesota; W. W. Wright, Springfield, Ill.; Dr. Frederick Torrance, Ottawa, Canada, and Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, Georgia. Two sets of resolutions were unanimously adopted. The first petitioned Congress to transfer the unused balance provided for the payment of indemnities in the tuberculosis eradication appropriation 428 MISCELLANEOUS of the present year to the operating fund to be expended in that campaign at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture. At the present time the division of the funds for operating expenses and the payment of indemnities is unbalanced, inasmuch as only $500,000 is provided for operating expenses and twice that amount for the payment of indemnity. The second resolution petitions Congress to make an annual appropriation of $2,500,000 for tuber- culosis eradication work. “COOPERATION”? THE KEYNOTE IN TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION THE campaign of eradicating tuberculosis of live stock on a co- operative basis has been in progress less than 2 years, but in that time it has gained so much popularity among the live-stock owners that much larger funds are required for the work. On December 10, 1919, the Agricultural Committee of the House of Representatives held a hearing on the subject of tuberculosis eradication. In attendance at that hearing were: Mr. Evert C. Brown, president The Chicago Live Stock Exchange. Mr. Frank W. Harding, secretary American Shorthorn Breeders’ Association. Mr. M. D. Munn, president American Jersey Cattle Club. Mr. S. M. Shoemaker, representing the American Guernsey Cattle Club. . . Mr. A. B. Cook, president American Hereford Cattle Breeders’ Association. Dr. A. F. Woods, president Maryland Agricultural College. Prof. H. R. Smith, live-stock commissioner, Chicago Live Stock Exchange. Dr. J. A. Kiernan, chief, Tuberculosis Eradication Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. J. R. Mohler, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Each of the above-named gentlemen addressed the committee and set forth the progress of the work and the tremendous demands for its expansion. Probably the most impressive feature of this confer- ence was the fact that the thirteen purebred cattle associations of the United States were represented and unqualifiedly indorsed the campaign now in progress. It could not help but impress the Con- gressional committee that this work is being carried on through the cooperation of the live-stock owners, live-stock sanitary officials of the respective States, and the Bureau of Animal Industry. One of the important features of the work is that there is nothing MISCELLANEOUS * 429 coercive about it; it is being conducted solely upon voluntary lines. If an owner does not think he should eradicate tuberculosis at this time it is purely optional with him. The fact stands out very promi- nently, however, that this very course which.is being pursued is the one thing that helps to make it popular, because it is based upon educational lines and the live-stock owners appreciate the fact that it is unprofitable to maintain a herd in which tuberculosis exists. The live-stock owners further appreciate the fact that prospective ‘owners of cattle realize now more than ever before the necessity of purchasing healthy animals to bring into their herds; they are seek- ing out the herds that are known to be free from tuberculosis, or herds the owners of which are using every means to exterminate the disease. The cooperating forces are fully cognizant of the fact that to make satisfactory progress in the tuberculosis eradication campaign it is necessary to employ the services of trained private veterinarians, and as an indication of the desire of all the cooperating forces to link up the private veterinarian with the officials in the work the accredited herd plan was recently amended so as to permit the testing of herds under the supervision of specially appointed private veteri- narians under rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try. The amendment to the accredited herd plan is as follows: “When a herd has been officially accredited continuously by the United States Department of Agriculture and the State for a period of two years, it may then be tuberculin tested annually by any veterinarian whose name is upon the accredited list of veterinarians approved by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, provided that before any veterinarian other than one who devotes his entire time to the work of any State or the Bureau of Animal Industry can be approved for accredited herd work he shall have passed an examination conducted by the proper live-stock sanitary official of the State in which he resides and the Bureau of Animal Industry. He then shall be eligible to conduct annual tuberculin tests upon herds which have been officially accredited, upon dates approved by the proper State live-stock sanitary official and the inspector in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry in the State wherein the herd is located. “No herd test can be made by such an approved veterinarian unless he has instructions in writing from the State official to that effect. The dates of the annual tests for each herd shall be recorded in the State office and also in the office of the inspector in charge. On any annual test the State and the Bureau reserve the right to have a regularly employed official present on the farm to supervise the testing done by the approved veterinarian. “The approved veterinarian shall conduct each test strictly in 430 * MISCELLANEOUS accordance with instructions issued by the Bureau of Animal Indus- try to employees engaged in cooperative tuberculosis eradication work. At-the conclusion of each test the approved veterinarian shall submit to the State Veterinarian and the inspector in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry a copy of the record of the test. “Any animal of a herd under supervision which may react in any herd tuberculin tested by an approved veterinarian shall be marked for the purpose of identification in accordance with the regulations. of the State in which the animal is located. “Tuberculin tests applied by veterinarians other than those regu- larly employed by the State and the Bureau of Animal Industry shall be paid for by the owner of the herd.” No campaign for eradicating an infectious disease of live-stock has ever been. undertaken under more favorable conditions. The keynote of the whole campaign is “cooperation.” This is an oppor- tunity of which the veterinarians of the United States should take advantage. They should enter into it with:a spirit of energy and with the determination to be of the greatest possible service to the live-stock industry of America. It is not a matter for personal gain; it is not to create positions for live-stock sanitary officials; it is not to obtain large appropriations from the respective States and from ‘ the Federal Government. It is a campaign started out of necessity because of the rapid spread of tuberculosis among cattle and swine. The live-stock interests of the United States demand that if tubercu- losis is an eradicable disease prompt and vigorous efforts be imme- diately put in operation to exterminate it. The whole campaign is based upon the patriotic desire of Amer- ican citizens to make the live-stock industry of this Nation the peer of any in the world. This can be done if every person engaged in the campaign fulfills his obligation—and there is an obligation to be fulfilled. Responsibility for the control and eradication of tuberculosis of live stock rests not only upon the shoulders of the State live-stock sanitary board and the Bureau of Animal Industry; it rests upon the shoulders of the live-stock owners themselves, and it rests largely upon the veterinarians of the United States. It has been demonstrated to a wonderful degree that all of these forces can work harmoniously together, and that, working in that direction, they can succeed in any undertaking upon which they embark. They have succeeded in this work up to date, and they will succeed from year to year according to the perfection of their organization and the degree of enthusiasm with which they carry on the campaign. — MISCELLANEOUS 431 WHY THE BAND PLAYED “DIXIE”? AT THE INTERNATIONAL WHEN the Hereford bull, Point Comfort XIV, won for the South the grand championship for the breed at the International Live Stock Exposition of 1913, many northern people felt that the occur- rence was a “fluke” which was not likely to be repeated often. But the record of the International Live Stock Exposition held at Chicago November 29 to December 6 demonstrated the possibilities of the South as a live-stock producing section in a remarkable way. Nine grand championships were won by breeders south of the Ohio River, as follows: Shorthorn bull and cow, Hereford bull, Aberdeen- Angus bull, Percheron mare, Duroc Jersey boar, Poland China sow, and Hampshire ram and ewe. Not all of these animals were actually bred on southern farms, but the fact that they were shown from southern herds is an illus- tration of the progressive spirit of the southern breeders, and those which were bred and raised on southern farms show clearly that the South can produce as fine breeding stock as any other section of the country. . In addition to the winnings in the live-stock judging, the college judging team from the Texas A. & M. College won first in the students’ judging contest, and the team representing the Texas agri- cultural ‘clubs won second by one point only in the noncollegiate judging contest. WHAT PART SHOULD THE FARM ADVISER TAKE IN THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL DISEASES ? RosBert GRAHAM in “The Extension Messenger” THIS question has been repeatedly submitted in one way or an- other by various men in formulating a policy to guide their own activities. Disease control is one of the most important problems of any live-stock producing county, and the farm adviser, in the opinion of the writer, can render a valuable service and mold in a large degree the plan of procedure in many instances. It is not the function of the county farm adviser to vaccinate animals or to administer treatment, but rather confine his activities to the bigger problem of disease control, by offering pertinent advice to the owner. The danger of buying disease, the need of prompt action on the appearance of the disease, the dollars and cents value of quarantine and farm disinfection, the danger of feeding “cure-all” 432 MISCELLANEOUS medicines and the advisability of calling a veterinarian early are among the important questions in disease control which the Farm Bureau agent can emphasize in his activities. If veterinary service is indicated in the capacity of diagnosis necessitating autopsy, or in the treatment of animals, it is conceded that this belongs to the qualified veterinarian. In other words, Farm Bureau agents should encourage the employment of the local veterinarian where his services are indicated, with the understanding that the veterinarian will render a professional service for a reason- able fee. It is reported that some veterinarians have overcharged, _ but these cases are comparatively few, and fortunately live-stock owners have ample recourse by refusing to employ these men. Under prevailing conditions there is need for the advisory work of the Farm Bureau agent in disease control, but it is obvious that the greatest accomplishment implies cooperation with the local veterinarian and each need assume their responsibility to the live- stock industry without controversy. LIVE-STOCK IMPORTS FROM ENGLAND PREVENTED BY FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE THE importation from England of cattle and all other ruminant animals and swine is being held up by the United States Department of Agriculture on account of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the Isle of Wight. The present ban will be in force until 30 days have elapsed after all the animals exposed to the malady have been disposed of and the contaminated premises have been thor- oughly disinfected. This last outbreak occurred late in October, and is the most recent of several which occurred at irregular intervals in different parts of England during 1919 and 1918. Some of the previous outbreaks have been in Warwickshire and Dorsetshire. At different times the Department of Agriculture has been on the point of resuming im- portation, when the disease would be discovered in a new region. Dealers have put in applications for permits to import a total of 850 cattle, but have been prevented from doing so on account of this ban. Probably there are many others who have not yet made formal application for permits to the department. All of the cattle to be imported from England are purebreds. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n). J. R. MouLeER, Editor, Washington, D. C. C. A. Cary, President, Auburn, Ala. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago ( M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gro. Hitton, ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District , 4th District; C..H. STANGE, 5th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 6th District; A. T. Kinsley, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal Gro. HILTON R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. VoL. LVI, N. S. Vor. 9 FEBRUARY, 1920 No. 5 READJUSTMENT MORE than a’ year has passed since the great cyclone raged in Europe, but the winds still blow fitfully. . At this writing our coun- try, technically, is not yet on a peace basis. It was slow in declaring that a state of war existed and seems to be equally slow in declaring peace. In the meantime conditions are favorable for unrest and agitation at home, misunderstanding and nervous tension with our former allies, and a certain amount of hopefulness on the part of our late enemies that American statesmen (?) will soften or nullify the work accomplished by the Allied and American armies. _ Civilization was placed in jeopardy by the war. It was saved only by the blood and lives of millions of gallant men. Yet there are some proclaiming 100 per cent Americanism who, by their action, after the pus has been drained from the European abscess, prevent disinfection, thereby delaying the healing process, and remain in- different to the realization that the remnants of pus may in time develop another abscess which may again involve this country in a disagreeable surgical operation. ’ “In union there is strength. If brotherhood and entente cordiale 433 —s 434 EDITORIAL were desirable for the sake of humanity during the war, why should they not continue in time of peace? Whether we wished it or not, our country has become a world power, and it should not evade its responsibilities. Isolation contracts the soul and makes the world unsafe for democracy. We have become a creditor nation in a world upset by abnormal conditions. We have obligations to our neigh- bors with whom we must continue commercial, political and social relations. These obligations are pressing and insistent. Our neigh- bors stagger under an overload of debt. Our late enemy must pay, but all he can possibly pay will meet only a fraction of the loss. He has not lost his fields, mines nor factories, but he has lost caste and overseas trade and faces a world which regards him with suspi- cion or hatred. He has a terrible reputation to live down. What he can earn must go to pay the fiddler to whose deadly ‘music he chose to dance. We have fought an enemy in shh open, but we are still fighting a secret enemy. There are secret serpents sneaking through our land, who endeavor by insidious and seditious propaganda to weaken and destroy our present form of government. Boring from within, they seek to undermine our various lines of industry, paralyze our trans- portation, kill our traffic, in order that our allied neighbors depend- ing upon us for support may be still further crippled, while our late enemy may become rehabilitated. Under whatever guise their motives may be proclaimed, when carried into effect the result is to aid and comfort the foe and still further cripple the defenders of civilization. Complete victory will not be won until the secret enemies are disposed of. If the American people do not own this country, who does? This nation has been the melting pot for the burdened and the oppressed. Freedom and opportunity have been offered them, but some will not melt. Like vipers they would sting the hand that nourishes them. Let such incompatibles as will not fuse with us be cast aside. If they can not construct our future destiny with us, they must not be permitted to destroy what we have. Many of the problems of readjustment have been: met and settled with surprising rapidity. The demobilization of 4,000,000 American soldiers and their induction into peaceful occupations has been accomplished without undue excitement. The problems are obvi- ously much greater in the zone where the cyclone raged than in more distant zones; but no matter how great the distance, certain problems persist and become intensified when apostles of lawlessness, taking advantage of the unsettled conditions, preach and practice the doc- EDITORIAL 435 trine of hate and of crime. Increased production so essential for our own welfare and prosperity, as well as that of our neighbors, has been retarded or decreased by those who knowingly or unknow- ingly have played into the hand of the enemy. The New Year dawns with more peace in Europe than has existed during the past five years. Good will, forgiveness and trust will be of slower development. The forces of destruction have been rapid and efficient; those of construction will be difficult and prolonged. The nightmare has passed, but it has left us shaken and perturbed in arousing to the activities of the day. The veterinarian as a public-spirited citizen has his share in the general problems of readjustment—he is a citizen before he is a professional man. Veterinarians who have been in the military service have also individual readjustments to make. For two years they have lived in a different atmosphere amid conditions previously undreamed of. In some instances their experiences have unsettled them for the routine work to which they devoted themselves in the pre-war period. In some cases there have been instances of apparent injustice and partiality. Some have returned to better opportunities. Some have returned to find their former practice demoralized or invaded by others. Tremendous difficulties have attended the veteri- nary service from the beginning to the end of the war, but in spite of insuperable obstacles the veterinarians have made good, and one important factor that has sustained them in their almost superhuman efforts is the realization that the profession stood behind them. They are big enough and have vision enough to submerge personal grievances in the greater results achieved by their united action. ee DEAN AND DIRECTOR DALRYMPLE THE country of Robert Bruce and “Bobbie” Burns has contributed liberally to the growth and elevation of the veterinary profession in America. Many of our most successful practitioners came from Scotland, and her colleges have prepared some of our most distin- guished educators and research workers. Dr. Dalrymple is one of the most prominent Scotchmen of our profession who came to the United States to make a home among us and to be one of us. His many friends throughout the country will be pleased to learn that he has been selected to succeed Dr. W. R. Dodson, whose resignation as dean of the Louisiana State College of Agriculture and director of the Louisiana Experiment Station became effective January 1. 436 EDITORIAL Dr. Dalrymple was born at Stranraer, Wigtownshire, Scotland, April 23, 1856, graduated from the Glasgow Veterinary College with the degree of M. R. C. V. S. in 1886, and sailed for America three years later. Shortly after his arrival in the United States he became identified with the Louisiana State University, where he has remained continuously ever since except for an interval of three years in the nineties which was devoted to study and travel in Europe and South Africa. Dr. Dalrymple enjoys a high reputation as a scientist, he has been eminently successful as an educator, and is regarded not only in Louisiana but throughout the country as one of the ablest exponents of scientific agriculture and live-stock production. The high esteem in which he is held is evidenced by the honors that have been ac- corded him by the various medical, live-stock and agricultural bodies with which he has been identified. He served as president of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1907-8, president of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association 1908-9, member of the Executive Committee of the National Live Stock Association 1902-4, and president of the United States Experiment Station Veterinary Medical Association 1901-2. He was chosen as reporter on anthrax for the United States at the International Veterinary Congress held in London in 1914, member of the International Con- gress on Tuberculosis at Washington in 1908, and member of the International Congress on Hygiene and Demography at Washington in 1912, and is a Fellow of the Glasgow Veterinary Medical Society. Dr. Dalrymple has always taken an active interest in State and local matters in Louisiana and has done much to advance agricul- ture and promote the live-stock industry of the’State. He has served his State as secretary of the Louisiana State Agricultural Society and Louisiana Stock Breeders’ Association, as president of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association and the Louisiana Society of Natu- ralists, as member of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitary Board, and as editor of the live-stock department of the New Orleans Picayune. His excellent services as editor of our JouRNAL during the past year are too well known to require further comment. He is the author of a valuable work on veterinary obstetrics and in addition has written various bulletins and contributed to publications many articles relating to agriculture and live-stock matters. His new assignment broadens the scope for continuing his useful activi- ties, and the JOURNAL joins his many friends in wishing him success in his new field. : EDITORIAL | 437 INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS AT the recent meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation at New Orleans a motion was unanimously adopted to invite the next International Veterinary Congress to convene in this coun- try. With the view of initiating a movement to expedite this pro- posal a committee was appointed by ex-President Moore, and steps have already been taken by Secretary Eichhorn to inquire of Dr. DeJong, the General Secretary of the Permanent Committee at Leyden, Holland, what procedure the A. V. M. A. committee should pursue to bring this matter before the Permanent Committee of the Eleventh International Veterinary Congress. Many members of the A..V. M. A. believe that arrangements could be made to have\the Congress meet in the United State in 1921, but should the time for preparing for the Congress be insufficient, we could consider a Con- gress for the year 1922. Our Association with its membership of approximately 4,500 would be happy to have the opportunity of entertaining the Inter- national Congress in this country. Moreover, aside from the mem- bers of our Association, everyone interested in the veterinary profession and in the live-stock industry of this country would heartily support such a movement. While our committee has not as yet approached the Federal Government. as to the support we could expect to receive, we are satisfied that the proper authorities will render all the assistance necessary toward the success of such an undertaking when the time is ripe. As soon as Dr. DeJong furnishes information as to the proper procedure for extending an oficial invitation, appropriate steps will be taken, as it is fully realized that considerable time will be required for the preparation of such an elaborate undertaking. The members of the committee are Drs. L. A. Merillat, L. Van Es, D. S. White, F. Torrance, C. A. Cary, A. Eichhorn, secretary, and J. R. Mohler, chairman. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DURING the war the National Research Council, acting as a department of the Council of National Defense, was able to render substantial service to the Government. Established under the Con- gressional charter of the National Academy of Sciences and organ- ized with the cooperation of the largest national scientific and technical societies of the country, the Council has now passed over 438 EDITORIAL to a peace-time basis. A review of the personnel of the Council will indicate the wide scope of its scientific and technical support and the distinguished scientific character of its divisional chairmen who are resident in Washington. The Council was organized in 1916 at the request of the President as a measure of national preparedness, and the results obtained were nothing short of marvelous in stimulating research in the mathe- matical, physical and biological sciences and in the application of these sciences to medicine, agriculture and the useful arts. During the war it was science that enabled America and the Allies to over- come the formidable war effort of Germany, and it will be to science that the world will turn for aid in meeting after-war problems. The Government Relations Division of the National Research Council met at the Smithsonian Institution on December 19, 1919, Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Director of the Smithsonian Institution, presiding. One of the principal topics discussed was food of both vegetable and animal origin, the latter subject being of special interest to all veterinarians. Our profession was represented by the Chief. of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who was appointed a member of the Council by President Wilson on recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture. : PUBLICATION{OF,. THEJ[PROCEEDINGS THE proceedings of the first day’s sessions of the Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New Orleans appear in this number. It has been the practice hereto- fore to publish the proceedings in a special extta edition of THE JourRNAL, but that plan can no longer be followed because the Post Office Department holds that such extra numbers are not permissible under the second-class mailing privilege. We have therefore con- cluded to print the proceedings in instalments in the regular issues of THE JourNAL. The remaining portions will follow from month to month and the whole will be completed just as soon as available space will permit. Dr. John W. Scott, Parasitologist of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyoming, is spending the current collegiate year at the laboratories of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C., in investigations relating to animal parasites. NOTES ON SWAMP FEVER: By S. HADWEN - Chief Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada FOR some time past cooperative investigations on swamp fever in horses have been carried on by the United States and Canadian Departments of Agriculture, and during the course of these investi- gations Dr. B. H. Ransom and I have made trips into swamp-fever districts in Canada and are also carrying on some experiments at Washington and at Ottawa. It is my purpose at the present time, with the approval of Dr. Ransom, merely to call attention to a few points that have come out in the course of our work. One of the questions which has perplexed men working on swamp fever has been the presence of worms in the cases, and it has evi- dently been difficult for them to decide except by blood inoculation whether they were dealing with a swamp-fever case or a verminous one. This has been our experience also. The symptoms presented by a case of gross parasitism apparently resemble closely those of a case of swamp fever. In 1918 we published’ a paper on our Canadian worms, giving the locations in which the parasites were found but saying very little about the lesions encountered. Attention, was, however, called to the ulcers found in the colon which were associated with, and were evidently caused by, a certain species of nematode, Triodontophorus tenuicollis. These ulcers had been previously noticed by Weinberg in France and later by Hartman in Montana. These authors did not identify the particular nematode causing the lesions. At least two other species of Triodontophorus are of common occurrence in the colon of horses in America, but so far as we have been able to determine they do not produce ulcers. The ulcers, except for the presence of worms, are very similar in gross appearance to those found in hog cholera, though in some cases are larger and in one or two instances those observed had been close to perforating the bowel, the resulting scar being puckered in appearance. In addition to these ulcers, worms produce certain other striking lesions which may be mistaken for swamp-fever lesions. In the abdominal cavity many of these lesions are encountered. For in- 1 Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, rete. 439 440 NoTEs oN SwAMP FEVER stance, when the kidneys are removed it will frequently be observed that the adjacent lymphatic glands are hemorrhagic and that the tissues surrounding them are gelatinous. In such tissues we repeat- edly found the immature forms of Strongylus, which in one case were determined by microscopic examination to be S. equinus. In the gastro-hepatic ligament also young worms of this species were encountered, as many as 12 having been found in a single case. On the walls of the abdominal cavity reddened patches resembling bruises may be noticed under the peritoneum. In these patches young S. edentatus will be found. In the descriptions of postmortems on swamp-fever cases given in the literature, intestinal lesions both external and internal are fre- quently mentioned. In our postmortems nodules and reddened edematous patches, visible on observation of the serous surface, were frequent, as well as petechie. The petechie are not necessarily caused by worms, but in the nodules and reddened patches worms are usually discoverable. When the large intestine is opened numerous lesions are revealed that are directly attributable to worms. These are due, first, to the young worms that pass a portion of their life history in the intestinal walls, and, second, to the adults of certain species in the lumen of the intestine that attack the mucosa. The larval forms of the Cylicostomes are found embedded in the mucosa throughout the colon and cecum, being most numerous in the cecum and first and second divisions of the colon, sometimes as many as 50 per square inch. Submucous nodules of varying size up to nearly an inch in diameter are irregularly scattered through- out the course of the large intestine. These contain a yellowish or bloody serum and a larval worm. As the nodules become older the contents become less fluid and take on a yellow cheesy consistency, finally becoming calcareous. In such nodules dead and degenerated: parasites may be found. Commonly the undegenerated nodules have a definite circular opening into the lumen of the intestine through which the contents including the larva may be squeezed by applying pressure. “l pe Lon In addition to the ulcers caused by Triodontophorus tenuicollis, which occur in the fourth division of the colon near the mesenteric attachment, the bites of the three species of Strongylus are very noticeable. The principal places in which these bites occur are in the cecum at the blind end, where S. vulgaris is most numerous; in the cecum and first division of the colon in the neighborhood-of their juncture are other bites caused by S. edentatus and S. equinus, Notes ON SWAMP FEVER 441 and in the first division of the colon bites caused by S. edentatus. The bites correspond in shape and size to the buccal cavity of the worms, those of S. edentatus being the largest and those of S. vul- garis the smallest. They are small, round, red spots raised above - the. surface of the surrounding mucosa and comprising the portion of the mucosa that was sucked into the buccal cavity of the parasite. To sum up the lesions observed in many of the postmortems so far as concerns the interior of the large intestine, there is a general spotting of the mucosa, the very small dark spots being larve in the mucosa, somewhat larger bright red spots being the bites of strongyles, and larger irregular blotches which may be caused by the parasites; however, as similar blotches may occur in the small intestines in the same animal without evident association with parasites in that region of the bowel, it is not at all certain that these are directly due to parasites. The spotting of the intes- tinal wall together with the nodules, edematous patches and ulcers are the main lesions of the intestine caused by worms. Finally may be mentioned the exudate, a grayish, sticky, evil-smelling mucus covering the mucosa of the large intestine of animals in a moribund condition, and dried feces often adherent to the mucosa of the third division of the colon. This condition has been noted especially in those cases in which there was a high degree of infestation with worms. Commonly the worms in this exudate were very sluggish or dead. In connection with heart lesions in swamp fever the hemorrhagic spotting of the endocardium frequently described as a typical lesion of the disease has been a very constant lesion in the cases we ob- served in the field. It is an interesting fact that in a number of apparently healthy horses experimentally injected subcutaneously with fresh juices of worms or extracts of dried worms or bots the heart was found on postmortem to show lesions very similar to - those observed in swamp-fever horses. Such lesions have also been seen by various observers in conditions other than swamp fever. It would seem that heart lesions by themselves are not sufficient to establish a diagnosis of swamp fever. Another difficulty in separating swamp-fever cases from cases of verminous infestation is in the fact that edemas of the abdomen, breast and limbs are common to both conditions. In concluding these brief remarks concerning the lesions that we have observed in swamp-fever cases complicated with verminous infestation, it should be stated emphatically that there is no actual evidence that worms 442 NotTes ON SWAMP FEVER have anything to do with swamp fever, though it is not impossible that the injurious effects of worms are greater in animals that are suffering simultaneously from ‘swamp fever. That the cases we observed in the field were in fact swamp fever was proved in several instances at least by blood inoculations into experimental horses. Experiments in feeding to horses the infective stages of parasites contained in cultures of feces from’ swamp-fever horses were in every case negative. Likewise, injections of worms taken from horses suffering with swamp fever failed to reproduce the disease. The only possible exception was the case of one horse which showed the first symptoms of swamp fever five months after inoculation. As this animal had in the meantime been more or less associated with horses affected with swamp fever, no serious importance can be attached to this result, notwithstanding the fact that the disease appeared in the early spring, whereas the disease naturally appears in the late summer and early autumn. With reference to the blood, in the cases that we studied, smears were taken from a large number of the animals, and differential counts of the leucocytes were made. The blood picture which has been repeatedly described by various workers including Van Es, Harris, Schalk, Theiler, Mack and others shows in the first place that the mononuclear leucocytes are increased, and we have found them sometimes practically as high as 100 per cent, commonly 60 to 80 per cent. This increase in mononuclears is undoubtedly an important point in connection with the diagnosis of the disease. In moribund cases, however, it may be observed that the polynuclears increase in numbers and may come back almost to normal, the mononuclears being correspondingly reduced. The eosinophiles in many cases were noted by us to be diminished in number and some- times altogether absent from the peripheral blood. This fact has been observed by others without special comment. This diminution may be due either to a displacement by other cells that are increased - in number, or perhaps to the withdrawal of the eosinophiles from the general circulation and their local accumulation in certain organs and tissues, especially in lesions produced by parasites. As an example of such local accumulations, smears made from verminous ulcers in the colon show eosinophiles in enormous numbers. The same is true of the tissues surrounding the parasites in other loca- tions. In connection with the eosinophiles it is of interest to note that Weinberg and Seguin have shown that the eosinophiles apparently Notes ON SwAMP FEVER AS play a part in the protection of the organism against parasitic inva- sions, particularly in the neutralization of verminous toxins. In fact it has been demonstrated that bacteria bathed in. verminous juices are picked up by eosinophiles, indicating that these cells become phagocytic to bacteria because the verminous substances render them attractive to the eosinophiles, stimulating the latter to phagocytic activity. Whether the number of eosinophiles in the general circulation could be raised artificially was tested experi- mentally by us, by injecting verminous juices or extracts of dried worms subcutaneously into healthy horses. The results showed that the percentage of eosinophiles frequently increases after such injec- tions. In one instance they increased to 20 per cent from an original percentage of 6.8. This high percentage was found three days after the second injection of verminous material. In horses the normal percentage of eosinophiles appears to be about 3 or 4 per cent, and natural eosinophilias as high as 20 per cent are very rare. Natural eosinophilias in the horse are thus of a lower percentage than those commonly observed in other animals suffering from parasitic infes- tation. The statements frequently made as to eosinophilia in horses infested with parasites are somewhat misleading, as in gross infes- tations the percentage may be very low, especially if the parasitism is complicated with swamp fever. In conclusion it may be stated that from our experience thus far we have found no evidence of a definite relation between parasitic worms and swamp fever. On the other hand we believe that in the study of swamp fever it is very necessary to give careful attention to the parasitic conditions that complicate the disease, otherwise misleading and false deductions are very liable to be made. DURING Dr. Mayo’s recent visit to Havana, he called upon Dr. Etchegoyan, Dean of the Veterinary School of the University of Havana. This school was established under the second American intervention, and Dr. Mayo was one of the board appointed by the Governor to examine the applicants for professorships in the college. The veterinary school does not appear to be making great progress on account of the lack of appropriations, and there are practically few opportunities for clinical instruction. A few senior students were taking advantage of Dr. Etchegoyan’s private hospital for practical clinical work. The Agricultural Experiment Station with which Dr. Mayo was formerly connected is doing very little work along scientific lines. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE LONG BONES IN INFECTIOUS EQUINE ANEMIA AND OTHER CONDITIONS: By Lewis H. Wricut University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. NEARLY all of the investigators of the disease of equines known as infectious equine anemia, equine anemia, infectious anemia, swamp fever and other names have drawn particular attention to the changes occurring in the marrow of the long bones, especially the humerus and the femur. The following references are typical of the many articles that have been written regarding these changes. Hutyra and Marek? say in part as follows: “Conspicuous and constant changes are present in the bone marrow. In the proximal long bones of the extremities, especially so in the bones of the upper thigh or upper arm, the bone marrow is changed, either for its entire length or only in parts, to a dark brownish-red or blackish-red mass. In the cases with slower course only various sized circumscribed areas are found in the fat marrow or this may appear normal. At the same time, however, the spongy bone marrow shows the above changes or at least a reddish dis- coloration. The spongy bone marrow, of the vertebra, ribs, etc., manifests similar changes. Even in the most chronic cases at least small hemorrhages are found, which, however, appear of a peculiar ink-black color if of earlier origin. This condition of the bone marrow does not result from hemorrhages, but represents, as in older losses of blood in general, only a regenerative process, and consists in an increased activity of the blood-forming elements of the red marrow areas, the normal occurrence of which in the fat or gela- tinous marrow, especially in the femur and humerus, was already indicated by Skiba.” Udall and Fitch*® describe the condition of the bones as follows: “Bone: On sectioning, the long bones, particularly the femur and humerus, show the most pronounced lesions. In the proximal ends of these bones the bone marrow is changed either wholly or in circumscribed portions. These areas are either a reddish brown or a bright red. The spongy bone marrow of the ribs, vertebra, etc., show similar changes.” 1 Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 2Hutyra and Marek: Special Pathology and Therapetuics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals. Authorized American Edition, translated by Mohler and Eichhorn; Vol. I, 1916, p. 924. 3 Udall and Fitch: Preliminary Report on the Recognition of Swamp Fever or Infectious Anemia in New York State. Cornell Veterinarian, Vol. V, No. 2, p. 73. 444 Lone Bones 1n InFeEcTIOoUS EQuinE ANEMIA 445 They also state that “these areas are not hemorrhagic as might be supposed, but are due apparently to an increased activity of the blood-forming elements in the bone marrow.” Mack‘ states that “the changes in the bone marrow in fatal cases are profound and constitute a complex subject.” In one case he found “the marrow in the ribs, vertebre and pelvis very much darker in color than is that in healthy horses. The marrow in the shafts of some of the long bones was a deep, dark red in color. This condition was marked in the humerus, intense in the femur.” In another case he notes: “The changes in the bone marrow were profound. The occipital, vertebral, and pelvic marrow was much darker than normal, the scapular somewhat so. The costal marrow seemed normal. In the femurs the greater part of the proximal and much of the distal ends and the marrow in the shafts was a very dark red in color. That in the tibia was similar to the femur except that the color was less intense. In the humerus portions of the ends and the greater part of that in the shaft were dark red; there were some yellow areas in the shaft, and a yellow margin about 1-1.5 cm. deep under the articular surfaces, beneath which it was very dark. The radius was similarly affected, but less intensely, the metatarsus slightly so.” Van Es, Harris and Schalk® say: “It is possible that the bone marrow lesions constitute a valuable aid in the postmortem diagnosis of the disease, but in view of the fact that we know comparatively so little of bone marrow changes in connection with other diseases of the horse, or even under varying normal conditions, we would rather suspend judgment relating to their diagnostic value until the matter has been looked into more fully.” In some cases they found hyperplasia, in others hemorrhages of the marrow. The Japanese Commission® found that the “changes of the bone marrow are very marked next to those of the blood. In the acute cases the cross section of the long bones, such as the femur and humerus, shows that the bone marrow changes wholly or in part into dark red with petechiew. In the chronic cases, the change is not so extensive as in the acute form, but it develops as the foci. In the protracted cases a small number of foci are invariably present.” 4W. B. Mack: Equine Anemia. Bulletin 68, Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station. 5 Van Es, Harris and Schalk: Swamp Fever in Horses. Bulletin 94, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. ® Japanese Special Commission: Report on the Results Obtained by the Special Committee for the Investigation of Infectious Anemia Among Horses... Horse Admin- istration Bureau. Tokyo, 1914. 446 Lone Bones 1n INFEcTIOUs EQUINE ANEMIA Theiler and Kehoe’ undertook the study of the bones in this and other conditions. This study was prompted by the “fact that some writers describe the bone marrow in this disease as presenting changes or appearances which may, to a certain extent, be regarded as characteristic of the condition, and especially when other lesions present on autopsy are only those of a septicemic nature or where, for other reasons, the existence of the disease was suspected.” After discussing the findings of various authors they state: “In view of all the above evidence, we therefore considered it advisable to examine the appearance of the bone marrow, not only in cases of animals dying of infectious or pernicious anemia, but also in the case of those which died from other causes or were killed. In a number of animals, therefore, the bone marrow of the humerus and the femur was specially examined with this object in view, and it must be here stated that the results obtained do not allow us to regard the marrow of animals dying of pernicious anemia as presenting any specially characteristic appearance, since exactly similar appearances are to be met with in animals coming to autopsy as a result of death from a large variety of other causes.” Text books of anatomy, physiology and embryology make no mention of the extent of the red marrow in the long bones so far as search of the available literature discloses. Theiler and Kehoe’ are apparently the only investigators who have published the results of a study of the normal long bone marrow or long bone marrow from the various disease conditions of equines. The positive diagnosis of infectious equine anemia from general symptoms and autopsy lesions being an impossibility in many cases, it was thought that because so much stress had been placed upon the marrow changes in this disease there was a possibility that these changes might be characteristic. The paucity of literature on the subject made it seem advisable to undertake the comparative study of. normal bones and those found in various disease conditions. These observations were made principally on the femur, humerus and ribs. Other bones, as the radius, tibia, yertebr@,-metacarpusy metatarsus and phalanges were observed, but because of their lack ~ of marrow space, as a whole the changes in_them are naturally of- less importance. The bones were removed from the carcasses as soon after death as possible. If not sectioned at once they were placed in the refrigerator to retard postmortem changes. Most of the sections 7 Theiler and Kehoe: Infectious or Pernicious Anemia of Equines in South Africa. Third and fourth reports of the Director of Veterinary Research, Union of South Africa, p. 269. B:;. Lone Bones In InFEcTioUs EQUINE ANEMIA 447 were made longitudinally, attempting to cut directly through the center of the shaft of the bone. Then the cut surface was carefully cleaned of debris and the colored reproductions were made imme- diately. The smears were made from various portions of the marrow and stained by Giemsa’s method. ~ An attempt has been made to show by these reproductions that many other disease conditions may give a bone marrow that is almost, if not quite, identical with that found in equine anemia cases. It has even been shown that the marrow may be darker in color and more extensive in normal horses than it is in some equine anemia conditions. As for the so-called “embryonic marrow,” the nearest approach to this condition that has been found, other than in two colts, was in a case of septicemia. In this case the marrow was of a jam-like consistency. Considering the fact that the bone marrow is the seat of the formation of red blood cells in the adult, one would expect to find a very active marrow in such conditions as equine anemia, hemor- rhage, blood parasites, etc., provided the proper reproductive power of the blood-forming elements was not interfered with. It is pos- sible that there is a direct relation between the reproductive powers of the marrow and the acuteness of the dieases, the degree of the latter being, perhaps, largely due to the failure of the marrow to rapidly increase its production of red cells. The more acute cases here shown have had less red marrow than the more chronic ones. There are also found more normoblasts in the blood in the cases of several weeks’ duration than in the very acute ones. _ Only a few smears from the marrow have been made, but there is an apparent increase in the activity of the marrow in conditions where there is a loss of red cells. This was especially noticeable in the smears from the horses which were bled. As the references have stated, the increased redness, if there be any, is usually hyperplasia rather than hemorrhage. He At” this © AE this paint Dr. Wright showed a’ large number of projectoscope pictures of ored reproductions of¢tlie ldng bones of horses both in health and disease. ate col articular interest were the hones from cases of sclerostomiasis, acute’ experimental tol a anemia, and chronic natural cases of equine anemia. —Epiror. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF SWAMP FEVER OR INFECTIOUS ANEMIA BY MEANS OF INSECTS: By Joun W. Scott Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Wyoming, Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Laramie, Wyo. THIS very insidious, obscure, and important disease of equines, of very wide geographical distribution, and known for more than three-quarters of a century, still furnishes many elusive problems yet to be answered. — 1. What is the real nature of the virus? Is it a protozoan or a bacterium, or does it belong to that group of organisms that are not distinguishable as either plant or animal? 2. The virus is evidently capable of reproducing by some method within the horse’s body. Is it also capable of reproducing by another method outside of the body of equines? 3. In accordance with a common popular belief, is the virus capable of living free and reproducing independently of any warm- blooded animal? 4. Or has the habit of parasitism become so fixed that horses’ or asses’ blood is absolutely necessary in order to complete the life history of the organism? 5. Is the blood of a swamp-fever case equally virulent at all times in the course of the disease? 6. We know something of the factors that apparently decrease the virulence of the organism. What are the conditions that in- crease its virulence? 7. As suggested by some writers, does the amount of virus inocu- lated bear an inverse relation to the length of the incubation period? 8. Is the virus present at all times in the urine, or only at certain intervals? 9. Does the virus have any other avenue of escape from the body? 10. What are the best measures to take for controlling and eradi- cating the disease? These and many others are all questions worthy of consideration, investigation and elucidation. | At the Wyoming experiment station we have confined most of our work to an investigation of methods of transmitting the disease. 1Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, rgrg9. 448 TRANSMISSION OF SWAMP FEVER BY INSECTS 449° Considering our present information in regard to the nature and the life cycle of the virus, it is believed that a better knowledge of the possible methods of transmitting swamp fever affords the best and surest means of satisfactory control. When the. writer took charge of the work his predecessor, Dr. L. D. Swingle, had made numerous attempts to transmit the disease by feeding various quan- tities of blood and urine that came from horses infected with swamp fever. He had obtained uniformly negative results, even though large quantities of blood and urine were sometimes used. A study of the literature revealed the fact that while some investigators had succeeded in transmitting the disease by feeding blood or giving food or drink contaminated with infective urine, it had always been a difficult matter. The quantities required for infection were also very large as compared with the quantity required for inoculation through the skin; in fact the quantities were much larger than a horse would likely obtain in a whole lifetime under natural condi- tions. This work showed the difficulty invariably experienced in attempts to inoculate the virus through the alimentary canal. The current theory, first proposed by Carre and Vallee, that natural infection occurs as the result of contaminating food and drink with urine from diseased horses, did not seem to be an adequate hypothe- sis to explain the spread of the disease. From this study, considering what was known of seasonal infection and the history of epidemics, we came to the conclusion that it did not seem possible to account for all transmissions on the urine- contamination theory. The following question then arose: If trans- mission by way of the alimentary canal was inadequate to account for all cases of transmission, was it possible to obtain transmissions of the disease by any other method? Were there any possible or probable natural methods by which the virus could be inoculated through the skin? From that time (1913) we decided to confine our investigations, for a while at least, to the problem of external transmission. External transmission or inoculation may be conceived of as pos- sible by means of (1) abrasions, scratches or cuts in the skin or (2) by means of certain agents or vectors actually carrying the infective blood from one horse to another on the mouth parts, such as is known to be true of certain biting insects. Cuts, scratches and abrasions were at once excluded as possible avenues of infection on account of their accidental character and because they do not conform in incidence to the seasonal distribution of swamp fever. 450 TRANSMISSION OF SwAMP FEVER BY INSECTS On similar grounds it was found that lice, scab parasites and ticks could be eliminated from the list of possible carriers of the disease. So if external inoculation of the virus was a natural method of propagating swamp fever the only agents left, in Wyoming, were certain biting flies and mosquitoes. Accordingly in the spring of 1914 we began the series of tests which has led us to some very — interesting results. , Space does not permit me to give the details of our experiments in this report. Those interested will probably find a full account published later in the Journal of Agricultural Research. Some phases of the work have alréady been published in Bulletin 121 of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. I shall give here only a general summary of the experiments together with the results obtained. . EXPERIMENTS WITH MosqQuiToEs A screen cage was constructed capable of holding five horses. Aquaria were introduced and stocked with larve and pup. Later wild adult mosquitoes were caught and put into the cage. A chronic case of swamp fever was then put into this screened cage for a few days. Mosquitoes were observed to bite him freely. Next the dis- eased horse was removed and three well horses were introduced and allowed to remain for a considerable period. The three well horses gave no evidence of taking the disease either at this time or later. A second experiment was tried the following year in which swamp- fever horses, well horses and mosquitoes were all kept in the cage at the same time. Only negative results were obtained. While not conclusive, the results of these experiments led us to believe that mosquitoes do not ordinarily act as agents in transmit- ting swamp fever. ‘Accordingly our attention was turned in other directions. EXPERIMENTS WITH BITING FLIES A preliminary experiment was described some years ago. Two sick and three well horses were confined in separate stalls in a screened cage. A great many flies including house flies, stable flies and numerous species of wild flies were captured and put in with the horses. The house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) thrived and propagated in great numbers; the other wild flies very quickly died and disappeared. Two of the well horses became infected with swamp fever, one developing into an acute or a semi-acute, the other into a chronic case. Since house TRANSMISSION OF SWAMP FEVER BY INSECTS 451 flies do not bite, and since the other wild flies quickly died, it was concluded that the stable flies were probably responsible for trans- mitting the disease. Of course this experiment did not avoid the criticism that the transmission may have taken place by contami- nation. . OTHER EXPERIMENTS WITH STOMOXYS Near the end of the season in 1914 a second screened cage was hastily constructed and three well horses were confined in it. Many hundred flies, some of which had undoubtedly bitten the diseased horses, were then taken from the first cage and put in with these horses. One of the well horses gave a mild reaction which devel- _oped into a severe case of swamp fever by the following summer. It was next determined to test the insect hypothesis of transmission in a more crucial way. A third screened cage was constructed similar to the first. Three horses with swamp fever were available for experiment. These were kept going in rotation through the two cages so that both cages were exposed alike to contamination. Three well horses were kept in one cage and two well horses in the other. Stable flies were introduced and raised in the first cage, and except for an occasional house fly the other cage was kept fly-free. Two out of three of the well horses in the cage with stable flies took the disease, while neither one of the two well horses in the other cage gave evidence of becoming infected with swamp fever. This experi- ment seemed to prove that the stable fly and not contamination was the means of transmitting the disease. The following season, in 1916, after a thorough cleaning of the two cages, horses with swamp fever were confined exclusively to one cage and well horses to the other. Stable flies confined in small, boxlike screen cages were exposed to and allowed to bite the backs of the diseased horses; they were then carried to the other cage and in a similar way allowed to bite the back of a well horse. This horse developed a mild chronic case of swamp fever which, after two years, resulted fatally. This same method of procedure has been used on three other horses. One died by accident before the result was known, one developed a chronic case which is still run- ning, and the other failed to give any clear evidence of infection. From these experiments we concluded that Stomoxys calcitrans is capable of transmitting and probably does act as a vector in spreading the disease known as infectious anemia or swamp fever, especially if the flies are present in large numbers and the conditions are favorable for interrupted feeding. 452 TRANSMISSION OF SwAMP FEVER BY INSECTS EXPERIMENTS WITH TABANUS The only species of Tabanide we have found available in sufficient numbers for experiment on the Laramie plains is Tabanus septen- trionalis Loew (identified by Dr. J. S. Hine). By using small screen cages and the interrupted feeding method as described for the stable fly in 1916, three horses were used, one in 1916 and two in 1917. The old mare used in 1916 developed a mild chronic case that resulted fatally after about 15 months. Of the two horses used in 1917, one died within a month after developing a severe case of swamp fever, while the other failed to become infected. From these experiments it seems entirely probable that Tabanids, particularly T. septentrionalis, are also capable of transmitting swamp fever. EXPERIMENTS WITH INFECTIVE NEEDLE If it is true that certain biting flies are capable of transmitting the disease known as swamp fever, then the inoculation of a very small amount of the virus ought to produce the disease, at least in some horses. With this idea in view a medium fine hypodermic needle was used to pierce the skin of an infected horse in one cage and, without disinfecting, was then used to pierce the skin of a well horse in the other cage. Two horses were used. One of these developed a mild case in which the horse apparently fully recovered. The other failed to become infected. So far as it goes, this result tends to confirm thé results obtained with insects, for the amount of infecting material clinging to a hypodermic needle as it pierces the skin is probably no larger than that adhering to the mouth parts of biting flies. CONCLUSIONS This gives a general summary of some of the principal experi- ments we have tried with insects in transmitting swamp fever. It is believed that they afford conclusive proof that certain biting flies, Stomoxys calcitrans and Tabanus septentrionalis in particular, are capable of transmitting infectious anemia of horses. As the result of pasturing and penning experiments the Japanese Commission in 1914 came to the general conclusion that probably certain Tabanide were responsible for transmitting swamp fever. I understand that Dr. Ransom of Washington has repeated similar penning experiments with similar results.. Our own experiments have been more specific and, I believe, more conclusive than those of the Japanese. TRANSMISSION OF SWAMP FEVER BY INSECTS 453 SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL if we accept as a fact the hypothesis that stable flies ‘and certain horseflies are capable of transmitting swamp fever, certain measures of control acquire added importance. It is evident that we can take no adequate measures of contrel aimed directly at the parasite that produces swamp fever, for the reason that the organism has not been found. It is also impossible so far to build up an artificial immu- nity in uninfected animals, and no methods of treatment reach the organism that produces the disease. Consequently any measures we may take for satisfactory control should include the sotioweee suggestions: 1. All known cases of swamp fever should be immediately killed or carefully isolated. This is particularly important during the season when biting flies are most abundant. Since many of the infected horses will die anyway, and the remainder act as carriers of the virus, it is usually best to kill all serious cases at once in order to avoid the expense of their care and feed. All dead infected horses should be carefully burned or deeply buried. 2. If the affected cases are not killed at once, all well horses should be segregated from the sick or suspected horses, so that biting flies do not readily pass from one to the other. Suspected cases should then be carefully watched for a lengthy period until the diagnosis is verified or disproved. The isolation of affected horses probably should be permanent, but is of greatest importance during the infective season. 3. Since the incubation period may vary from a few days to several weeks, and probably in some cases several months, it is highly important that a careful watch be kept over all horses that have been exposed to infection. Daily temperatures should be taken, and if a horse shows sudden fever or any other symptom of the disease it should be isolated for further observation. 4, The chronic or healthy carrier probably affords the most im- portant method of spreading the disease from one district to another. The detection of such carrier is the most difficult problem in the control of swamp fever. After they are discovered under no circum- stances should they be sold or allowed to be taken from one ranch or district to another. 5. As a control measure, it is without doubt best to suspend all movements or shipments of horses from a swamp-fever area during and for some time beyond the infective season. Horses in poor condition, or suspicious cases, should not be moved from an infected 454 TRANSMISSION OF SWAMP FEVER BY INSECTS area at any time. Ranchmen and farmers should likewise exercise great care in buying new horses from an infected area. If horses are purchased from such an area they should be kept apart three months or more for observation before turning them in with horses that are known to be free from the disease. For further explanation and suggested measures of oneal the reader is referred to Bulletin 121 of the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. Dr. Emile Eyquem of Santiago de Chile was a recent visitor in Washington, where he spent 10 days in reviewing the activities of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Dr. Eyquam was attending the International Veterinary Congress in London when the World War broke out. He immediately offered his services to France, the birth- place of his parents, and served throughout the struggle and with the Army of Occupation on the Rhine. He is now en route to Chile, where he will assume charge of that Government’s work in the con- trol and eradication of contagious diseases. His interest in having the next International Veterinary Congress in the United States was very marked, and a large delegation from South America was promised. Dr. W. H. Lynch of Portland, Maine, was recently appointed State Live-Stock Sanitary Commissioner by Governor Carl E. Milli- kin, for the ensuing term of four years, and has moved to Augusta. Dr. Lynch succeeds Mr. B. B. Bearce and is the second veterinarian to hold this position in the State’s history. Wearing three service stripes, Dr. Lynch returned to New England from France last spring, a veteran of the 26th Division in the World War. Warm letters of congratulation containing gratifying assurances of support have been received by Dr. Lynch from veterinarians of every section of the State. Dr. F. W. Chamberlain, East Lansing, Mich., was recently made Dean of the Division of Veterinary Science. Michigan Agricultural College, vice R. P. Lyman, who had served in that capacity since the organization of this veterinary: school. Dr. Lyman still resides at East Lansing, but is now associated with a large mortgage and bond- ing corporation of Lansing. The JourNnaL wishes both Drs. Cham- berlain and Lyman much success in their new undertakings. IMPACTION IN THE HORSE: By H. A. TrrpPEER Walla Walla, Wash. IN the extreme Northwest the prevailing food for horses is wheat hay, straw or alfalfa. Grain-consists of barley or oats. Forty per cent of my practice is gut trouble. The probable reasons for such a high proportion of such ailments are many animals on ranch, big teams, unbalanced ration, feeding or watering at improper time, and insufficient water or feeding without water when animal is tired. In stock other than work stock it may be due to too much feed and insufficient exercise, in addition to unbalanced ration. When fed straw or run to straw in winter months, 80 per cent of cases of impaction are of the cecum, 5 per cent of diaphragmatic flexor of great colon, 10 per cent free end of great colon, and 5 per cent floating colon and rectal ring impaction: When barley is fed as a concentrate with any of the above rough forage, cases of diaphragmatic pack are increased and those of the cecum decreased. When alfalfa is the sole rough forage and no concentrates are fed — 85. per cent of packs are of floating colon and rectal ring, 10 per cent of free end of great colon, 3 per cent diaphragmatic, and 2 per cent of cecum. If barley is fed, diaphragmatic flexor packs increase and floaters decrease. Quarters to my liking are stalks and cold-water hydrant, circular box stall 22 feet in diameter, earth floor saucer shaped (center of floor 30 inches lower than outside edge), rings in wall for holding patient at desired angle, and rawhide mat 2 inches thick by 24 by 48 inches, also plumbers’ friend slipped over an inch hose. All diagnoses are made per rectum. Subject is led into stalks, slings put on, temperature: and pulse taken, membranes of oral cavity and expression of face observed. I scrutinize exterior of patient for trauma, rupture, etc. If patient is flatulent, paracentesis is performed. After reduction has been accomplished the tail is gently pulled to the left with left hand and anus is lubricated with some good soap in right hand. The cold-water hose is now inserted and water allowed to run in at about 1 gallon in 30 seconds. This is continued for 3 to 5 minutes, a sufficient time to empty completely 1 Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. . 455 456 IMPACTION IN THE HoRSE and balloon the rectum. Then tail is changed to right hand and operator steps to right side of median line of patient and inserts left hand into rectum in search of offender. If rectal ring is clear, pass hand through ring and as far as possible into the gut, being on the alert for anything that hampers your entrance. If after passing through rectal ring your course is directed to the left and ballooned with water, look for an obstruc- tion in posterior third of floating colon. If the gut seems to be collapsed and your attention is attracted by a cord two or three inches in diameter running from right lumbar region to the left dowriward and forward, you are likely to find obstruction in anterior two-thirds of floating colon. By applyinng gentle traction on cord just described you are usually able to pull gut back to where it has the same touch as if it was in posterior third. When this is accom- plished gently stroke the hand to the right as far as possible, then suddenly release this hold and attempt to pick up something in abdominal floor just to left of madian line. If you were successful and picked up the offending mass, gently bring it back to brim of pelvis; hold it loosely in this position for a few moments, then gently carry it to right and up, and then slightly retract the hand, and you have the pack in pelvic cavity, ready to massage. If the pack can not be readily located in this manner, take the subject to a box stall, cast on left side, crossing two front and right hind leg, leaving lower hind leg loose; pull animal to desired slope, and proceed as before. After the mass has been fixed into pelvic cavity I select the most feasible spot for my massaging process, using first joint of thumb on left hand to press groove in the mass, the fingers of same hand to fix gut. After some experience one can readily locate point of least resistance. My first aim is to get a groove worked longitudi- nally; if when this is accomplished one can feel the gas passing between fecal mass and gut wall this is very encouraging, as you may leave the patient for two or three hours, as you have relief right then; but be sure to keep the gut posterior to the pack moder- ately filled with cold tap water. Usually when your next treatment is given you can detect a decided softening in the groove; when this is so I am soon able to break it horizontally. If it is extremely obstinate and the subject be a female, the mass is held in pelvic cavity with left hand and massaged with right through vagina; but if it is a male and the rectum is so that you can work both hands in IMPACTION IN THE HorsE 457 the rectum, do not do this, as the strain on the gut is too strenuous and produces paresis of the gut. Just stick to the job and use the hand that is best educated to this work, being careful not to let the thumb slip off when pressure is applied. After the mass has been broken up there is usually a three- cornered piece that will need cold-water douches and stimulants, such as: Sodii chlorid........... 60.0 pacchatumy. 6656.45... 60.0 Nux vomice puly....... 6.0 Give every 4 hours in warm water per orum. In free-end impactions of great colon, massage longitudinally. Cast, cross tie all four feet, and rotate so as to massage all surfaces of free end. Use same stimulants as in floating colon troubles. In diaphragmatic and colon-head obstruction use: Sodii chlorid........... 60.0 Saccharum ............ 60.0 Nux vomice pulv....... 8.0 Administer per orum in quart of hot water every 3 hours until 5 doses have been given, Follow this immediately with arecolin YY grain; in 15 minutes follow with 44 or 14 grain, according to action you are getting. In impaction of cecum, cast animal on right side and cross tie two front and left hind leg, leaving right hind leg loose so that it pushes head of cecum nearer to center of cavity. Massage with ball of fingers and heel of hand. Give same stimulants as for great-colon impactions, 18 to 24 hours. Then give 5 cakes of yeast in 3 gallons of warm water with stomach tube. In 30 to 45 minutes give arecolin as in great-colon trouble, if flatulency is not pronounced; if so, tap. If pain is severe for 10 minutes at a time wait until pain subsides to give arecolin. Withhold stimulants for 6 hours, massage, and repeat stimulants. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS It is practicable and absolutely necessary to cast and tie a high per cent of subjects. When the subject is 1 year old or over and normal in size, has not been previously treated in any manner, pulse under 90, tem- perature less than 106°, a practitioner skilled in this line can break down and save 95 per cent of floating colon impactions in females and 90 per cent in males. 458 IMPACTION IN THE HorsE The reason for females being more favorable is that the operator can use both hands on obstruction, right hand in vagina and left hand in rectum. It is not possible to injure wall of vagina if it has been douched with cold water. All enemas should be at a tempera- ture of 50 to 60° F. The gut will stand many times the manipu- lating and subject will not strain. In some subjects, especially young, I may have an abrasion on left side of rectum from elbow pressure. This is not troublesome; cold water douches t. i. d. will handle it. In 12 years’ practice I have handled 3,600 gut troubles and never ruptured a gut by rectal manipulation. Twenty per cent of cecum packs and 80 per cent of diaphragaiaee and colon-head packs are fatal. A long arm is unnecessary to be successful in this work, but a small hand is indispensable. A large hand and unsensitive touch may mean death to the subject. An operator with long radius can not make the flexion necessary to elevate pack into pelvic cavity. Let the subject have free access to water. A small dose of arecolin will stimulate thirst many times. Get all the water possible into subject per orum and rectum. ; Do not feed any until obstruction has been removed and three or more normal evacuations have taken place and plenty of water has been consumed; then only hay for 3 to 5 minutes at a time; repeat in 3 or 4 hours; gradually increase up to 3 or 5 days before return- ing to full feed. No exercise should be given except in cases of cecum pack, and they should be galloped to a sweat before second stimulant treat- ment is commenced. No other medication has been efficient in my hands. The floating colon will allow 15 to 18 pounds pressure from ball of thumb. BD gy VETERINARIANS who return to their prewar residence ‘or to a neighb Scality may obtain from the Belgian Ministry — of Agriculture aneadvance © of 10,000 francs on account of the war damages due them. In addition they will receive a monthly in- demnity of not more than 500 francs. This indemnity is subject to progressive reduction in the proportion that they find resources in the exercise of their profession. DIAGNOSIS OF BOVINE CONTAGIOUS ABORTION ! By C. P. Fircu University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. THE diagnosis of an infectious disease can usually be divided into three main procedures: (1) Physical examination, including a careful inquiry into the history of the outbreak; (2) laboratory and clinical tests; (3) postmortem findings. In many cases one of these procedures carefully carried out gives definite results, but there are instances when all three are necessary in order to establish a definite diagnosis. The diagnosis of hog cholera, for example, is almost always made on the basis of history, symtomatology and autopsy findings. The practical value of the laboratory tests in the diagnosis of hog cholera is slight because of the long time necessary in order to get positive results as well as the expense of the procedure. Rabies, however, often if not usually requires laboratory procedure in order to determine positively the presence or absence of the disease. The diagnosis of contagious abortion for many years was shad- owed in obscurity. This was due to several conditions, the principal one being the failure to recognize the etiological agent. The eating of spoiled feeds or plants affected with different molds or fungi which were thought to have a specific action on the uterus was considered to be responsible for many abortions. Mechanical injury or so-called accidental abortion was considered the cause of many of the failures to produce a living calf at full time. Due to the researches of Bang, McFadyean, Williams and many others we have gradually come to recognize that abortions due to other than in- fective agents are few and the losses resulting from such abortions are in the aggregate trivial. Therefore, the diagnosis of abortion has simplified itself in at least one res that the losses _ resulting from this disease are due to/the atfion ecifie infec: _ tive agent. On the other hand we have learned ihe ad act-Of abortion is simply one symptom of the disease. Pathological changes in the various genital organs, causing various forms of sterility, have been shown to be due in a large measure to the ravages of this infection. White scours and calf pneumonia have also a close association with this eneape, presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medi Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 459 460 Diacnosis oF Bovine ContTacious ABORTION widespread disease. The problem of the diagnosis of this disease has simplified itself in one way only to become exceedingly com- plicated in another. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the various methods — which can be used in the diagnosis of this infection and to attempt to point out the relative value of each so far as we are able in the light of our present knowledge. It must be kept clearly in mind that in many phases of the disease our knowledge is very imperfect and that various research workers are contributing continuously to the literature on this infection. SYMPTOMS AND History The symptoms of an impending abortion are varied. Sometimes abortions occur without premonitary symptoms. This is especially true when the abortion occurs early in pregnancy. The small fetus is discharged with its membranes and nothing unusual is noted | until the cow comes in heat. The usual prodromal symptoms are swelling of the vulva, more or less edema of the udder and disten- © tion of the teats. The mucous membranes of the vulva and vagina are reddened and a glairy mucus in considerable quantities smears the external vulva and tail. Sometimes this mucus is tinged with blood. The pelvic broad ligaments are relaxed and uneasy move- ments of the animal with severe straining are often noticed. If the abortion occurs somewhat late in pregnancy a considerable quantity of a yellowish, brownish or sometimes greenish discharge is present. This is the so-called “abortion exudate,” and at first it is odorless. It is usually flocculent, containing both fibrin and_ leucocytes. Heifers frequently and cows occasionally during the fifth or sixth month of pregnancy not uncommonly may show the udder and vulva changes noted above and not abort, the glandular activity subsiding after a few days. ’ It is exceedingly important to obtain an accurate history of the case. This should include the purchase of new animals both male and female, the number of animals failing to breed in the herd, the presence or absence of white scours, the age of the animals aborting, and the careful examination and history of the sire. One of the ‘most important things to note is the presence or absence of retained placenta. Researches have shown that this condition is the result of infection and that it usually follows an abortion occurring after the fifth month. Retained placenta occurs, however, in many cases where a live calf has been delivered at full time, and here it is a significant sign that the infection of abortion is present in the herd. > Diacnosis oF Bovine Contacious ABORTION 461 The ‘essential point to keep in mind in regard to the sympto- matology is that abortions often occur without premonitory symp- toms and a rich source of infection goes unnoticed. LABORATORY AND CLINICAL TESTS The laboratory and clinical tests which have been used to diag- nose contagious abortion include (1) a bacteriological examination of the exudate or organs of the fetus, (2) the abortin test, (3) pre- cipitation, (4) agglutination, and (5) the complement-fixation test. Bacteriological Examination The bacteriological examination to determine the presence or absence of abortion usually consists of smear preparations made from the cotyledons or exudates, cultures and guinea-pig inocula- tions. The Bacterium abortus Bang does not stain easily, and carbol fuchsin seems to be the preferable stain to employ, allowing it to act for some time or employing heat to hasten and intensify its action. Smith uses alkaline methylene blue to stain the spirillum isolated from cases of abortion by himself. Some authors state that the finding of a short rod in the smears made from the suspected material constitutes a presumptive diagnosis of abortion. We question whether one is able to make anything like a positive state- ment in regard to the presence or absence of abortion as a result of the examination of smear preparations. Moore and others have shown that the colon organism is often found in connection with abortions, and the variation of morphology between the colon and Bang organisms is not sufficient in all cases to enable one to distin- guish positively between them. The chief value of smear prepara- tions consists in determining the morphology of the organsims associated with the disease. Researches have shown that organisms of varying morphology (spirilli, streptococci, rods) may be asso- ciated with this disease, and smears are exceedingly valuable in giving a hint as to the varieties of micro-organisms which are present. , Cultures are valuable, but often are so badly contaminated with saprophytes that the causative organism is completely obscured. Cultures made from the fourth stomach of the recently aborted fetus seem to yield the best results when Bact. abortus Bang is the causa- tive organism. Smith has gotten pure cultures of the spirillum found in cases of abortion from the fourth stomach, meconium and the lung tissues of the fetus. Stockman reports the isolation of a vibrio in pure culture from the fetal stomach in three outbreaks of ’ 462 Diacnosis OF BoviNE ConTAGIOUS ABORTION abortion among cattle. Wall has cultivated Bacillus pyogenes, Streptococcus pyogenes and other bacteria from the uterus of abort- ing cows. We have cultivated a streptococcus from the amniotic fluid of a fetus. Guinea pigs when inoculated with exudate or glandu- lar material containing living Bact. abortus Bang develop the typical lesions of this disease in the spleen. The organism may also be isolated less constantly from the testicles, kidneys and bones. The so-called guinea-pig test for the presence or absence of Bact. abortus is of value when the material is badly contaminated and cultures are useless. The natural protective forces of the guinea pig often destroy the contaminating organisms. On the other hand, if the material contains pyogenic or septic organisms, particularly anaerobes, the pigs will die within one to ten days before the abor- tion germ has started to produce lesions. The value of these bacteriological examinations as methods for the routine diagnosis of abortion is not great. They do have an ex- ceedingly great value in throwing light on the variety of organisms which may be associated with this disease. It should be kept clearly in mind, however, that: Bact. abortus Bang has been isolated in by far the largest number cases and its presence or that of the other organisms mentioned constitutes a positive diagnosis of the disease. We do not believe, in the light of our present knowledge, that we can exclude the presence of infectious abortion when the cultures fail to grow. Smith reports 17.4 per cent of cultures “either sterile or else the digestive and respiratory tracts-had been invaded during or after birth with miscellaneous bacteria. Bacillus abortus was absent according to cultures and animal tests.” He further states that in bacteriological examinations of 109 cases of abortion the following results were obtained: Sixty-two or 57 per cent were associated with Bacillus abortus, 26 or 23.8 per cent were associated with spirilla, 2 or 1.8 per cent were associated with Bacillus pyogenes. Seddon fails to find Bact. abortus in 27 per cent of cows which gave a positive agglutination titre with 0.01 c. c. of serum. The Abortin Test The abortin test consists in the application to cattle of a material prepared from Bact. abortus analogous to tuberculin. It was first used by McFadyean and Stockman. A review of the literature does not indicate that this test has proved satisfactory for the diagnosis of abortion disease. Belfanti, Zwick and Zeller, Meyer and Harden- berg, Mohler and Traum, and Giltner obtained poor or unsatis- ~ - Diacnosis OF Bovine Contacious ABORTION 463 factory results when using this test. We do not believe that the use of abortin can be recommended for the diagnosis of infectious abortion. : Precipitation The precipitation test was first used by Szymanowski for the diag- nosis of abortion. The results obtained were unsatisfactory. It . was later studied by Pfeiller and Drescher and is reported by Pfeil- ler in his exhaustive report on the value of precipitation in the diagnosis of various diseases. In this report Pfeiller states that the precipitation test is not applicable for the diagnosis of abortion disease because many noninfected animals have considerable quan- tities of normal. precipitin in their blood, and further, many infected animals have very small quantities of precipitin. This test is not satisfactory. Agglutination The agglutination test for the diagnosis of abortion was appar- ently first applied by Holth and Wall in Jensen’s laboratory in Copenhagen. Since then it has been studied by many investigators both in the United States and in Europe. Several very important points have been demonstrated in regard to the value of the test in the diagnosis of this disease. Certain of these are well enough established to warrant accepting in the light of our present know- ledge. Seddon in 1915 pointed out that more important than the dilution is the actual amount of serum used. In reporting results of the agglutination test one should not only give the dilution of the serum in the respective test tubes, but the actual amount of serum as well. McFadyean and Stockman as a result of their work state that “One is justified in regarding complete agglutination with a serum dilution of 1-50 or 1-100 as strong evidence of infection.” Surface considers an agglutination in dilutions of 1 to 100 or higher as practically certain evidence of infection. Briill considers a reaction in a dilution of 1-64 as doubtful. Seddon considers that “an agglutination titre of 0.01 c.c. represents infection with Bacillus abortus.” Cows giving an agglutination with any quantity of serum not exceeding 0.01 c.c. are therefore said to give a posi- tive reaction, whereas those which require a greater amount of serum are considered to give a negative reaction. Rettger and White employed only two dilutions, 1-50 and 1-100. Smillie, Little and Florence consider “an agglutination titre up to and including 1:40 as negative as to the presence of Bacillus abortus.” They state 464, Diacnosis OF Bovine Contacious ABORTION further: “In any herd a uniformly low titre (1:40 or less) in all - animals may be regarded as indicating the entire absence of Bact. abortus. A high titre in any one cow serves to indicate quite defi- nitely the presence of infection in the herd.” The results of the investigators here reported as well as many others lead us to believe that a complete agglutination in a dilution of 1-50, or using approximately 0.02 serum, should be considered as highly suspicious, and a complete agglutination in a dilution of 1-100, or using 0.01 c.c. of serum, as positive evidence of past or present infection with Bact. abortus Bang. The published data on the agglutination test indicate that at least four and preferably six different dilutions or amounts of serum should be used in the routine test of sera. Approximately these amounts and dilutions should be 0.05, 1-25; 0.025, 1-50; 0.01, 1-100; 0.005, 1-200; 0.002, 1-500; 0.001, 1-1,000. Seddon has shown, and our own work has verified the statement, that occasionally agglutination will not show in the tubes contain- ing the larger amounts of serum, but the reaction will be evidenced in those containing the smaller amounts. This is explained accord- ing to. Zinsser on the basis of the presence of “pro-agglutinoid.” We also believe that some of this inhibition can be avoided by employing only 1 c.c. of test fluid. It has been shown by Rettger and White that young calves always have the same agglutination titre as their dams. Huddleson con- cludes as the result of his experiments that “there is no relation between the bacterial antibodies produced in the blood of the dam and that of the aborted fetuses taken from pregnant cows and new- born calves. In other words, agglutinins and complement-fixing bodies are not transmitted from mother to fetus in utero.” This lat- ter tends to confirm the work at the Experiment Station at University of Minnesota, which indicates that young calves may have the same reactions as their dams, but some calves are met with which do not. Further work done during the past years tends to bear out this state- ment. It has been pretty clearly shown that heifers between the ages of 4 months and 1 year give negative results to the test. Occasion- ally an animal of this age is found which does react. Herd bulls react, and in the recent publication of Buck and his associates Bact. abortus has been isolated from 4 bulls which gave positive reaction to the test. They conclude as a result of their work that infection of bulls is more strongly indicated by marked Diacnosis OF Bovine ContTAacious ABORTION 465 rather than slight reactions to this test. Seddon reports the re- covery of Bact. abortus from an artificially infected — which gave an agglutination in a very high titre. Smillie, Little and Florence studied bacteriologically a number of cases of abortion and also the agglutination reaction of the ani- mals. In 19 animals a spirillum was isolated, and in 11 or approxi- mately 58 per cent of this number the agglutination test was negative. In 42 per cent the agglutination test did not check with the bacteri- ological findings, but some of these cases can be explained on the basis of past infection. Eleven cases were found in which the fetuses were sterile or associated with a miscellaneous infection. Eight or 73 per cent gave negative reaction and 3 or 27 per cent gave positive reactions. These latter are explained because of previous infections. Forty-four animals had Bact. abortus isolated from the milk or fetus. Of this number 8 or 18 per cent gave - negative results to the agglutination test. Seddon reports the agglutination test as agreeing with the bacteriological and clinical evidence of abortion disease in 82 per cent of the cases. Based on the present results of the work on the agglutination test, we believe we are justified in stating that: . 1. This test indicates the relative amount of herd infection; that is, a large number of positive reactions in a herd shows a widespread infection with Bact. abortus. 2. A positive reaction to the test indicates a past or present in- fection with the Bang organism. It does not mean that an animal ever has aborted or will ever abort. It may be an index of present immunity. 3. A negative reaction does not show positively that an animal has not aborted or will not abort in a short time. Complement Fixation The complement-fixation test was first reported by Holth and Wall in the diagnosis of this disease. Since then it has been re- ported by a large number of investigators both in this country and in Europe. The results obtained by this test do not seem to vary materially from those of the agglutination test. Giltner, Hallman and Cooledge carefully compared the results of the agglutination ‘and complement-fixation tests on several different groups of ani- mals. As a result of their work they state that “the margin of dis- . agreement between the two tests is not so great as to utterly con- demn either or both tests. It is evident that the complement-fixation 466 Dracnosis OF BovinE Contacious ABORTION test will pick out more reactors than will the agglutination test, but on the other hand animals may react to the agglutination test and not to the complement-fixation test.” The presence of conglutine tends to modify the results of the fixation test, as does also the inactivation of the serum and the inhibition or anticomplementary action when used in low dilutions. These conditions were pointed out pespertively by Fitch, Boyd and Billings, Thomsen and Surface. The complexity of the technic of complement fixation as com- pared with agglutination is a factor which renders the latter the more valuable. Mohler and Traum state that in their experience “only in doubtful cases would it be necessary to refer to the more complex complement-fixation method.” We believe that only in exceptional cases is it necessary to employ the complement-fixation test, that as a routine test it has no advantage over the agglutination method, and that it has certain specific disadvantages not : ea : by this test. PosTMORTEM FINDINGS The gross postmortem findings in abortion disease are not usually pronounced. There is usually present subchorionic edema as a result of a gelatinous infiltration. The so-called typical abortion exudate may be present, widespread over the placental cotyledons. The cotyledons themselves may be a brownish red or a dirty yellow in color. . Putrefaction of the fetus rarely occurs. The fetus may be perfectly fresh or in various stages of mummification. More or less edema of the fetus is not rare. The entire uterine contents contain the abortion germ. This is particularly true of the exudate and the chorion over the cotyledons. The contents of the fetal stomach contain the germ with the greatest certainty and purity. There may be present a marked subserous and subcutaneous infiltration with a bloody fluid. A reddish fluid is not'rare in the body cavities. Some calves are born covered with the so-called abortion exudate. CONCLUSIONS Basing our opinion on the completed researches of the present time, we believe the following conclusions in regard to the diag- nosis of abortion are justifiable: 1. Abortions due to other than specific biological agents are’ rare.. 2. The history of physical examination of cases of abortion do not in all cases furnish definite grounds for a diagnosis. They are - always, however, valuable adjuncts. IMPACTION IN THE HorsE 467 3. Abortin or the precipitation tests are of little if any value. 4. The cultural method is an exceedingly valuable aid in deter- mining the cause of the particular case studied. Negative results from cultures can not exclude the presence of some infective agent. 5. The agglutination test is the most reliable of the serological methods of diagnosis. It will indicate the amount of herd infection. | It will not pick out individual aborters. A positive reaction to this test means past or present infection. 6. Guinea-pig inoculation is a valuable method of determining the presence or absence of Bact. abortus. Many inoculated pigs, how- ever, die of sepsis. BIBLIOGRAPHY An extensive bibliography is not deemed necessary, as excellent ones are available. Only the references relating to this subject not contained in these bibliographies, as well as the bibliographies them- selves, are included. Buck, J. M., Creech, G. T., and Ladson, H. H. Bacterium abortus - infection of bulls. In Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 17 (1919), p. 239. Contagious Abortion of Cattle. A Bibliography. In Vet. Rev., vol. 3. (1919), p. 137. Giltner, W., Flowe, B. B., and Potter, G. M. Report on abortion disease of cattle. In Report 21st annual meeting, U. S. Live Stock San. Assn., Dec. 1917, p. 56, 73. Pfeiller, W. Die Erkennung der bakteriellen. Infektions krank- heiten mittels der Prazipitationsmethode. In Ztschr f- Infek. par. Krank. u. Hyg. d. Haus., Bd. 19 (1917), s. 70. : Seddon, H. R. Studies in Abortion Disease. In J. Compar. Path. and Ther., vol. 32 (1919), p. 1. Smillie, E. W., Little, R. B., and Florence, L. An interpretation of the agglutination reaction to Bacillus abortus in 75 cases of bovine abortion bacteriologically controlled. In Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 30 (1919), p. 341. Smith, T., and Taylor, M. S. Some morphological and biological characters of the spirilla (Vibrio fetus n. sp.) associated with dis- ease of the fetal membranes in cattle. In Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 30 (1919), p. 299. Smith, T. The bacteriology of bovine abortion with special refer- ence to acquired immunity. In Jour. Exp. Med., vol. 30 (1919), p. 325. -. Smith, T. The etiological relation of spirilla (Vibrio fetus) to bovine abortion. In Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 30 (1919), p. 313. Dr. S. L. Bond, inspector in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Louisville, Ky., has resigned to take effect January 15. *- THE UNITED STATES ARMY VETERINARY CORPS SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR: By C. J. MarsHALL Former Assistant Director of the Corps PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION THE entry of our United States into the great World War created an emergency to which persons in all vocations responded and patriotically placed their services at the disposal of our Govern- ment in the lines to which they would be best adapted. In common with others, the veterinary profession throughout the whole country offered its srevices to build up a sufficient and efficient corps to handle the animal-transport and food-inspection branches of army activities. At no period was there a dearth of veterinary assistance. The volunteers were in such numbers that it was difficult to place them promptly in active service, as it was necessary first to establish a proper foundation upon which to build the organization. An act of Congress, in effect less than a year, had transferred a totally inadequate and loosely organized veterinary branch to the Medical Department of the Army. The extra tasks and responsi- - bilities devolving upon the Surgeon General in command of the Army Medical Department, as the possibilities of war became proba- bilities, had rendered it impossible for that officer to organize a proper army veterinary service or to acquaint himself with its needs and the capabilities of the few officers then available in that branch. When we were verging upon war a senior veterinary officer and one assistant were called to the Surgeon General’s Office at Washington. ‘Their services were given almost entirely to the examining of veterinarians as prospective officers for an enlarged veterinary service. Several hundred young men, fresh from college, with no practical veterinary or military training, were selected and immedi- ately assigned to duties with horse-purchasing boards, remount depots and other important ‘branches wherein they encountered problems of vital importance. Not only were these young officers. unsuited for this work by lack of training, but they were further handicapped by the absence of supplies, equipment, plans and regulations which should have been made available in advance for the proper conduct of their 1 Address before the fifty-sixth atinual meeting, American’ Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, November, 1919. 468 : Army VETERINARY CorPs 469 work. Many of them were hastily commissioned as second lieu- tenants and sent overseas before they had opportunity to gain even a rudimentary knowledge of army duties. Horses and mules were daily. bought in large numbers and shipped to remount depots that were only in process of construction and unequipped with proper facilities and supplies to care for the great number of hospital cases resultant from exposure to diseases while in transit. The unorganized veterinary service had no en- listed personnel and but few men qualified to supervise the impor- tant work thus thrust upon the remount depots. Sickness and deaths among the animals increased to an appalling extent, but no authori- tative reports of true conditions were obtainable. The seriousness of the emergency thus created impelled the Surgeon General to call a number of well-known veterinarians from authoritative positions in civil life to assist in creating a properly organized army veterinary service. Most of the men selected were as inexperienced in military matters as were the younger men who had preceded them into the service, but they had the great advantage of wide practical experience in handling the diseases that were causing so much havoc among public animals. They immediately realized the value of such assistance as would be rendered by | veterinary officers experienced in military affairs, and suggested that three of the best-known veterinary officers in the Regular Army be ordered to Washington. The orders, though promptly issued, could not be executed until nearly three months had elapsed, as the services of these officers were almost indispensable in the field and it was difficult to effect their transfer to office duties. Pending their arrival, the office staff as it then existed was virtually without an authoritative head, even though the staff had been in existence for some time. The outlook was extremely discouraging to those at headquarters, as there was an apparent lack of harmony between the senior veterinary officer and the veterinarians from civil life who were endeavoring to save valuable time in placing the veterinary service on an. efficient basis....The advisory veterinarians had no army commissions, consequently. had. less authority than the “one dollar per year men” who. were so much in. evidence during the later periods of war activities. ._They continued thus, merely in an advisory capacity, until October 3, 1917, on which date several of them were given the military rank of major. The commissions had not been sought by those who received them, and the conferring of the commissions.was regarded with disapproval by some. of 470 Army VETERINARY CoRPS the meri older in the service, who looked upon the action as an -unmilitary way of handling the situation. With matters thus arranged, progress might have been more rapid if the veterinariars of military experience could have been spared from their commands and permitted to respond more promptly to the order of the Surgeon General. As the newly created officers became more familiar with military customs and better acquainted with the veterinary officers of the Regular Army, it was found that most of the previous troubles had been due to a perverted imagination or a misunderstanding between the persons concerned. The gap between the civilian and the army viewpoint was gradually bridged and proved not so great with the mutual understanding that all were working for a common cause— an efficient veterinary service. . One of the most important measures undertaken was the prepa- ration of what later became known as “Special Regulations No. 70.” Fortunately there was available a copy of the organization of the British Army Veterinary Service, which was conceded by all to be best adaptable to our conditions. Our plan was patterned after the British service as nearly as our army organization and customs would permit. The Secretary of War advised that the proposed plan could be handled under the Overman Act of May 18, 1917, and that additional legislation would not be required. The task of preparing the regulations was less difficult than that of having them adopted and put into a working order, as much of the material was new to our army officers in general. Those in charge seemed not to have the confidence to give requested authority and responsibility to veterinary officers, apparently basing their opinions on the class of veterinarians who had been taken into the service during the rush at the beginning. They would not believe it possible for veterinarians to possess the necessary administrative abilities. Many personal interviews and conferences and much cor- respondence were required to persuade them that the work could be successfully handled in accordance with the proposed plan. Special Regulation No. 70 was finally authorized by the Secretary of War, December 15, 1917. It defined the administrative zones; objects of the veterinary corps; organization of the corps in war; titles of veterinary officers in general; veterinary service of the in terior; veterinary service of the theater of operations; supplies and materials. In the interval between the drafting of the regulations and their . ARMY VETERINARY CORPS | 471 adoption Lieutenant-Colonel R. B. Miller of the Medical Corps was assigned as acting director of the Army Veterinary Corps. This assignment met with the universal approval of those at veterinary headquarters. Lieutenant-Colonel Miller had been in the Army Medical Service for many years and was thoroughly familiar with the customs of the service, the Army Regulations, the Manual of the Medical Department, etc. He proved himself to be of inestimable value to our corps. He was a full master of the situation, absolutely fair and dependable in every way during the short time he was with us, and a most valuable consultant after his assignment to another position in the Medical Service proper. It was through his efforts principally that General Orders No. 130 was obtained on September 25, 1917, which provided commissioned veterinary officers and an enlisted personnel on a percentage basis. He was instrumental also in completing the material for Special Regulations No. 70 and its final adoption. He instituted the weekly telegraphic sick and death reports, which later proved so valuable. The first reports were received December 8, 1917. Up to this time no reports had ever been made of sickness or death among our public animals. He divided the service of the interior into five zones and selected a veterinary officer as general inspector of each zone. This work was started in the early part of December. The importance of such inspections had been demonstrated as early as September 5, when two of the veterinarians on temporary duty had reported the results of their inspections of the remount depots at Front Royal, Va., Fort Reno, Okla., Fort Sam Houston, Texas, and Fort Bliss, Texas, in accordance with Special Orders No. 175, paragraph 105, and Special Orders No. 185, paragraph 26. In addition to Colonel Miller’s assignment as acting director of the Corps, another fortunate circumstance occurred on November 12, 1917. This was the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Aitken of the British Veterinary Corps, by orders from His Majesty’s Service in response to a request from the Surgeon General. Lieutenant- Colonel Aitken had served in the British Army Veterinary Service for about twenty years. He had seen service in France from the beginning of the war and was thoroughly familiar with the needs for a properly organized service. He worked unceasingly during his six months’ assignment in Washington to help place our organiza- tion on a foundation of efficiency. He was always just and fearless. His arguments and reasons were usually convincing. He was exasperated at times by the delay in matters which he realized so 472 Army VETERINARY CORPS well were imperative for the efficincy of our Army. He remarked on one occasion that “every hour we lost in getting ready for action, thousands of good fellows were losing their lives.” When it became necessary to transfer Colonel Miller, Lieutenant- Colonel C. F. Morse of the Medical Corps was assigned to his place in our office. He was eventually appointed director and promoted to the rank of colonel, and has given undivided attention to this work from the time Colonel Miller left to the present time. He has proved a thoroughly efficient officer and is highly respected by all at veterinary headquarters. All that has been said of Colonel Miller’s splendid qualifications are equally applicable to Colonel Morse. The only regret ever expressed by our men was that he was not a veterinarian. The fact that he had received no veterinary training militated very little against his success as a director. Our principal troubles were very similar to those in human medicine, with which he was familiar. The more we knew him the more we realized the wisdom of his selection as director. It was not until after his in- cumbency as director that the headquarters office was able to do much that was of real value and assistance to our men in the field. A large portion of the time before this had been spent in prepara- tion. Colonel Morse revised Special Regulation No. 70 and made it more valuable and workable in the field. He organized the office force and placed it on a more workable basis. He instituted and systematized reports from the various branches of the service which should prove of inestimable value, and issued many circulars of instructions for standardizing the work in the field in the future. The Veterinary Corps is under great obligations to the Surgeon General of the Army for the able assistance furnished by Colonel Miller and Colonel Morse. The relations between the Surgeon General, the director of the corps and the veterinary officers were most cordial at all times. It was planned from the first that the entire veterinary service should be placed under the administration of the veterinary officers acting under the orders of. the Surgeon..General. This was never fully accomplished. For. example,-.our service in remount and embarkation depots was always. subservient to the commanding officer of the depot. The veterinary hospital in each of them was constructed and equipped without consulting the Surgeon General’s Department, yet the work in them was-to be done under his direc- tion.. We. believed, and are still of. the same opinion, that the Army VETERINARY Corps 473 remount, embarkation and debarkation depots are not proper places for veterinary hospitals. So far as our service is concerned these depots should be treated the same as a brigade of infantry, a regi- ment of cavalry, a brigade of field artillery, a regiment of engi- neers and other mobile organizations. Unfit animals should be collected from them and sent promptly to a hospital well isolated from animals that are in working condition. Plans were completed for such disposal of unfit animals from all organizations except the remount and embarkation depots in the department of the interior. For some unknown reason those in charge preferred to collect the sick, lame and injured animals from all organizations in a camp together in a remount depot and treat them there. This fact militated greatly against giving veterinary officers and enlisted men the training they so much needed in hospital service for over- seas duty, and at the same time was a dangerous source for spread- ing transmissible diseases. Six veterinary officers and 72 enlisted men were assigned to each remount and embarkation depot of 5,000 capacity. Such men had decidedly poor prospects for overseas service, which the majority would have much preferred. With the exception above stated, for which the Surgeon General’s Office was not responsible, the work was organized and conducted at home practically as originally planned. Additional authority obtained from time to time, added to that provided by Special Regu- lation No. 70, made it possible to organize, train and equip the Veterinary Corps in a decidedly satisfactory and efficient manner. After January 1, 1918, each division of troops that went abroad was provided with a complete veterinary personnel of 12 officers and 51 enlisted men, organized, equipped and supplied before sailing. The division veterinarian was attached to the staff of the command- ing general. He had as assistant a veterinary officer who had been trained in meat and milk inspection. All meat and dairy products used by the troops were carefully inspected before issue. Each division had a trained mobile veterinary section, consisting of 1 veterinary officer and 20 enlisted men, equipped and mounted. The duties of these men were to collect sick, lame, emaciated and wounded animals from divisional organizations and remove them to hospitals or other suitable places for treatment. Veterinary service was also supplied to all regiments of cavalry, artillery and mounted troops scattered about the country and to all military posts which had a sufficient number of animals to justify the assignment. 474 ArMY VETERINARY Corps VETERINARY TrArninc Camp ScHoors— In addition to the service attached to each division, the Surgeon General’s Office was required to organize, train and equip 204 veterinary officers and 8,400 men for veterinary héspitals and mobile units to serve overseas with army corps, armies, at the base and on the lines of communication. Training facilities were afforded for these men at Camp Lee, Va., the veterinary section of the Medical Officers’ Training Camp, Camp Greenleaf, Ga., and at Fort Riley, Kans. The school at Camp Lee had a capacity for about 1,800 officers and men. Green men were sent to this school to be trained, equipped, instructed and organized. into units for overseas duty. The school had a faculty of line officers for giving military instruc- tion and veterinary officers to teach professional subjects. The com- manding officer was Colonel Sturges, a line officer. Lieutenant- Colonel Gerald E. Griffin, the second senior veterinarian of the corps, was his assistant. The school at Camp Greenleaf was equipped to give instruction to veterinary officers. A class of 75 men was graduated from this place June 20, 1918, and preparations were made to graduate about 100 men each month thereafter. Most of the students were fresh from civil life. The capacity of the school was about 250. It was planned to send veterinary officers from the various organizations to this school for training as fast as their services could be spared and there was room for them at the school. Major Stokes, a Regular Army veterinarian, was the senior veterinary instructor. There were nearly 600 enlisted veterinarians, most of whom were subject to draft and fresh from college, at the school at the time the armistice was signed. The veterinary section of the Medical Officers’ Training Camp at Fort Oglethorpe was the principal veterinary training school main- tained during the war. The original purpose was to train com- missioned veterinary officers in their military duties and to fit them in the shortest possible time for military service. The time was too short and the demand too urgent to attempt to teach subjects per- taining to veterinary medicine, and the officers as graduates were all supposed to be qualified professionally. Had the war lasted, it was contemplated to expand the curriculum along these lines. The reserve officers were ordered to this school in lots of 100 and were put through a two months’ course of instruction intended to be strenuous and intensive, although not more so than that required of the dentists and doctors. It was contemplated to eliminate dead Army VETERINARY CoRPS 475 wood and classify the men as to the nature of the duty for which they were best fitted. At the end of the course they were assigned to divisions, sent to the training school at Camp Lee for duty with veterinary hospital units proceeding overseas, or sent to stations in the United States. In addition to the officers in training, it was found desirable to maintain a company of enlisted men of the Veterinary Corps for training and for general duty. A considerable number of enlisted men were trained in this company and sent to different stations where as assistants to the veterinary officers they rendered good service. In the spring of 1918 there arose*the question as to the future of the 1918 graduates in veterinary medicine. The men who were within the draft age had been allowed by the Government to enlist in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps for the purpose of completing their veterinary education. The Government could have taken them as soldiers at any time, but considered that as individuals they would be of greater value if they were permitted to graduate. In other words, their call into active service as enlisted men was simply delayed to suit the convenience of the Government and for no other reason, nor under the law had they any rights or claims by reason of this delay, and the Government in effect stood ready and had full authority to assign them to immediate duty as enlisted men whenever it was deemed expedient. The foregoing facts should be distinctly understood. In certain quarters it has been asserted that a degree of immunity or exeniption from service was assured as a special reward for enlistment in the Medical Enlisted Reserve Corps, but nothing could be further from the truth. The Surgeon General’s Office looked on these men as a reservoir of future commissioned veterinary officers of great potential value, and needed the services of every man who could qualify. At the same time there was almost daily evidence of the ineffi- ciency of the veterinary service on the part of the veterinary officer fresh from civil life by reason of his pathetic ignorance of the . military machine and his relations thereto. Accordingly a plan was devised for sending the 1918 graduates, as a body, to Camp Greenleaf for three months’ training as enlisted men, with the strong conviction that in no other way could they learn the military game from the ground up. This plan likewise presented an opportunity to observe the men and determine their qualifications to an excep- tional degree. It was further planned to examine them for com- 476 ARMY VETERINARY CorRPs missions at the end of the training period; to grade the entire class on the results of their examinations, and to give the successful . candidates a course of instruction in the officers’ section before sending them to service with troops. ‘4 The plan outlined was entirely sound and should have resulted — in a large number of newly commissioned officers becoming avail- able by November 15, assuming they would arrive at Camp Green- leaf about July 15. The actual results were disappointing. About the end of June orders were requested for the assignment of the 1918 graduates, who, it should be remembered, were all enlisted men, subject to call. The orders passed from the War Department through the department commanders, and in consequence great and vexatious delay, incident to clerical shortage and difficulty in locating — the men, ensued. They trickled into Camp Greenleaf instead of arriving en masse in the early days of July. They continued to come through August, September and October, and they numbered about 600. : It was soon apparent to the Surgeon General that a single course of three months’ instruction was out of the question and that the delay in getting officers from this group would seriously incon- venience the Department. Consequently instructions were issued the commandant that the men should be examined for commissions as fast as they completed two months of training, which meant practically a policy of first come first served. The examining board proceeded promptly to work, and as rapidly as the papers were completed they were forwarded to the Surgeon General, who at once submitted recommendations to the Adjutant General for the issue of commissions. About 170 such recommendations were in the hands of the Adju- tant General on November 11 and the papers of more than 200 additional were in process of completion. The signing of the armistice at once terminated the possibility of giving a commission to anyone; in fact, the demobilization of the Army began at once. The graduates of 1918 served their country as well as any other soldiers. The duties they performed at Camp Greenleaf were in — every respect as dignified and important as were those of the men of equal age who did not happen to be veterinary students and who got to France as combatant soldiers. It was not the fault of the 1918 graduates that they failed to obtain commissions. It certainly was not the fault of the Surgeon General’s Office, which was most anxious to secure their services as officers. Had the war lasted three Army VETERINARY CorRPs 477 months more, every 1918 graduate who could qualify would have been commissioned and still the demand for officers would not have been satisfied. The fact must not be overlooked, however, that none of these men were entitled per se to commissions. They were essen- tially drafted men with the privileges of enlisted men and no more, and every man who could not qualify for a commission must con- tinue in the service in an enlisted status. There is no question in the minds of those qualified to judge that the service of these veterinarians as enlisted men at Camp Greenleaf furnished the best possible basic training for service later as officers. The veterinary section of the Medical Officers’ Training Camp was in charge of Major W. J. Stokes of the Regular Corps, selected by the Surgeon General for his many excellent qualifications for this work. His assistants were veterinary officers selected and recom- _ mended by him. The work performed by Major Stokes and his assistants is believed to have been excellent. The vast amount to be done in a limited time and the shortage of trained assistants tremendously increased his task, and necessarily many details failed to receive the personal attention to which they were entitled and which under less strenuous conditions they would have received. ORGANIZATION OF CAMP GREENLEAF TRAINING SCHOOL The following paragraphs describe the organization of the vet- erinary training center at Camp Greenleaf: 1, Enuistep Section.—The enlisted section of the veterinary training school at Camp Greenleaf, Ga., was organized May 2, 1918. Prior to this date the enlisted men of the Veterinary Corps were messed and quartered with the men enlisted for the Medical Corps. Large groups of new men were constantly arriving in camp, and men who had enlisted for service with the Veterinary Corps were being sent out with men enlisted for the Medical Corps for service in hospitals. The situation was discussed with the battalion commanding officer, and authority was granted by the camp commanding officer and arrangements were made for the forming of a separate company of enlisted men of the Veterinary Corps. The company officers were selected from a number of veterinary officers who had just completed their training and who were looked upon as being good material in view of their records as student officers. These officers, Lieutenants Maguire, Jones and Rundle, were assigned to duty with the development battalion with instruc- 478 ARMY VETERINARY Corps tions to observe the men carefully and pick out those best suited for noncommissioned officers. Among those selected for noncommis- sioned officers there were several who had had previous service in various branches of the military service. The duties of the officers assigned to the veterinary company were as follows: Lieutenant Maguire; later captain, company commander and directly responsible for the company administration; Lieu- tenant Jones, later captain, assistant in charge of the stables and instructor in mounted and dismounted drill; Lieutenant Rundle in charge of company mess and property. Owing to these arrangements, the company was organized without delay and started off very smoothly when the company was called upon to go it alone. When this separation was effected the enlisted - personnel consisted largely if not entirely of nongraduates who were to be trained as enlisted veterinary assistants. Later the grad- uates of 1918 were added to this company for instruction as enlisted veterinary assistants and later as prospective veterinary officers. Soon after the organization of the veterinary company the stables of the Medical Officers’ Training Camp, which were maintained for the purpose of giving riding instruction to the student officers of the M. O. T..C., were turned over to the care of the veterinary com- pany. At the time of transfer there were 309 animals and 225 sets of horse equipment and wagons, all of which were in rather poor condition. This stable was administered by 5 officers of the Medical Department. Later the number of animals was incrohees to 360 and the equipment to 350 sets. Among the animals were quite a number with vicious habits such as striking, kicking and biting. It was not at all unusual, prior to the change in administration, to see a student officer kicked out of a stall when approaching to saddle and bridle an animal. One of the first steps taken with a view to preventing injury of the men was to segregate these vicious animals and put a red ribbon in the mane, tail and forelock of those which bit, struck and kicked. Only good horsemen were permitted to handle these animals, which were later disposed of. With but three officers to supervise such numerous and extensive activities, much of the responsibility rested, through necessity, with the noncommissioned officers. One of the greatest handicaps of the - mounted service today is not only the lack of men who have a knowledge of the horse but the lack of men who have even an interest in him. While the acquisition of this stable meant that a Army VETERINARY CoRPS ~ 479 great deal of hard work would have to be done by the enlisted men of the Veterinary Corps, it was regarded as a great asset in that it would afford valuable experience in the care of army animals and equipment and ample opportunity would be afforded for riding instruction. The company was considered to be very fortunate in having among its noncommissioned officers several who had had previous experience in mounted organizations. These men were, in addition, excellent horsemen. With this in mind, the opportunity to devote considerable time to this kind of work was welcomed, and approximately three hours a day were spent along these lines. The dismounted drill consisted of sanitary and infantry drill, manual of arms (this was discon- tinued owing to the necessity of turning in the rifles because of lack of storage room and the inability later to acquire them), tent pitch- ing, gas drill, school of the soldier, etc. Later, when instructions had been received to examine graduates for commissions as veterinary officers, special attention was given to instruction in army paperwork and rendition of reports. Mimeo- graphed copies of letters and the most common and important reports were furnished each man. Books on army paperwork, Manual of Courts Martial, etc., were also furnished for instruction _ purposes. Later it was believed that the company was sufficiently well organized and instructed to permit of the appointment of non- commissioned officers from among the enlisted graduates and thus permit the assignment elsewhere of the noncommissioned officers who had been on duty for some time. This step was taken, and these men were sent to Camp Lee, Va., where they joined overseas units and furnished valuable service. The enlisted men of the company worked very hard. The condi- tion of the stables, corrals and animals was greatly improved. A large new saddleroom and a small corral for animals on sick report were built. The good condition of the stables at all times and their remarkable freedom from flies were frequently commended by those in charge of the School of Sanitation. The company planned and financed two dances which were for members of the company only and were well attended and appar- ently popular. It is felt that many mistakes were made, and such were to be expected in such a large organization with so much to do and with so few officers—each one of whom had to be tried out thoroughly 480 Army VETERINARY Corps for some time before making a final selection or rejection—to supervise the doing of it. The conditions were new to all and were frequently very complicated, and evolution was a rather slow process. It is believed that at the time the armistice was signed and the organization disbanded the requirements were quite well under- stood and all objectionable features were in process of correction or elimination. 2. COMMISSIONED SECTION, OR VETERINARY STUDENT OFFICERS’ Group.—The student officers’ group was formed in February, 1918, for the purpose of giving instruction as to the military duties of veterinary officers and reviewing those professional subjects which the army veterinarian would have to consider, such as sanitation and hygiene; and last but not least, getting into physical condition for field service the man who had spent too many hours each day at a desk or on the soft cushions of an automobile. It should be remem- bered that primarily the course was one of instruction in the military duties which are required of an officer. All these men were graduate veterinarians and there was neither time nor intent to teach the subjects pertaining to veterinary medicine. At first the group was in command of a medical officer, and veterinarians were mixed indiscriminately with medical men, dentists, sanitarians and psychologists. Only one veterinary officer was assigned as instructor, and he was able to devote only such time for instruction purposes as was given him. Later, with a great increase in the demand for veterinary officers and the increase in the student group, other veterinary officers were assigned for duty with this group. Later a veterinary battalion was formed and all the veterinary activities were under the supervision of Major Stokes. In addition to giving professional and military instruction to the student officers, much time had to be spent in conducting professional examinations, not only of the officers but of the graduates in the enlisted section who were ordered to be examined to determine their qualifications as prospective veterinary officers. In addition, veterinary services were required for the handling of an extensive glanders outbreak in Chickamauga Park. The student officers’ battalion was developed, and selected student officers were appointed as permanent company officers who, it was contemplated, would also give mounted instruction to their com- panies. The acquisition of the stable company was considered a boon to ArMY VETERINARY Corps 481 the veterinary officers, and two hours three times a week were devoted to riding. Owing to the inability to find suitable officers for instructors, it became necessary, if this important instruction was to be given, to utilize the services of the noncommissioned officers of the enlisted group. While not an ideal condition by any means, it was felt this instruction for officers about to go into active field service was absolutely essential. The value of a veterinary officer is not so much his ability to cure minor or major ailments but rather his ability to prevent them. A thorough knowledge of horse- ‘manship is of great value along these lines. A veterinary officer who is able properly to saddle and ride an animal and give proper instruction in the subject is able to prevent the development of conditions which are responsible for the disability of many animals in the service. Likewise a veterinary officer who has had much experience in riding animals is a better judge of them fit for this purpose than one who has not had this experience. It was, of course, realized that but little instruction could be given in the short space of time allotted, but it was hoped that the extreme importance of the subject might be impressed on the officers and their interest in it aroused. One of the gretest criticisms of the modern veterinarian called for army service is the lack of knowledge of horsemanship, due largely to the fact that the veterinarian of today makes most of his calls in an automobile and riding and driving are rapidly becoming lost arts. It was greatly regretted that there was not an abundant supply of veterinary officers for riding instructors. Had the case been different these officers would have been detailed for duty as instruc- tors with the veterinary company which was so short of officers. HorsesHoeinc, Meat Inspection, Etc. The school at Fort Riley had a capacity for about 350 students. Here men were given desirable courses in horseshoeing, cooking, baking, etc. A veterinary officer was selected to give instruction in horseshoe- ing at each of the thirty-five remount depots. A Regular Army veterinary officer with expert knowledge of horseshoeing was detailed to visit the various camps and assist in organizing and equipping horseshoeing schools and give the necessary instruction in this im- portant subject. The school at Fort Riley furnished many of the men who later became instructors in these schools. Major R. J. Foster was the senior veterinary-officer at Fort Riley. 482 ARMY VETERINARY CoRPS There were about 75 veterinary officers and an equal number of enlisted men under Major George A. Lytle on duty with the purchas- ing officer of the Quartermaster Corps, inspecting meats and meat products purchased for the Army at the various packing centers. In addition there were usually about 50 veterinary officers receiving instruction in army meat inspection. Ample facilities were given these officers to obtain experience and instruction in the work of selecting, inspecting, covering, storing, refrigerating, canning, smok- ing, curing, shipping, etc. As fast as these men became qualified they were assigned to organizations as meat and dairy inspectors, and new candidates were assigned for instruction. This soon became one of the most important branches of the service. Much credit should be given .the Federal Bureau of Animal Indus- try for the good work done on antemortem and postmortem inspec- tions and the assistance rendered in meat inspection in general, until our service became organized and equipped to handle the work. It is a credit to our country to note the enormous amount of meat handled by the Army with little or no complaint in so far as quality and wholesomeness were concerned. Inspections under Major Lytle aggregated from 10,000,000 to 16,000,000 pounds weekly for a long period. Thanks to this work, we had no “embalmed beef” scandal in this war. LABORATORIES AND SUPPLIES Veterinary laboratories were established in the early part of 1918 in Philadelphia and at each of the department laboratories of the United States. A veterinary officer with special training in the bacteriology and pathology of animal diseases was assigned to each of these laboratories. Their services proved exceedingly valuable in diagnosing obscure diseases and investigating many remedies recom- mended for preventing and curing diseases. The supply division of the Surgeon General’s Office labored _inces- santly with the selecting, standardizing, furnishing and shipping of all veterinary supplies used in the Army. It is true the supplies were inadequate and not obtainable at first. The meager amount of equipment and supplies transferred with the veterinary service by the Quartermaster’s Department was practically worthless. The work had to be done from the bottom up by the supply department at a time when the capacity of the manufacturers and transportation companies was already taxed to the limit. It was not long, how- ever, before an adequate supply of medicines, surgical instruments, ArMY VETERINARY Corps 483 dressings and other supplies was available and continued to be provided abundantly till the end of the war. Success UNDER DIFFICULTIES The foregoing outlines the work required in planning and organ- izing the service. In conjunction with these manifold duties much was done in the way of directing the service in the field. This was no small task. More than 500,000 animals were hurriedly pur- chased in the first year and a half after war was declared. They were obtained in all parts of the country and a large proportion of them shipped in winter weather of the most extreme type over congested railroad lines for a thousand miles or more to the Atlantic seaboard. The sales stables, stockyards, cars and remount depots were heavily infected with influenza, glanders, lice, gangrenous dermatitis, pododermatitis and other diséases. Most of the remount and embarkation depots were located at points where conditions of climate and soil were decidedly unfavorable to health and com- fort. Mud was often knee deep and no shelter or dry place was available for the many sick animals that arrived with the continuous stream of trainload consignments that congested these depots. This disgraceful situation developed as a result of conditions which existed before the veterinary service was organized or equipped, and had been permitted to continue on the plea of military necessity. Only a few veterinarians were stationed at these depots, and they had no available help except an occasional detail of “conscientious objectors” or of men from a labor battalion, detailed by the officer in command of the depot. Most of this class of help were inexpe- rienced in handling horses and lacking in energy or ambition. Nearly every depot could have used to advantage the officers, men and equipment subsequently planned for a hospital of 1,000 animal capacity. When one realizes the manner in which so many animals were purchased, shipped, stabled and sold during a period of two years, and the possibilities for them to spread disease to other animals in civil life, there appears to be just cause for rejoicing. Glanders was prevalent to some extent, but its spread was checked and the disease eradicated from army animals by the plans adopted by the Surgeon General. We have yet to learn of a case where glanders or other transmissible disease, even influenza, was carried from army animals to those in civil life. This service in controlling glanders was worth all the cost to the Government of the Veterinary 484. ArMyY VETERINARY CoRPS Corps, as without it the disease would have spread to an uncon- trollable extent. ° CoMMISSIONS AND PROMOTIONS Seventeen veterinarians were commissioned in the grades of cap- tain and major on the recommendation of the Surgeon General for the purpose of securing administrative officers without delay. All the remaining commissions given out (about 2,050) were in the grade of second lieutenant. The promotions of officers in the United States were based on their records and on the recommenda- tions of their superiors. The recommendations of general veterinary inspectors were relied on whenever these could be secured: In December, 1917, written examinations were held and several hundred veterinarians found qualified were promoted as rapidly as vacancies were open. Recommendations for promotion were passed on by a board of three senior veterinary officers on duty in the Surgeon General’s Office and by the director of the Veterinary Corps before they were given final approval. The foregoing applies strictly to the United States. Promotions in the American Expeditionary Forces were placed by the Secretary of War wholly in the hands of General Pershing, and after veteri- nary officers left the United States there was absolutely nothing to be done in this country to help or hinder their promotions. Their promotion over there depended on their efficiency in the service and the favorable recommendation of their superior officers. Vacan- cies in the overseas troops in proportion to their strength were of course not filled in this country but were considered as the quota belonging strictly to the Expeditionary Forces. Time and space will not permit listing the veterinary officers who rendered meritorious services in the work to which they were as- signed. Suffice it to say that nearly all veterinarians who were given commissions did their work in a creditable manner. Their work can be regarded with just pride. VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE A. E. F. As soon as the plan of organization was finally decided with the probability of its adoption by the War Department, two of our best and most trusted officers were directed to proceed to France and report to the Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, for temporary duty and consultation in regard to organizing, equip- ping and supplying the veterinary department of the Expeditionary Forces. They sailed on November 6, 1917, but due to unfortunate Army VETERINARY Corps 485 misunderstandings did not arrive at General Headquarters in France until December 12, 1917. An outline of plans for organizing the veterinary service had been prepared before their departure and was presented to the Chief Surgeon of the Expeditionary Forces. He requested a memorandum on organizing a veterinary service for the Expeditionary Forces and a statement of the veterinary personnel which would be required at different phases of the priority shipment schedule on the basis of the proposed organization.. This memo- randum was prepared and presented December 27, 1917. The memo- randum and statement were promptly submitted to the Chief of Staff and by him referred to the Administration Section. A cablegram having been received. advising that Regulation No. 70 had been approved by the Secretary of War, a copy of the regulation was presented with the memorandum and statement. It was returned January 1, 1918, with the statement that the proposed plan of — organizing was a very good one but would not fit in with the general plan of organization of the American Expeditionary Forces. The matter was later taken up with Lieutenant-Colonel James A. - Logan, Jr., Chief of the Administration Section, and other officers of the General Staff. After much discussion it was stated that it would be a waste of time to consider the question further, as it had been decided to attach the Veterinary Corps to the Remount Service and this decision was final. The plan as adopted provided that an officer of the Veterinary Corps should be designated as Chief Veterinarian and assigned to act as assistant to the Chief of the Remount Service, to exercise technical supervision over the Veterinary Service and to draw up regulations and orders and a detailed professional description of all preventive and curative treatments of animal diseases and injuries. The latter was to be printed and distributed to the commanding officers of all branches of army service in which animals are used, for their instruction and guidance. Regulations and orders formu- lated by the Chief Veterinarian had to be submitted for approval to the Chief of the Remount Service. Many other provisions in this plan were equally unworkable, unreasonable and asinine. During these discussions it was pointed out that mange, glanders and epizootic lymphangitis had already appeared among the animals of the American Expeditionary Forces and that if suitable measures were not immediately instituted these diseases would spread rapidly —a prediction that later proved true. Almost immediately after Special Regulation No. 70 was pre- 486 Army VETERINARY CORPS sented to the Chief of Staff an order was issued by Lieutenant- Colonel Logan in the name of the Commander-in-Chief suspending operation of the regulation in so far as it applied to the American Expeditionary Forces. On February 22, 1918, the Chief Surges sent a communication to the Chief of Staff stating that from all that had been said, written and cabled during the previous months he gathered that so far as the veterinary service was concerned it was to be the duty of the Medical Department to furnish veterinary personnel and supplies for the American Expeditionary Forces and that the remainder of the veterinary service would be handled by the Remount Service. In reply it was stated that the order on the organization of the Remount Service, then in preparation, would make the Veterinary Service a part of the Remount Service under the Chief Quarter- master; the Chief Surgeon, after supplying needed veterinary per- sonnel to the medical supply depots, was to report other veterinary personnel to headquarters for assignment by the Chief Quarter- master, and that supplies were to be furnished by the Medical Department. This meant that the administration of the Veterinary ~ Service, except in reference to supplies, was to be taken away from the Surgeon General, although it was placed under his direction by the Act of June 3, 1916, and that the regulations approved by the Secretary of War were to be set aside. There appeared to be nothing further for our representatives to do in the way of consultation in regard to the organization, equip- ment and supply of the Veterinary Service of the American Expe- - ditionary Forces, consequently they left General Headquarters for return to their stations in Washington on March 10, 1918, with the proposed order for the organization. of the Veterinary Service in course of preparation in Colonel Logan’s office. To say that we were disappointed with the results of this well- planned, properly executed effort to introduce our form,of organi- zation overseas would be putting the question mildly. It was soon decided to proceed with work as outlined in this country and await future developments. If the two services could have been correlated into one, the work here would have been much easier and more readily and effectively utilized overseas. It was not long before a request was received from overseas for another veterinary officer from the headquarters office. Our hope of placing the plan of organization on a working basis was again aroused. The one sent this time was among the first who was called Army VETERINARY Corps 487 by the Surgeon General in the early part of the war. He responded to the second call as promptly as he had to the first. The results of his efforts overseas can best be judged by a paper which will follow. THe Future UNCERTAIN It is the general belief that the plan promulgated in America for handling the veterinary service in war was satisfactory, efficient and workable. The Surgeon General’s Office has no excuses to make for it. Nothing better was suggested or available under the conditions. There were many ways in which it could have been improved. Most of these possibilities were blocked by the want of suitable legislation or permission from higher authority. It should be understood that the plans and organization under which the Veterinary Corps operated were possible only as a war measure and authority for the existence of the corps will be termi- nated by the provisions of the Overman Act as soon as the emergency for which it was created is over. The future destiny of the corps will depend greatly upon legislation now pending. There is no authority or assurance that the veterinary directorate will be con- tinued and the army veterinary service may drop back into the old condition of affairs that existed before the war, unless prompt measures are provided to prevent it. The Surgeon General stands ready to do all in his power to make it attractive for veterinarians and a useful factor in the Army. The time appears ripe for united intelligent action. The need for veterinary service in the Army has been demonstrated beyond a doubt. The recent experience has imbued those who participated with the wonderful possibilities for good there is in an army veterinary service authorized, organized, equipped and ready to be sufficiently expanded on short notice to meet any emergency that may arise. Each of the more than 2,000 veterinarians who saw service in this war, every member of this Association, and all who are interested in the welfare of animals and animal husbandry in general, should do his utmost to place this important branch of our profession on an efficient and substan- tial basis. Our Association can assist by a persistent, continued effort for a higher standard of efficiency among veterinary schools and veteri- narians in general. If this service is to continue as a part of the Medical Department, veterinarians must be equally as well qualified mentally, physically, morally and intellectually as men in the Medi- cal or Dental Corps. There is great need for enthusiastic interest 488 Army VETERINARY CoRPS in the Army Veterinary Corps on the part of civilians. We should give it our most loyal support on every occasion, make a determined effort to interest promising young men to enter the service and support the Corps to the fullest extent of our ability in its various troubles. We should be “boosters” and not “kickers” and should waste no time in quibbling over the mistakes and imperfections of the past. A recent visit to Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C., during the Yuletide season showed that some interested friend was keeping memories green by placing floral tributes on the near-by graves of Drs. D. E. Salmon, A. D. Melvin and Charles M: Mansfield, the latter a young veterinarian of sterling quality and great promise when stricken at the very beginning of his career in the Biochemic Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry. J Captain R. Daubney of the British Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, following active service in the British Army since August, 1914, has been detailed to the United States for a period of about a year, to make a study of the subject of parasitology and will carry on the major portion of his investigations in the laboratories of the Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Dr. O. A. Longley of California has just returned from an exten- sive and successful tour of Australia and New Zealand in the interest of the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories. From his reports he must have had a very interesting and enjoyable trip meeting most of the prominent veterinarians and live stock sanitarians of those countries. Drs. Humphries and Robbins of the Southern Railway service were recent visitors to Washington in connection with the heavy losses among mules shipped over their lines. Dr. M. H. Dollar, formerly engaged in Hog Cholera Control work for the B. A. I., has resigned and is now practicing at Danville, Ky., with Dr. Chas. W. Fisher. BACTERIOLOGIC STUDIES OF A PERACUTE DISEASE OF HORSES AND MULES By Ropert GraHaM, Captain, V. C.; Francois H. K. ReyNotps, - First Lieutenant, V. C., and Dr. J. F. H1ti, Contract Surgeon, U. S. Army (Continued from the January number) ANIMAL TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS THE pathogenic character of the organism was determined by feeding the cultures to horses and mules, and to small animals, as well as by intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous inocu- lations. Larce ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS Mute TrANsMIssion ExperIMENT No. 1.—Two mules were fasted for 52 hours to induce fatigue simulating the condition of lowered vitality incident to journey by rail. The animals were then allowed food and water ad libitum as a practice employed in transit at rail- way unloading and feeding stations. In the feed of Mule B 100 c.c. of a broth culture of Gartner’s bacillus were disguised. Mule A was allowed similar portions of food, uncontaminated. Both animals ate heartily after the fasting period. The following day Mule B was clinically afflicted. The symptoms displayed were regarded by experienced observers as typical of the natural disease, i. e., extreme depression, cardiac weakness, loss of appetite, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, etc. Forty-two hours later death occurred. Gross anatomical alterations observed were not marked nor of a character sufficient to explain death, which was characteristic of the peracute disease occurring naturally. From the spleen of Mule B the organism fed was regained without difficulty. Mule A remained healthy. (See Table 4.) Mute TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENT No. 2.—Three healthy mules, designated C, D and E, were fasted 36 hours, at the end of which time water and feed were allowed ad libitum. In the feed of Mule C 50 c.c. of a 48-hour broth culture of Gartner’s bacillus recovered from Mule B of the preceding experiment was employed. A like amount of a similar culture heated at 80° F. for 20 minutes was ' fed to Mule D, and 50 c.c. of sterile filtrate of a 48-hour broth culture was placed on the feed of Mule E. The latter two prepa- rations were tested for sterility. During the administration of this 489 PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 490 O'eOT ‘ud OOF PEOT “UW “ek 00:8 0°66 “wu *d 00°F 8°16 “ut “d 00'F ‘usajds :oInjzesod ws [ £836 “We 00:8 ‘ul ‘B® 00:8 wolj pdaJaAoo91 = UIST ‘gouvsead :oinze1oduia J ‘ rainjzesoduia |, -ue31Q ‘ssoUuT]! 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It was. noted the preceding day that this animal was very sluggish and depressed, yet the rapid termination was not anticipated. The autopsy on this animal was delayed until postmortem changes masked any gross lesions that might have accompanied death. The organism fed was regained from the stomach, cecum and kidneys. Mule C survived approximately 48 hours longer, but typical symp- toms of the sporadic disease were noticeable for two days preceding death. Diarrhea was very marked and upon postmortem the cecum and colon were found to be involved, as described under gross path- ology of the disease. Mule D showed no visible symptoms of illness following the ingestion of the killed culture. (See Table 5.) MuLe TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENT No. 3.—The pathogenicity of Gartner’s bacillus by intravenous and subcutaneous modes of infec- tion was tested on two healthy, unfatigued mules, designated F and G. The former received 2 c.c. of a 24-hour surface growth upon agar, suspended in saline solution. A thermal reaction followed, accompanied by transitory symptoms of depression. The animal was inactive for several days but recovered completely. Following the subcutaneous injection of 3 c.c. of a similar suspension into Mule G a slight rise in temperature (102.8) was noted on the suc- ceeding day. The appetite continued normal, but at the point of inoculation a large, indurated, sensitive swelling developed, 18 by 3 cm., which persisted for several days and was noticeable at the end of three weeks. Complete absorption was preceded by a small area of pus formation at the point of inoculation, though the animal continued apparently healthy. As a result of intravenous and subcutaneous inoculations it is thought that Gartner’s bacillus does not multiply in the blood stream to result in general invasion of a healthy horse. It is presumed that the natural mode of infection is probably of intestinal origin and that the growth and multiplication probably occurs under certain conditions in the intestinal tract with the elaboration of poisonous substances which gain entrance to the circulation. A primary intoxi- cation rather than a bacteriemic invasion is thus suggested. This contention is further suggested from culturing the blood of naturally and artificially infected animals during the course of the disease. In many instances 5 to 10 c.c. of blood was drawn aseptically from naturally afflicted animals into 50 c.c. of dextrose broth, which PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 492 “Pees 8,5 INP Jo uosiod & paumnsuod | any Se ‘papresaisip St 93e17[Y 9y} JO AZIO1xX0} By} Buryst[qeyse ul JUaUTIIOdxa sIy} Jo aNTeA ay OTOL “ur ‘d OOF OOT “ur “d 00:4 66 ‘urd 00% §=[9°00T ‘ut “d 007% * “OOT ou ‘e 00:38 *OOT “ul *e 00:8 "66 ‘ur ‘e 00:8 ‘mum ‘e 00:8 soinzeisdula | :2Inj}eledua yf sainyzeledula yy, sdInzveIoduia “TOU Pls -3yl9gq | =Yysno1yy peisyy ‘sinoy *eaylieip pure “eur SP ‘aInj[Nd yWOIqG “pet jewjyedde jo sso | ‘azjedde jo ssoy j-1ou Apjusreddy |-o°9 9¢ ‘ur “d 00:7 a any “O01 ‘td 00°F 66 “Ut -d 0O'F “OOT “ar *d 00:4 66 ‘ur -d 00°F “OOT ‘ur -d 00:4 "66 ‘ur “d 00:4 1°86 “ur *d 007% vOOT “Ur “e 00:8 $66 “UWI "B 00:8 [9°86 ‘UI “e 00:8 ‘OOT “Ur “e 00:8 ‘OOT “Ur “eB 00:8 86 “Ul “e 00:8 “ur *® 00:8 soinzelodulay sainzveloduia seInzelsdulay :eiInzvelodua toinjveioduay sainjeledusay seinjelodway “OD 08 3% “Uru OZ Ppezeoy =snyPeq $,JaUVIBN ‘SI gp ‘ainj[nd y.OIq *[euLIoONy *[eULION *[eulLION *[BULION *[eUlION, *[RULION |"o°0 OS ‘Ul ‘d O0:Z da ynw T'lOT ‘at “d 00:4 0°66 “Wd OO'h «|F TOT “ut “d OOF ‘OOT “tr "d OO:h §=|s*zOT “mw “d OOF 7°86 “Ut “d OOF OTOL “tH “e 00:8 P86 “Ul "2 00:8 |0'66 “WE 00'S [0°66 “We 00:8 |F'ZOT “Ur ‘e 00:8 “url *® 008 saInzeioduray :2iInzeledulay sainyeledulay :aiInyeioduis yf saInzeisduaL saInjelsdusy “snypeq $ JOUyIE‘y ‘sINoYy “eaylierp ‘inp “eayirelp +[[Np “Tp “Tp “Teur Sh ‘eIN}[ND y0Iq “al *@ OO? 32 patq |tezjedde jo sso |‘azjedde jo sso] |tayjedde jo ssoy |tazijedde jo ssoy |-1ou Apuoreddy |'o> og “urd 00:7 D anWw 6161 ‘8 AUVONV[ | 6161 ‘4 AUVONVE | 6161 ‘9 AUVONV[E | 6161 ‘G AUVONVE | 616 ‘ AUVANV[ | 6161 ‘¢ AUVANVE | 6161 ‘Z AUVOANY[ TVWINY *BUIpoey o10Jaq sINOY gE 10} poise spewTTUY @ “ON LNA WIYadXd NOISSIWSNVUL FINW—'S ATAVL Peracute DisEast oF Horses AND MULES 493 remained sterile after incubating for a period of 10 days at 37.5° C. MuLe TRANSMISSION ExPERIMENT No. 4.—It would appear from the following that intravenous injection and oral administration of Gartner’s bacillus do not produce fatal results in healthy unfatigued animals. This conclusion is based upon the result of an experiment wherein a healthy mule designated H received c.c. of a 24-hour agar _ surface growth of strain 104-B suspended in sterile salt solution. There was a slight thermal reaction (102.1° F.) on the afternoon of the third day. Following the intravenous injection an allergic- like reaction occurred. Respirations were increased, defecation was labored and intermittent, with a staggering gait and general fatigue. The following day the symptoms were not so marked, and on the third day food and water were consumed. The animal returned to normal and continued igsttiaciad healthy. Release followed 10 days later. Mule I received 100 c.c. of a broth culture of the same strain per os as a drench. The following day the animal appeared dull and depressed with loss of appetite. There was no increase in tempera- ture. On the third day a “tucked up” or gaunted appearance was noted. On the fourth: day the animal showed slight improvement and partook of a small quantity of food, followed by improvement each day until released from the test 10 days later. It is apparent that the organism as administered to the animals H and I had only a transitory effect following intravenous injection, contributing to the contention that it induces a toxemia rather than a bacteriemia. In the case of Mule I 100 c.c. of the organism as a drench did not produce the clinical disease under observation, sug- gesting that a susceptible host must be subjected to conditions similar to those occurring incident to shipping; that is, fatigue, fasting, etc., in order to create the conditions under which invasion of the animal naturally occurs. TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENT No. 5.—At the time this experiment was undertaken little was known as to the real identity of the organism under investigation, but it was desired to ascertain, if possible, the following facts: 1. Whether a bouillon filtrate of the original strain 104-B which proved virulent for mules (and which had been growing for three months) would produce death, as well as to determine whether or not vaccination, as in the case of Mule H which had received 4 c.c. of an agar culture intravenously and had been fed 100 c.c. of a bouillon culture of strain 104-B, and Mule I which was inoculated 494, PERACUTE DISEASE OF HorsES AND MULES per os on two occasions with 100 c.c. of the same strain, would produce an active immunity of sufficient strength to protect these animals against 100 c.c. of a broth culture of 104-B administered per os. 2. Whether 100 c.c. of antiserum (?) obtained from Mule G, which had been inoculated several times subcutaneously with this same organism, and which demonstrated the presence of comple- ment-fixing and agglutinating woules, would likewise prove of value as a protective agent. .3.. Whether a broth culture of strain 141, recovered from the axillary vein of a spontaneous case and which appeared serologically to be the same organism, would produce death. 4. Whether Bacillus coli communis, usually encountered in the in- testinal contents of horses, had any bearing on the malady. 5. Whether 100 c.c. of a broth culture of 104-B, heated at 60° C. for one-half hour, would demonstrate toxicity. 6. Whether two organisms, strain H-31 (or QMC) obtained from feces in the Quartermaster’s Stables at Fort McPherson and passed through a guinea pig, and strain Mule 11, obtained from a rectal culture of a spontaneous case, both resembling the organism being investigated, would also prove virulent. . Mule R served as a control and received 100 c.c. of strain 104-B. Details of this experiment are given in Table 6. As will be seen from Table 6, all animals remained alive except Horse P, which received 100 c.c. of a broth culture of strain H-31 (QMC), which had been isolated from the Quartermaster’s Stables. This animal showed well-marked symptoms of the disease 24 hours after inoculation, including cyanosis of the mucous membranes, profuse ill-smelling diarrhea, imperceptible pulse, general weakness and inappetence, elevated temperature (103-105), and death at about the forty-eighth hour. Postmortem examination revealed little, due, undoubtedly, to the acute character of the disease. However, there was a slight hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the fundus portion of the stomach, which may or may not have been significant, and a few punctiform hemorrhages beneath the capsule of the spleen. The organism was recovered from the spleen. From a general survey of the results it would appear that culture 104-B, which had been growing since November 30, 1918, and was, at the time of feeding, nearly 3 months old, had lost in virulence to such a degree that it was: unable to produce the disease, for the control animal R, which had received nothing of a protective nature, 495 PeRACUTE DisEASE OF Horses AND MULES ° ‘usa[ds UlO1} palaAOIeI UIsTUeZIQ ‘jeuIOU A[JUaIedde suvZIO Jay}0 ‘use[ds Ul sasdPytioway WO} OUNd !paureyu AYsYs YOeur03s JO uolziod snpuny :UleyIOUNjsOg ‘YNOU JO aueIqUIOW sNOONUI jo sTsoUeAD peyxreu ‘eaysserp Sul|[ous-[no}y ‘ssauyvam payreur fajqideosdunt asing ‘sol “wu “d gore feo, “ure 00:8 ‘ZZ Aieniqe,y ‘(Sulpeajy jo Aep) 4s] Z uo [eurioU ainjesedua yy Shep [] Jaze peutiou Apjuareddy af oor ST6E ‘OE “AON *PPPAP ysnory} peeywy “q-POL JouyRy eerily O 210 “sAep [] Jaye [eusou Apjuoreddy pay Oot - SI6I ‘OE “AON *(A-FOT UlTeI}s IOJ [O1}UOD) a1Nz[ND YyYWOIg UW anh *sAep [j Joie |eulIOU ApUsIeddy pey oot 6I6I ‘FI “Gag “LT any ‘JeuzIey vINA[Nd yoIg © asi0oy r'BUIpaa} 0} JuONbasqns sinoy ¢¢ petq Pew oot 6161 ‘Fl “G2 “(I€-H) OWO FeuuRy einznd yg d 98107 “SAYP [] Jozye [eulIOU ATjUaIeddy Pe oor SI6I ‘OE “AON ‘inoy jyey ‘OD .09 peeey g-FOT JeUIIEy oINIINd YyIOIg N asioy *sABp [] Jaze [euro Apusieddy pay oot 6161 ‘6 “G24 StUNMULOI 1709 “g{ 3INZ[ND YoOIg W any ‘shep [] 199je [euliou A[juareddy pew vot 6161 ‘FI “2H (THT Wea AreT]Xe) vinzpNo YyiOIg Tenn Pow oor A-POT JOUNPH s1nz[Nd yIIg *sAep [] Joye [eumsoUu Afuereddy SnousAeIzUy OOor SI6T ‘Og “AON T aINY_ Wor uNtes M INW ‘sAep [] 1o3Je [eutioU ApjUareddy Pew oot SI6T ‘Og “AON A-POT SsNy[Pyeq 8, A0UjzIBH sInj[No yJoIg Tenn ‘sep [] Jozye [vuiou A[juareddy Poy oot 8T6T ‘Of “AON A-POT snipe Ss AoupRH e1nz[Nd yg H enw ae) a9V auniing sL1nsay aOoHLaW LNOOKY ‘IVWINY “IVINALVN “GIGI ‘1% Arenagay “ur -e QO: 1T peye[no0uy = “Burpeay a10Jaq sinoy gp poysuy speuTyUR [YY *¢ “ON LNSWINAdXA ONIGIII—"9 ATAV.L 496 PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES remained apparently normal throughout the test. This also would appear to apply to the filtrate and heated culture of the same organism, all material of strain 104-B having been used from the same flask. Further, it would appear that B. coli communis had no primary significance, though it may contribute to the disease in the role of a secondary invader. The strains 141 (from the axillary vein) and Mule 11, both from spontaneous cases, but which had not been passed through small animals, and which had been carried on arti- ficial medium, also lacked in virulence and were unable to produce perceptible changes. The absence of death in the control animal rather hanged deduc- tions. It is important, however, that Gartner’s bacillus, strain H-31, isolated from the intestinal tract of healthy animal at Quartermaster Stable at Fort McPherson, Ga., proved fatal to experimental Horse P following fatigue. The result in this instance strongly suggests the saprophytic existence of this organism which may play a patho- logic and even fatal role in carrier animals subsequent to exhaus- tion. It has been noted elsewhere in this report that the spontaneous disease developed only subsequent to shipment, and it is obvious that the lowered vitality or exhaustion of the animal is fundamental in the spontaneous occurrence of Gartner infection in equines. EXPERIMENT 5-A.—In view of the fact that strain H-31 (QMC) had proved quite virulent, and being apparently the same organism ~ as strain 104-B, it was decided to vaccinate certain of the animals remaining from Experiment 5 and to feed strain H-31 (QMC) in a further endeavor to ascertain the protective value of inoculations. On March 4, 1919, Mule L was inoculated intravenously with 4 c.c. of a broth culture of H-31, heated at 60° C. for one-half hour, while Horse N received 8 c.c. subcutaneously. While the latter showed no change in attitude, the former after 45 minutes showed signs of depression and weakness, general muscular tremor, acceler- ated respiration, yawning, and a desire to lie down. The condition persisted for about one hour, after which the animal returned to an apparently normal condition. (On this date it was determined that the organism under experiment was B. enteritidis.) : The apparent toxicity of the killed culture prompted the inocu- lation, on March 7, 1919, of Horse Q, intravenously, with 4 c.c. of a germ-free filtrate of the H-31 strain, unheated. Horse O, serving as a control, received by the same method 6 c.c. of an incubated uninoculated quantity of bouillon which also was filtered through a PERACUTE DIsEASE OF Horses AND MULES TABLE 7—SEROLOGICAL TESTS. : Tests of March 1, 1919, About Nine Days Subsequent to Experiment 5, to Determine Pres- ence of Immune Bodies. 497 COMPLEMENT-FIXATION AGGLUTINATION SERUM ANTIGEN USED TITRE STRAINS FED ANTIGEN USED TITRE Mule H | Gartner 104-B- 4+ |Géartner 104-B Gartner 104-B 1-200 Mule I Gartner 104-B 1+ j|Gartner 104-B Gartner 104-B 1-100 Mule K | Gartner 104-B 1+ |Gartner 104-B Gartner 104-B Neg. Mule L | Gartner 104-B — Gartner axillary vein 141|Gartner 141 Neg Mule M | Gartner 104-B — Coli communis Coli communis Neg Horse N | Gartner 104-B “+ Gartner 104-B Gartner 104-B Neg Horse O | Gartner 104-B = Filtrate 104-B Gartner 104-B Neg Horse Q | Gartner 104-B —- Gartner Mule 11 Gartner Mule 11 Neg Mule R | Gartner 104-B — Gartner 104-B Gartner 104-B Neg Tests of March 11, to Determine Presence of Immune Bodies Prior to Feeding Experiment 6. Mule H | Gartner OMC 4+ Mule I Gartner OMC 1+ Mule K | Gartner OMC 2+ Mule L | Gartner OMC 4+ Mule M | Gartner OMC —_ Horse N | Gartner OMC — Horse O | Gartner OMC —_ Horse QO | Gartner OMC —- Mule R | Gartner OMC —_— Tests of March 27, Thirteen Days Subsequent to Feeding Experiment 6. Mule H | Gartner QMC 3+ Gartner OMC 1-200 Mule I Gartner OMC 1+ Gartner OMC 1-100 Mule K | Gartner OMC 1+ Gartner OMC Neg. Mule L | Gartner OMC 1+ Gartner OMC 1-200 Mule M | Gartner OMC 1+ Gartner OMC 1-200 Horse N ner OMC -—— Gartner OMC 1-100 Horse O | Gartner OMC — Gartner OMC 1-100 Horse Q | Gartner OMC - Gartner OMC Neg. Mule R | Gartner QMC a= Gartner QMC Neg Those animals (H, I, K and L) which had been inoculated subcutaneously and intravenously gave signs of the presence of immune bodies, while those which had been fed persistently with large quantities failed to demonstrate such signs. Berkefeld and not subjected to heating. Both animals prior to inoculation showed unusual liveliness, necessitating restraint. Twenty-five minutes after the inoculations Horse Q, which had been playfully biting the control animal O, stopped suddenly, regis- tering an expression of surprise, and walked away shaking his head. The following actions, which persisted at the end of one hour, were noted: Marked signs of uneasiness, head lowered and raised alter- nately, extending and flexing of legs, pawing, yawning, attempts to lie down but seeming to change his mind on each occasion, extending the legs far in front and back, not unlike a dog in the act of stretch- ing, marked general muscular tremor, weakness in hind legs, defe- cation, refusal of food (though a greedy eater), and drawing up flanks as if endeavoring to evacuate bowels (an action also noticed in rats after an intraperitoneal inoculation). Pulse beat was slow though strong; little change in respiration; temperature 100.2; 498 PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES mucous membranes showed nothing important. Finally the horse lay down for about 15 minutes, after which it got up and partook of a little hay. Muscular tremor, though not so pronounced, and an attitude of apprehension persisted for more than an hour. Subse- quent temperatures proved normal. Horse O showed no change. Blood samples from those animals constituting Experiment 5 were tested 10 days later for both complement-fixing and aggluti- nating bodies, with the results noted in Table 7. Attention is invited to the fact that animals H and I, which re- ceived injections of the material, and Mule K, which received im- mune (?) serum from Mule I, gave some reaction to the comple- ment-fixation and agglutination tests, while animals more recently fed the culture failed to show the presence of immune bodies. _ EXPERIMENT No. 6.—In view of the fact that the animals in Experiment 5, which received the broth cultures of 104-B in the feed, showed no signs of uneasiness nor the slightest indication of illness, and the further fact that this culture had been growing nearly 3 months, it was thought that the material had decreased in virulence to such a degree as to be unable to produce the disease, though subcultures showed it to contain live organisms. Therefore it was decided to feed again the animals remaining from Experi- _ ment 5, but this time employing a culture of H-31 (QMC), the strain ~ which had proved so virulent in the case of Horse P and which proved to be a Gartner bacillus. Blood serum from these animals was tested serologically by both the agglutination and complement-fixation tests, using homologous antigens (for they all did not receive the same organisms) as well as an antigen made from H-31, the strain to be used at this time. The results of the serological tests may be seen in Table 7. There appeared to be no immune bodies except in the cases of those which had received previous subcutaneous or intravenous inoculations of Gartner’s bacillus. On March 12, 1919, the experiment was commenced with fasting the animals for 48 hours, at the end of which time (March 14) each was fed with 100 c.c. of a serum-broth culture of strain H-31, as indicated in Table 8, with the exceptions of Horse O, which received a germ-free filtrate of the same culture, and Horse Q, which received the same amount of a broth culture which had been heated to 60° C. for one-half hour. The following morning the animals showed a slight rise in tem- PERACUTE DIsEASE OF Horses AND MULES 499 perature, dejected appearance, and refused their morning meal, which, however, they consumed in small quantities during the fore- noon. There was an improvement by night, and all appeared normal on the third day after the inoculation. / While it would appear strange that some of these animals did not succumb to the malady after having been fed an organism which had proved of high virulence a few days previously, it may have been that they were rendered more or less immune, not only by the several subcutaneous and intravenous inoculations of some, but also by the feeding of the culture 104-B in Experiment 5, which, while not proving sufficiently virulent to produce death, may have stimu- lated an immunity or intestinal tolerance sufficiently strong to combat the subsequent feeding of the virulent culture of H-31. Quoting from Park and Williams,’ that “feeding does produce immunity in experimental animals,” it is thought that this theory deserves consideration. Feepinc Experiment No. 7.—In this experiment three freshly prepared serum-bouillon cultures of Gartner’s bacillus, strains No. 1, 104-B, and QMC (or H-31), were fed to ascertain if they would also prove capricious in toxicity, and to study further the serological phase; also to ascertain whether B. paratyphoid B, so like Gartner’s ' bacillus culturally, and B. paracolon, which seemed similar sero- logically, would also produce the clinical picture of the spontaneous disease under consideration; and further, to determine whether the intravenous inoculation of Mule L with 4 c.c. of the strain H-31 (QMC) on February 21 and a feeding of 100 c.c. of the same strain March 14, 1919, and the unsuccessful feeding of Mule M with 100 c.c. of a culture of H-31 on March 14, 1919, would render them both immune to subsequent feeding of virulent organisms. From a perusal of Table 9 it will be seen that the three strains of B. enteritidis (Gartner) did prove virulent in the cases of S, T and U, and these animals displayed the identical clinical picture viewed in spontaneous cases, i. e., depression, pendulous lower lip, cyanotic mucous membranes, profuse ill-smelling diarrhea, elevated temperatures, and finally exhaustion and death. Mule X, which received a culture of B. paratyphoid B, succumbed the day following feeding and presented the typical picture of the affliction being studied. Mule V, which received the Army Medical School strain of B. paracolon, failed to succumb or show uneasiness, whereas Horse W, which was fed the Parke-Davis strain of the same organism, showed PERACUTE DisEASE OF Horses AND MULES 500 ; *(W-S JueuIIIedxy ves) 4 YoIeP_ pezejnoouy, “p YOIeJL PezyeuooVA aioM sjeulUL assay ‘“[eulIOU PouTeUIei ‘1013 -u09 94} ‘N asioZY “UO!JVOaJop ‘Buryojesys ‘uMop Buré] Apjuenbary ‘ssoussayjser ‘BuyumeVA ‘1OuUraI} Iejnosnul [e1oues pamoys uoTeUTIOVA Jaze “T 2NWr _*TeULION, pey Oot sinoy gF *T€-H Jeuqey ainzno yjo1g UW anWw Pet oot sinoy gb ‘rnoy Fey “"D 09 0} peyeoy Te-H e1nzNo yIoIg *[eULION snoudaeizUy + sInoy gP *(pjeyeyteg) [¢-H 7e19[y uolmog © asi07y pea oor sInoy SF *(PIajoyxieg) [€-H 2321315 uoppinog *TBULION snousaeiqUy 9 sInoy gp "ZO wo JorqUOD (uTeTd) a}e13]y UOTTINOg O es10}f pay 00T simoy gh ‘I€-H e1nyjno yIoI1g : ‘jewION | snoaueynoqns $ sInoy gf *;(anoy yey “OD ,09) TE-H e4NNd YIM pozeuloeA N 2sioxyy *[eULION, pay OOT sinoy gf "Te-H Jauqey ainqjno yo1g W In pey OO sInoy gf *"T€-H Jouqey oinqjno yjo1g *TeULION snoudaeiquy $ -SINOY BF *y(anoy Jey “SD 09) T¢-H 21N3[Nd YIM pezeuIDIeA, JT InN pay OOT sInoy gf ‘T€-H Jouqyey o1nzno yoIg *yeWLION snousaesquy OOT *H 2Ny Woy unsesg M ImNW *[BULION, pay OO sinoy gp *‘Te-H JouyRy 1n3nd yoIg 1 nw *[eULION pay OO sInoy gP *I€-H Jouyey oinqjno yjo01g H nw ED aOV aunLing SLINSAY GOHLAW ALILNVAO IVWINY ‘IVIVALVAN "pL YoIBP! $2INz[No poy {6161 ‘ZI Wore Buyuuyeq sinoy gp poysey speurUy 9 ‘ON LNAWINAdXA ONIGAIA—8 ATAV.L PeracuTe DisEAsE oF Horses AND MULES 501 depression, weakness, and a diarrhea, which persisted for 4 days, when the animal became moribund, dying on the fifth day after feeding. This animal did not demonstrate any symptoms other than listlessness, elevated temperature, diarrhea and loss of appetite. The mucous membranes remained unchanged in contradistinction to the others receiving Gartner’s bacillus. This animal on postmortem showed a well-marked enteritis, due undoubtedly to the length of time it was afflicted. ; Postmortem on animals which had suffered acutely failed to pro- duce anatomical alterations other than a slight inflammation of the small intestines. Horse Y, which received a larger quantity of B. coli communis (as this organism was ever present in spontaneous cases), showed nothing other than a rise in temperature on the third day. Mules L and M, which had been treated previously with B. enteri- tidis (Gartner), seemed to display a well-marked immunity, evi- denced by the fact that they received like amounts of the same organism fed others of this test which succumbed. Their serum titered but 1-50 and 1-66. Despite careful technic, the organism idait not be recovered from Horse U, which had received the QMC strain of Gartner’s bacillus. Cultures were made from all organs and heart blood. The organisms fed were recovered from other cases which suc- cumbed. SMALL ANIMAL INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS Three guinea pigs, three rats, and three mice were injected intra- peritoneally and subcutaneously with surface growths of Gartner’s bacillus in normal salt solution. The amounts injected varied in different animals, from 0.2 to 0.05 c.c., as shown in Table 10. Mice proved more susceptible than did rats or guinea pigs and were more acutely afflicted, death following in from 2 to 4 days. Rats and guinea pigs succumbed after a varying period of incubation. Only those animals succumbing in a short time yielded positive cultures from their several organs. The toxin alone was found pathogenic for mice when inoculated in small doses. RasBit INOCULATION EXPERIMENT, December 2, 1918.—Nine rab- bits varying in weight from 963 to 1868 grams were injected sub- cutaneously, intraperitoneally and intravenously with varying 502 PERACUTE DisEAsE OF Horses AND MULES TABLE 9.—FEEDING EXPERIMENT No, 7. ; Animals fasted beginning May 19, 1919, fed May 21, 1919... - TEMPERATURES ANIMAL | MATERIAL FED | Amr. 20 ee 23 23-.; 24... 25 - 26 a. m.|p. m.Ja. m./p. m.Ja. m./p. m.ja. m./p. m.Ja. m.|p. m.ja. m./p. m.ja. m.|/p. m. Cc. Horse S | Gartner No. 1 100 |100. | 99.8} 99.6]100. |105. |Dead Mule T | Gartner 104-B 100 | 99.2) 99.6) 99.4} 99.8/103.2| Dead Horse U |Gartner QMC 100 | 99.6] 99.4} 99.2] 99.8%]104.8]105. |104. |104.4/106.4| Dead Mule V |Paracolon, Army : Med. School 100 |100.4/100. {100. |100.6/100.4/102: |102.2|100. |101.1/101. |100. |101. | 99. Horse W|Paracolon, Parke- Davis 100 |101.2/100.8/100. |100.4)103. |106. |104.2/105.6/104. |104.2/)105. |105. |103. | Dead . Mule X |Paratyphoid B 100 | 99.4] 99.8] 99.6/100. |103.4! Dead Horse Y |Coli communis 150 | 98.2} 99. | 98.8] 99.6|102. |103. {100.2 Mule M Control |Gartner No. 1 100 | 99. | 99.4] 98.8] 99.6/102.2/103.4/102. Mule L]_. Control |Gartner QMC 100 | 98.8) 99. | 98.6} 99.4/100. |100.2/101. amounts of the surface growth in sterile normal salt solution of strain 104-B. Death followed, with one exception, in 2 to 14 days. It is noted that the intravenous injection into rabbits proved more rapidly fatal than did the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injections, and in subsequent inoculations of small animals a variability of susceptibility was noted. A fatal injection for one animal proved harmless to another. (See Table 11.) GuinEA-Pic FEEDING ExperRIMENT, April 17, 1919.—From the following feeding experiment it may be seen that susceptible animals may be killed by feeding Gartner’s bacillus and allied organisms, but that the organisms may not be recovered in every instance. Two of the animals receiving cultures of B. enteritidis failed to succumb, demonstrating the variability either in toxicity of the organism or in resistance of the individual. These same organisms were virulent when inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. It further demonstrates the fact that, in peracute cases, the postmortem find-. ings are practically nil, a condition so frequently met with in horses. In no case of this experiment were the several organisms recov- ered. It might be said that the disease, in these instances, was too i ag ele ahha Aad PERACUTE DisEASE OF Horses AND MULES 503 TABLE 9.—FEEDING EXPERIMENT No. 7.—Continued. Animals fasted beginning May 19, 1919, fed May, 21 1919. SEROLOGICAL TESTS ANIMAL BEFORE AFTER REMARKS Comp. Fix.| Agglutina- |Comp. Fix.} Agglutination tion Horse S |Negative |Negative {Negative Positive at 1-50, |May 22, 10:00 a. m., down; imperceptible -| at 1-50 Negative at 1-66 pulse; panes membrane cyanotic; 11:00 a. m., dead. Mule T |Negative {Negative |Negative |Negative at 1-50 |May 22, 10:00 a. m., same as above; May at 1-50 22, 12:00 a. m., dead; clinical picture same as above. Horse U |Negative |Negative |Negative |Negative at 1-50 |May 22, sick; May 23, sick; May 24, clin- at 1-50 } ical picture above; dead. . Mule V {Negative +— 1+ Positive at 1-100 |May 22, a little indifferent; May 23, nor- 1-50 mal; May 27, released from test. Horse W|Negative |Positive Negative |Negative at 1-50 |May 22, 10:00 a. m., sick; May 26, mori- - bund; weak; loss of appetite, but mucous membrane not cyanotic; died Mule X i+ -|Positive 2+ Negative 1-50 May 22, sick, 2:00 p. m., respiration 40; 1-50 cyanotic mucous membrane; same pic- ture as in Gartner infection; dead. Horse Y |Negative |Negative |Negative |Negative 1-50 May 22, apparently normal; May 27; re- 1-50 leased from test. Mule M |Negative +— Negative +— May 22, signs of indifference; May 24, Control 1-50 1-50 Wapparently normal; May 27, released _from test. ae Mule L |Negative +— Negative |Positive 1-66 May 22, ‘apparently normal; May 27, Control 1-50 released from test. acute, but, conversely, Horse P of Experiment 5 died in 33 hours after feeding and the organism was recovered from the spleen. Further, the blood serum of those two animals which remained alive demonstrated no agglutinins for B. enteritidis (Gartner). (See Table 12.) GuinEA-Pic FEEpING ExpeRIMENT, April 28, 1919.—Again, the variability of toxicity and individual susceptibility is shown by an experiment in which six guinea pigs were fed varying amounts of pooled bouillon cultures of different strains of B. enteritidis (Gart- ner). It will be seen from Table 13 that but three of this number died and cultures from the various organs in two instances failed to demonstrate the organisms artificially administered in the feed. Postmortem examination revealed no anatomical changes. Animals Nos. 1, 2 and 6 were apparently healthy after 19 days. Blood from these three failed to show the presence of agglutinins. In view of this and previous experiments, the failure to demon- strate the presence of immune bodies in acute sporadic cases in equine would not appear so disconcerting. eee eeemeeremng = iad 504, PERACUTE DiIsEASE OF Horses AND MULES TABLE 10—GUINEA-PIG, RAT AND MOUSE INOCULATIONS, GARTNER’S BACILLUS, STRAIN ‘‘Rv,’? DECEMBER 17, 1918. ANIMAL WEIGHT QUANTITY AND METHOD DATE OF DEATH Grams Guinea Pig 260 .01 c.c. intraperitoneally January 12, 1919 Guinea Pig 300 .02 c.c. intraperitoneally January 4, 1919 Guinea Pig 210 .02 c.c. subcutaneously December 28, 1918 Rat 90 * .05 c.c. intraperitoneally December 25, 1918 Rat 90 .01 c.c. intraperitoneally December 23, 1918 Rat 90 .01 c.c. subcutaneously January 3, 1919 Mouse .05 c.c. intraperitoneally December 19, 1918 Mouse .01 c.c. intraperitoneally December 18, 1918 Mouse .01 c.c. subcutaneously December 21, 1918 These feeding experiments of small animals were performed to endeavor to gauge a dose for future immunity experiments, but this method of infecting was not found practicable. GutnEA-Pic INOCULATION EXPERIMENT, May 7, 1919.—The infec- tion of small animals by feeding proving too unreliable, the follow- ing inoculation experiment was conducted in order to arrive at a lethal dose to be employed in a subsequent protective experiment. It will be seen from Table 14 that the animals died in rotation, according to the amount of organism inoculated. While it appears at the present time that a much smaller dose might have been employed with greater success in the experiment to follow, notwith- standing, the dose of 1 c.c. was selected as a standard. GuInEA-Pic INOCULATION EXPERIMENT, May 26-27, 1919.—Having decided upon the use of 1 c.c. of a standard suspension of strain No. 1 of Gartner’s bacillus as the amount for an immunity experi- ment, 22 apparently normal guinea pigs were selected and inoculated TABLE 11—RABBIT INOCULATION EXPERIMENT, GARTNER 104-B, DECEMBER 2, 1918. NUMBER| WEIGHT DosE DATE OF DEATH RESULTS Grams 249 1,063 10.6; Dec. 15, 1918 Abscess at point of inoculation, extending subcutaneously Z full length of abdomen. Pneumonia in right lobe of lung. 250 1,453 2 GsCi Dec. 8, 1918 Infiltration of subcutaneous tissue at point subcutaneously a inoculation with thick gelatinous exu- ate. 251 1,643 1.5 'c.c. Dec. 11, 1918 No autopsy. subcutaneosly 252 1,100 .1 cc. Dec. 6, 1918 Pleuro-pneumonia; 5 c.c. seropurulent is intraperitoneally exudate in left pleural cavity; TeeenCRy, , cus in stained smears of heart blood. 253 867 Hf 8. rere Dec. 10, 1918 Same as 252. Inoculation proved to be intraperitoneally intramuscular. 254 1,868 20.6; Dec. 4, 1918 No lesions observed. Gram negative bacilli intraperitoneally in heart blood. 255 1,138 41 Cie, Dec. 5, 1918 No specific lesions observed. Heart blood intraperitoneally negative. 256 1,100 SL. Dec. 4, 1918 No lesions noted on postmortem. Gram intravenously negative bacilli in heart blood. 257 963 0.2'c.c. Dec. 6, 1918 No lesions noted on postmortem. Gram intravenously negative bacilli in heart blood. PerRAcuTE Disease oF Horses AND MULES 505 TABLE 12—GUINEA-PIG FEEDING EXPERIMENT, .APRIL 17, 1919. No. | WEIGHT SUSPENSION AMOUNT| DATE OF RESULTS DEATH fe Grams. , c.c. 1919 1 143 |.Gé4rtner’s bacillus 104-B 3.5 April 21 |Postmortem: Few punctiform hemor- rhages in mucous membrane of stom- ach; small pneumonic area in lower left lobe of lung. Cultures on endo . and blood negative. 2 120 G&rtner’s bacillus,| - axillary vein 2.0 April 20 Postmortem: Slight congestion of lower right lobe of lung; other organs nor- mal. Cultures on blood and endo . negative. ; 3 200 B. paratyphoid B 2.0 April 21 |Postmortem: Slight congestion of lower left lobe of lung. Cultures on endo 3 and blood negative. a 280 G&rtner’s bacillus, QMC 2.0 Alive at end of 8 days and apparently healthy. Blood serum demonstrated no agglutinins. 5 287 Gartner’s bacillus No. 1 2.0 Alive at end of 8 days and apparently healthy. Blood serum demonstrated no agglutinins. 6 215 B. coli communis 4.0 April 21 |Postmortem: All organs apparently nor- mal. Cultures on endo and bl negative. intraperitoneally with varying amounts of immune serum. This serum had been prepared in rabbits and showed a high agglutinating titre. (See Table 22 under “Agglutination Tests.”) Twenty-four hours after administration of the serum 1 c.c. of a standard suspension of B. enteritidis (Gartner) was inoculated intra- peritoneally. The control animals which received no serum died 12 hours later. Animal No. 310 also died the following day. The organism was not recovered from the heart blood. The animals lived for varying intervals of time, the last succumbing 10 days later. All animals showed marked hemorrhagic infiltration at the point of inoculation and in some instances an enlarged spleen. No _ other anatomical changes were noticed. TABLE 13—GUINEA-PIG FEEDING EXPERIMENT, FOUR STRAINS OF GARTNER’S BACILLUS, 104-B, Sp.-2, RV, QMC, POOLED. APRIL 28, 1919. . Pigs Weighed Approximately 150 Grams. _ NuMBER | AmMouNT |DaTE oF DEATH RESULTS negative negative. eo wn all organs on blood and endo negative. ’ all organs on blood and endo positive. all organs on blood and endo negative. > & |W & KW NA negative. Alive May 15, 1919. Bled and agglutinated; results Alive May: 15, 1919. Bled and agglutinated; results May 11, 1919 Postmortem. No anatomical changes. Cultures from May 7, 1919 Postmortem: No anatomical changes. Cultures from May 13, 1919 Postmortem: No anatomical changes. Cultures from Alive May 15, 1919. Bled and agglutinated; results 506 PERACUTE DiIsEASE OF Horses AND MULES TABLE 14—GUINEA-PIG INOCULATION EXPERIMENT (INTRAPERITONEALLY) TO DETERMINE LETHAL DOSE. Agar Culture, 48-Hour Growth, Standardized, Gartner No. 1. Inoculated May 7, 1919. NUMBER | WEIGHT | AMOUNT | DATE OF DEATH RESULTS Grams ac 301 350 0.5 May 13, 1919 Postmortem negative. Organism recovered from all organs. Lived 144 hours. 302 340 1.0 May 10, 1919 Postmortem negative. Recovered from all organs. Lived 72 hours. 203 350 1.5 May 9, 1919 Postmortem. Subcutaneous hemorrhagic in- : filtration; axillary gland hemorrhagic. eee from all organs. Lived 40 ours. 304 372 2.0 May 8, 1919 Postmortem: Subcutaneous hemorrhagic gela- tinous infiltration; organs normal. Re- covered from all organs. Lived 18 hours. 305 200 2:0) May 8, 1919 Postmortem negative. Recovered from all organs. Lived 24 hours. It will be noticed that the serum dose was rather small, due to the scarcity of the serum, and whether the prolongation of life demonstrated virtue in the serum or whether it was merely a demon- stration of the Pfeiffer phemonenon is questionable. Serums Nos. 3 and 1 were from rabbits which received Berkefeld filtered bouillon cultures of Gartner’s bacillus. (See Table 22 under “Agglutination Tests.”) Details of this experiment are given in Table 15. ’ PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 507 TABLE 15—GUINEA-PIG INOCULATION EXPERIMENT (PROTECTIVE). Agar Cultures Gartner No. 1, 48-hour Growth, Standardized. Animals Inoculated with Serum May 26, 1919. Inoculated with Bacteria May 27, 1919. SERUM No. Bacterial Date of RESULTS Suspension Death 2 Amount} Strain ‘ c.c c.e. : 309 0.5 No. 5 1 June 4, 1919 |Hemorrhagic infiltration at site of inocula- tion. Organisms recover from all organs. 310 1.0 No. 5 1 May 28, 1919|Postmortem same. Organisms recovered. Heart blood negative. 311 Ss INo. 5 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from all organs. 312 2.0 No. 5 1 June 1, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered ~ from all organs. 313 3.0 No. 5 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from all organs. ‘ 314 0.5 No. 1 : We June 5, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 315 1.0 No. 1 1 June 4, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 316 5 ys No. 1 1 June 1, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 317 2.0 No. 1 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 318 3.0 No. 1 1 June 1, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 319 0.5 Nos. 3 & 7 1 June 1, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 320 10 Nos. 3 & 7 1 June 5, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 321 5 Nos. 3 & 7 1 June 5, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 322 2.0 Nos. 3 & 7 1 May 31, 1919|/Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 323 3.0 Nos. 3 & 7 1 May 31, 1919}Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 324 0.5 Horse N 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 325 1.0 Horse N 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 326 tS Horse N 1 June 2, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 327 2.0 Horse N 1 June 4, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 328 3.0 Horse N 1 June 1, 1919 |Postmortem same. Organisms recovered from organs. 7529 [None foie... 1 May 28, 1919|Hemorrhagic infiltration at site of inocula- tion. Organisms recovered. 350} None. |}... 065.5. * 1 May 28, 1919|Hemorrhagic infiltration at site of inocula- tion. Organisms recovered. *Controls. (To be continued.) POTASSIUM IODIDE IN MALNUTRITION OF PIGS ‘By J. J. Frey Veterinary Pathologist, Division of Animal Industry, Sacramento, Calif. - EARLY in the fall, the owner of a herd of hogs in the foothill district of the Sacramento Valley reported a disease among his suckling pigs, which he described as follows: When about three days old, scalded-like areas appeared around the mouth, on face and ears. These did not penetrate the skin, nor resemble the lesions of necrobacillosis. There was a distinctly noticeable enlargement in region of the thyroids. While retaining a good appetite, they became emaciated, the skin developed a scurvy- like surface, was wrinkled all over the body, and was hard to the ‘touch. These symptoms progressed with increasing weakness, until the pigs finally lay on their sides, unable to rise, and died in the course of a couple of days more. About fifty pigs, all belonging to six sows, that had farrowed about the same time, were affected without an exception. The course of the disease appeared to be from two to six weeks. The mothers remained healthy, as did all the other hogs of various ages on the place. There was no history of cholera in the vicinity. The affected pigs retained clear eyes; there was no reddish discoloration of the skin, nor were the typical internal lesions of cholera present. The condition suggested some form of malnutrition, and called to mind the article by E. B. Hart and H. Steenbock, of Wisconsin Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry, on Thyroid Hyperplasia and Relation of Iodine to the Hairless Pig Malady in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, February, 1919, and a succeeding article in the JourNAL of the A. V. M. A. by Howard Welsh, of Bozeman, Montana, in which he stated that iodine is a specific prevention - hairless pigs and goitre in lambs and calves. ‘Accordingly it was advised that about two grams of potassium iodide be dissolved in water and mixed with mash and fed to the sows and litters daily. . The owner reported that 21 head were lost until time of treatment, when almost immediate improvement was noticed and continued until the situation was entirely cleared. This report is submitted as a corroboration of the articles above mentioned. 508 ABSTRACTS A Fitter-Passinc Virus in Certain Diseases.. By Sir John Rose Bradford. Royal Inst. of Great Britain, May 30, 1919. Re- print, 13 pp. A presentation of the work carried out during the last two years in the British Expeditionary Force in France, with the co-operation of, Captains J. A. Wilson and E. F. Bash- ford on the etiology of such diseases as influenza, rabies, nephritis, poliomyelitis, etc. The results of the work carried out at Etaples may be sum- marized as follows: Filter-passing organisms have been isolated by culture from the blood and from the secretions of the body in a considerable number of diseases of obscure origin. These or- ganisms fall into two definite groups. The first and smaller group consists of those entitled to be called globoids. The second and much more numerous group is that of the true filter-passers. The so-called globoids are characterized: especially by the fact that on staining they show a distinct differentiation into a central darkly-staining and a peripheral less stainable zone. The latter has often a somewhat indefinite outline, so that it is difficult to separate with sharpness one individual from its neighbors. The non-globoid filter-passers are, on the other hand, extraordinarily sharply defined, although often extremely minute, The different members of this series present individual morphological differ- ences. The dimensions of the different organisms isolated are as fol- lows: Rabies, rounded body, diameter 0.1 to 0.3 micron. Influenza, rounded or oval coccus-like body, 0.15 to 0.5 micron. Trench fever and nephritis, 0.3 to 0.6 micron. The organisms isolated in polyneuritis and encephalatis are definite globoids _varying in size from 0.2 to 0.5 micron. The filter-passing virus of some of these diseases is unques- tionably conveyed from the sick to the healthy through the agency of insects. W. N. Bere. Discovery oF A Case oF Guianpers IN Man THroucH SERUM Diacnosis. By Staff Veterinarian Breithor. In Ztschr. Vet- erinark, Feb., 1919. The animal blood testing station No. 6 received a sample of blood from a soldier to be tested for glanders with the following history : 509 510 ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS A teamster had handled a horse with nasal glanders. He be- came ill and was admitted to the hospital suffering apparently with symptoms of pleuropneumonia. After 14 days of sickness the patient apparently was again well. Later, swellings appeared on both ankles and one of these delevoped into an abscess. Along with this the patient had an intermittent fever. This last symptom suggested the thought of glanders.’ The blood test showed the following: 0.5 c.c. of serum gave complete fixation of comple- ment; 0.01 c.c. incomplete fixation; agglutination 500. As a control of the test, serum from another soldier who was suffering with pleurisy was used, and this came negative. Subsequently a decided improvement in the condition of the patient took place. He walked about without difficulty. Six weeks later, however, he became decidedly worse. Clinical ex- amination gave a negative result. The blood test applied again resulted in 0.1 c.c. serum giving complete fixation of complement; 0.02 c.c. incomplete fixation; negative agglutination. Later on nodules the size of a pea appeared in the shoulder region. Fourteen days later the patient died. On postmortem the following was noted: Scars on the nasal mucous membrane; acute inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane; an abscess in the right lung the size of a pea. Heart normal. Swelling of testicles. Many circumscribed brown nodules in the skin of the shoulder region. Diagnosis, glanders. H. W. ScHOENING. REVIEWS SURGICAL AND OBSTETRICAL OPERATIONS. By W. L. Williams, Pro- ’ fessor of Obstetrics and Research, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University. Fourth edition, revised, pp. 196. Published by the author, Ithaca, N. Y., 1919. The fourth edition of “Surgical and Obstetrical Operations” by Prof. W. L. Williams, of Cornell University, has just been published, with the collaboration of Dr. James N. Frost, Professor of Surgery, of the same college. The fact that this little book has gone to the fourth edition alone shows its worth and appreciation by the veteri- nary profession. While this work is intended as a students’ guide, the average busy practitioner who is required to do his own operating will find in it a wealth of condensed information. The technique of 59 operations is described and well illustrated. ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 511 The operation selected for description is usually that one which has been found by the author’s long surgical experience to be practical. Several operations not appearing in former editions are described, including dehorning, rumenotomy, resection of intestines, and cryptorchid operation. Trephining of the facial sinuses is especially well described and illustrated. The operation for roaring has been brought up to date and is well illustrated. More modern operations for several diseases or conditions are described. The book is smaller in size than former editions, but contains more text and many more illustrations. Altogether this small book is one of the most useful that the veterinarian can own. JoPuk VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. By Dr. Eugene Nicols, Veterinary . Major, French Army. _ Translated, edited and enlarged by Henry Gray, M. R. C. V.S. Pp. 598. Printed and published by H. W. Brown, 20 Fulham Road, London, S.W., 1914. “Veterinary Ophthalmology” is a valuable contribution to veteri- nary literature; it is a thoroughly scientific and complete discussion of diseases of the eye in domestic animals. Evidently the author has had a wide experience, which has been supplemented with numerous references and illustrations from the best continental authorities to produce a book of great value. There are nearly 600 pages divided into 16 chapters. The first 4 chapters, 100 pages, are devoted to anatomy, refraction, methods of examination, use of the ophthalmoscope, etc. The chapter on refraction is rather complex and will be of no great value to the average veterinarian. Methods of examination and the use of the ophthalmoscope are clearly presented and well illustrated. Direc- tions for the use of the ophthalmoscope to recognize turbidities of the media are excellent, though the author omits mention of the very useful and inexpensive retiniscope for illumination of turbidities of the vitreous humor, where it is superior to the ordinary ophthalmo- scope. While the text is excellent throughout, the discussions of symp- toms and treatment will appeal very strongly to clinicians. Nearly 100 pages are devoted to the uveal tract, and to anyone who has given much attention to diseases of the eye in animals this is a highly interesting and instructive chapter. Irido-cyclitis in all its clinical forms is described clearly and in great detail. One short paragraph describes traumatic irido-cyclitis due to contusion without 512 ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS a wound, the possibility of its occurrence, its causes and symptoms. (It is an interesting coincidence that the reviewer was interrupted at this point to treat a.case of traumatic irido-cyclitis in a cow caused by a blow with a blunt object that failed to produce any external injury.) Periodic ophthalmia receives a very thorough and exact description; the part devoted to treatment is especially fine. The author describes about every form of therapeutics that has been tried, but does not mention the injection of Lugol’s solution into the supraorbital fat, a treatment that has found considerable favor in America during the past few years. It is stated that contagion has not been proved in epizootic keratitis in cattle; evidently the author has not had a wide expe- rience with this disease. After seeing it extend rapidly from herd to herd following the introduction of an infected cow from a distant stockyard it is difficult to imagine any other means of extension. The book is convenient in size and the publishers have adopted a high standard of material and workmanship. D. H. U. Srupies on Acari. No. 1—TuHeE Genus DEMopEx Owen. By Stan- ley Hirst, Assistant in the Department of Zoology, British Museum. V-+44 pp., 4 figs., 13 pls., 53 figs., quarto. British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London. Hirst has discussed all the known species and varieties of the follicular mites of the genus Demodex. He states that these mites are usually quite innocuous, being of common occurrence in appar- ently healthy and normal animals, but notes the records of various authors who have found Demodex in association with acne rosacea, localized pigmentation, lichen spinulosus, blepharitis, impetiginous eruptions, seborrhea, maculose skin complaints, cancer, and condi- tions resembling alopecia areata, molluscum contagiosum and tinea versicolor. Demodectic mange in the dog, cat, horse, cattle, pigs and goats is discussed at some length and some of the treatments used are given. Hirst has never found the mites on the skin or attached to the hairs of the host, the mode by which the mites are disseminated being yet uncertain. _ Hirst regards the Demodicide as a degenerate branch of the ‘Cheletide. Contrary to what is commonly stated of Demodex, he finds the internal trachee noted by Csokor. These are of a type similar to that in the Cheletide, and have their apertures in the ventral surface of the capitulum. A dorsal spine on the proximal segments of the palpi is regarded as a feature of value in the differ- ABSTRACTS AND REVIEWS 513 entiation of species, but the reviewer does not find that the descrip- tions of these spines lend themselves readily to the compilation of a key. Hirst agrees with Berlese that the legs have five segments and not three as is usually stated. In disagreement with much that has been written on this subject, he finds that the penis is a com- paratively large, slender, rodlike structure, usually consisting of two parts and protrusible through an aperture on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax, usually above the interval between the first and second legs or slightly anterior of this point. Hirst gives a list of the known species and varieties with their hosts and distribution, and gives descriptions of the species with figures of those examined by him. He does not give the measure- ments of the penis for all of the involved species, even where he has. seen and described it, though this structure might be of considerable specific value in this group as it has been in the nematodes. There are also some misstatements and some confusing statements, evi- dently inadvertent. Thus on page 14 we note: “The second and third segments [of the palpi] are freely movable. There is a well marked tubercle or spine in this segment.” The spine, it appears, is on the first or proximal segment. On page 30 is the statement regarding D. muscardini: “Width of cephalothorax a little more than four times up to four and a half times the total length of the body.” The reverse of this statement appears to be true. The follicular mite of man is referred to on page 19 as Acarus follicu- lorum Simon, 1843. The evidence available to the reviewer indi- cates that this date should be 1842. It is to be regretted that Hirst did not compile a eh to the species of Demodex. Such keys are a great aid to other workers and can be best prepared by those who have worked out the involved species, as Hirst has. It is possible that Hirst did not find that a satisfactory key could be compiled, and this is probably true, as the genus, so far as may be judged from Hirst’s monograph, is still separated, largely on a basis of hosts, into species or varieties that grade into one another with overlapping features as regards practically all of the structures that may be considered as of beer specific value. LG ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE NEWS FROM THE SURGEON’S OFFICE NuMBER OF VETERINARY OFFICERS ON DuTY THE Office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army has furnished the following information as to veterinary officers on duty. Officers, Veterinary Corps, United States Army, with temporary rank as authorized by Congress in act providing for 18,000 officers until June 30, 1920, on duty on dates shown: Dec. 11, 1919 Jan. 11, 1920 Colonels" Fae. 2 hee 0 0 Lieutenant Colonels :..............- 4 4 MaijOrs :;.;« sggtnhs sapere dass «acres Salus 37 35 Cantams” “eee ea es kak cee x 72 73 First Laeateneene kee is oe HS ee 156 148 Secolid’ Laemeereee oy cs fs eee 2 76 SERGIO TE Fie aiid. dss. USES 341 337 Officers, Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, with permarient rank under act of June 3, 1916, on duty January 11, 1920: RM ee. ans > ha ahaa s cee’ 7 COPION EE. fo ce Cet els sabe ae 17 Fite erenrenants 2 i. os oe eae ae eee 21 Second Lieutenants ...............0.6. 47 GENET 5 ,.,’ «. «alate, ¢ thie eck 92 TRANSFERS AND REASSIGNMENTS The following orders of transfer and reassignment have been issued for veterinary officers: Captain Hume F. Spencer, V. C., from Camp Funston, Kans., to Camp Upton, N. Y., as Camp Veterinarian. Captain H. H. Howe, V. C., from Remount Depot, Camp Gordon, Ga., to Remount Depot, Camp Grant, Ill., for duty as the Veteri- narian. Captain F. C. Sager, V. C., from Camp Grant, Remount Depot, to Chicago, IIl., for instruction in meat inspection. Captain C. C. Bourland, V. C., from Fort Bliss, Tex., to Depart- ment Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pa., for course of instruction. Captain J. L. Ruble, V. C., from Chicago, Ill., to Fort Brown, 514 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 515 Brownsville, Tex., for duty as Post Veterinarian, and Brownsville District, Brownsville, Tex., for duty as District Veterinarian. Captain E. P. O’Connell, V. C., from Chicago, IIl., to Fort Sam Houston, Tex., for duty as Post Veterinarian. Major F. C. Hershberger, U. S. A., from Camp pees N. Y., to Marfa, Tex., as District Veterinarian, Big Bend District, and Camp Veterinarian, Marfa, Tex. Major W. B. Cook, U. S. A., from Camp Travis, Tex., to Douglas, Ariz., for duty as District Veterinarian and Camp Veterinarian, Camp Harry J. Jones, Douglas, Ariz. Major G. H. Koon, U. S. A., from Chicago, Ill., to Washington, D. C., for duty in the Surgeon General’s Office. CARY CALLS COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION PRESIDENT C. A. CARY, who had been in attendance at the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association meeting in Columbus, reached Washington, D. C., on January 17, for the purpose of investigating the progress being made by the Congressional committees in the reorganization of the Veterinary Corps. He was accompanied by Dean D. S. White of Columbus, whose military experience as Colonel in the Veterinary Corps proved of great assistance to Dr. Cary in discussing the military phases of this subject with the Congressmen interviewed. As a result of these conferences President Cary be- came so deeply impressed with the need of immediate action that he wired the various members of his Legislative Committee to meet him in Washington on January 21. Drs. Turner, Walkley, Hoskins, and Munce responded and together with S. E. Bennett and repre- sentatives of the Army and the B. A. I., the ways and means of obtaining appropriate consideration for members of our profession in the Army were fully discussed and then presented in forceful argument to various members of Congress. It was predicted that much good will be accomplished by this concerted action of our fellow members. REORGANIZATION OF THE VETERINARY CORPS The reorganization of the Veterinary Corps at this time is a matter of utmost importance, not only to the Army but to the entire pro- fession in the United States. It is vital that the veterinary profes- sion be recognized in the Army on a parity with the other profes- sional and technical services, so that its officers may be given the 516 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE same consideration with regard to rank and an adequate enlisted force of assistants. However, if the present provisions of Senate Bill 3688, introduced January 9, 1920, remain unchanged, the Corps, instead of receiving the recognition accorded to all other profes- sional services, will be classed with the only nonprofessional service in the Medical Department, the Medical Administrative Corps (the present Sanitary Corps). The Medical and Dental Corps officers in this bill enter with the grade of first lieutenant and are promoted through the grades to colonel after 26 years’ service. The Veteri- nary and Administrative Corps officers enter as second lieutenants and are promoted to the grade of major after 20 years’ service, except that officers of the Veterinary Corps may reach the grade of lieutenant colonel after 25 years’ service. It is not conceivable that such lack of consideration will be allowed to pass unchallenged by the profession in America. No other profession gave more willingly of its services to the country during the war. The Corps was organized under many handicaps, and, in spite of the seemingly insurmountable difficulties, the signing of the armistice found it functioning as a professional medical ser- vice both in this country and in France. Section 33 of the proposed Senate Bill reads as follows: * “The Veterinary Corps shall consist of one hundred and fifty commissioned officers in grades from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel, inclusive. Hereafter commissioned officers of the Veterinary Corps shall be promoted, if in Class A as provided for in Section 44 of this Act, to the grade of first lieutenant upon the completion of five years’ service, to the grade of captain upon the completionof ten years’ service, to the grade of major upon the completion of twenty years’ service, and to the grade of lieutenant colonel upon the com- pletion of twenty-five years’ service. * * * Provided, That not to exceed 1,500 of said enlisted force shall be assigned to duties related to the Veterinary Corps.” There are now 340 veterinary officers on duty, and the demands of the War Department can not be complied with in so far as the supplying of officers is necessary to give veterinary service to the entire Army. It is beyond our power of vision to see how this work is to be accomplished by only 150 officers. In order to meet the needs of the Army proposed by this bill the Corps will require not less than 340 officers in grades from first lieutenant to colonel, inclu- sive, with promotions similar to those provided for the medical and _1 An amended bill, S. 3792, was introduced on Jan. 23, 1920, which removes prac- tically all these unsatisfactory features. : ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE : S17. dental officers and chaplains; also 3,000 enlisted men in the estab- lished grades. The House Military Committee is in session daily also considering the draft of a bill for the reorganization of the Army. The proposed measure is virtually a revision of the National Defense Act to try to meet the present needs of the Army. It differs greatly from the Senate Bill, which includes provision for universal military training. The Veterinary Corps is provided for in Section 10 as follows: “The Veterinary Corps shall consist of 140 officers in grades from major to second lieutenant.” J Note that no enlisted men are provided. To meet the needs of the Army proposed by the House Military Committee the Veterinary Corps will require approximately 340 officers in grades from first lieutenant to colonel, inclusive, and 3,000 enlisted men. There are no enlisted men provided in the House Military Committee draft, and the Veterinary Corps can not function as such without this personnel. They can not be obtained by detail from other service; for example, a remount depot has only enough men in the Quartermaster Corps to take care of the manage- ment, handling and training of the remounts, and they are generally undermanned. How can men under such circumstances be detailed to do the veterinary work? The simplest and easiest method by which enlisted men could be provided for the Veterinary Corps would be to increase the allow- ance of the Medical Department by 1 per cent, which would pérmit the Medical Department to have enlisted force of not to exceed 6 per cent (it is now 5 per cent) of the total enlisted strength of the permanent Army, and to provide further that 1 per cent of this personnel may be detailed for strictly veterinary duties. APPRECIATON OF SERVICES THE following letter addressed to Capt. Lester R. Smith, V. C., commanding officer of the IV Corps Mobile Veterinary Hospital, on the-eve of his departure from Germany for the States, is self- explanatory. It has been stated that the success of this Mobile Veterinary Hospital was made possible by the close cooperation and assistance of Major W. Reid Blair, Corps Veterinarian of the TV Army Corps. 518 ArMY VETERINARY SERVICE A. E. F., Germany, May 11, 1919. ‘To Caprain Lester R. Smitu, V. C.: 1. The IV Army Corps Mobile Veterinary Hospital having been relieved from duty with the IV Corps, the Commanding General takes this opportunity to express his appreciation to the commanding officer and the men of that unit for their loyal and conscientious service throughout the period of hostilities and since the signing of the armistice. The IV Army Corps Mobile Veterinary Hospital joined the IV Army Corps on the 14th day of August, 1918, and since that time has toiled with untiring energy to care for and im- prove the condition of the horses in this Corps. 2. This unit has always maintained a high standard of efficiency. The conduct of its personnel has been exemplary. (Signed) C. P. SUMMERALL, Major General, U. S. Army. COMMUNICATION To THE EpiTor: Every member of the A. V. M. A. should make a special effort to secure the passage of that part of the Senate plan of reorganization of the Army that gives to the Veterinary Corps the rank of Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, providing that these places shall be filled by veterinarians and not cavalry officers or medical men. The questions of the size of the Veterinary Corps, its personnel and the percentages of higher rank as well as universal military training are all questions for each member to determine for himself individually. All these latter as well as military veterinary school involve the question of a permanent peace and the onerous taxation of all the people, rich and poor, and every thinking man will determine his stand upon these problems according to his convictions. Let us be a unit as to the need of sufficient rank for the Corps to function properly with all other technical branches of the army service. W. Horace Hoskins. * A recent report from the Philippines indicates that a general outbreak of surra is prevailing among the horses of the War De- partment and that a fresh infection of glanders is causing further anxiety to the official veterinarians. ASSOCIATION NEWS Proceedings of the Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association Held at the Hotel Grunewald, New Orleans, La., .November 17 to 22, 1919 Monpay Morninc, NoveMBER 17, 1919 The meeting was called to order by President V. A. Moore, at 10:30 a. m. THE PREsIDENT: The time has come when the Fifty-Sixth Annual Convention of this Association shall come to order. We are very glad to be in this beautiful city and to receive the words of welcome from its most honored representatives. We are very sorry to announce that the Governor of the State has been called by other business so that he can not be present, but he has asked Dr. Dalrymple to represent him on this occasion. I have great pleasure in introducing Dr. Dalrymple. (Applause.) Dr. W. H. Datrympte (Baton Rouge, La.): Mr. President, Honored Guests, Members of the American Veterinary Medical Association: The Governor had accepted the invitation to be present on this occasion, but usually the Governor of the State is a very, very busy man, and he does not know when he will be called away. In a letter here he states his regrets at not being able to attend the American Veterinary Medical Association meeting. When I got this letter I called the Governor up and told him that it wouldn’t do for me to address a welcome, that I was one of the people that he was supposed to welcome rather than that I welcome the people. ' However, I want to say, not to make a speech, that I am extending the Governor’s hearty welcome to the Association to New Orleans. _ I may express my own personal pleasure in seeing that I am having my ‘own wishes gratified, after twenty years of invitation. I think I have invited the Association every year for twenty-five years, and now it is here. We have a good representation, and I can assure you that I feel very much gratified at the occasion. I also want to assure you that the Governor is very much interested in our work and is very sorry that he couldn’t be with us today. (Applause. ) . THE Presipent: I think that we are all very glad that Dr. Dalrymple’s wishes have been gratified and that we are here. I now have the pleasure of introducing the Mayor of New Orleans, who is to give us a few words of welcome. (Applause.) Mayor’s AppDREss OF WELCOME Mayor Martin BEHRMAN (New Orleans): Mr. Chairman, Gentle- men of the American Veterinary Medical Association, and Ladies: 519 520 ProceEepincs oF A. V. M. A. I don’t suppose it is necessary for me to say to the delegates who attended the convention in New York a few years ago that I am glad you are here, because I traveled to New York and invited you to come here. Of course something happened that kept you from coming up to this time, but we American people had something to do that kept you from coming here at that time. I think the people of this country have made a very good job of it, and we are glad it is finished, so that you had the opportunity to come to New Orleans. You know no man’s life is complete until he has come to New Orleans. (Applause.) I know everywhere that I go—and I have traveled considerably and I meet a great many people—they all express a sinister desire to come to New Orleans. I haven’t traveled much since the first of July, and I don’t know if that applies to the same extent that it did prior to the first of July. (Applause.) Of course, a wonderful change has taken place for those who have lived here all of our lives, and we have lived here a long time. The city is 201 years old and those sudden changes have shocked some of us, but we are getting accustomed to it, and we are not going to miss it. We have a wonderful supply (Laughter and applause)—not what you think (Laughter)—water. The great Mississippi River flows by our doors, gives us an unlimited water supply, and through our wonderful filtration plant we furnish that wonderful water to all of the homes, afl of the institutions, purer, at a cheaper price, than any city in the country. So don’t be afraid to drink the New Orleans water—and we want you to drink water— (Laughter) because there is'an old adage—I will tell it to you in French: “Si vous buvez une fois de la Mississippi, le désir vous fera y retourner.” It means, in the language that we talk, “Once you drink of the Mississippi water, you shall always return.” So, in the days that have gone by, that date back of July, we used to say to people that came to New Orleans that we insist that you at least drink one glass of water while you are in New Orleans, because we are impressed with the truth of that adage and we know - that once you drink of that water you will return, and we want you to come again. ; We want you to come to a city that has made history for this country. You know, gentlemen of the Association, that the suc- cessful fights against pestilence and floods were made here, and we are proud of the record made in those various fights. There was some time perhaps in the long ago that we would not have asked you to New Orleans. We were not ready to receive you. We did not want strangers in large numbers to come around and see what we had. Of course our people in the South had suffered a great deal here. We suffered from the war between the States, and the reconstruction days that came after that war. We suffered from pestilence and flood. We put them in the background and now they are behind us. We have built up magnificent systems of drainage. We are ready and glad to have conventions, such as we see here Proceepincs or A. V. M. A. 521 this morning, to come to New Orleans. We know that every con- vention that comes brings the picked men of the country, and for that reason we are glad to have conventions come to New Orleans, look us over, see what we are doing, see what we are going to do presently, and learn what our hopes and aspirations are. We have a magnificent city. We have 19614 square miles within its limits. We have plenty of room to bring those who feel they are not doing as well where they live down to New Orleans and take advantage of the things that the good God Almighty has given us. I am glad that you brought so many ladies here with you. I surmise that they are most intelligent ladies, that they are most thoughtful ladies, because they accompanied their husbands to New Orleans. (Laughter.) You know New Orleans has the reputation of having the handsomest women in this country, but when I go and visit other cities I see the same kind. Of course you know about the South’s chivalry to women, and the reputation is deserved. _ Now, dear ladies, you will find much here to interest you. This is one of the old cities of the country. You go to the average big city and you see the same thing. You see the tall buildings, the fast-moving trains, electric cars, and so on. Here you come to a city just a little different from the others. Canal Street, a wide street, divides the old town from the new. Down below Canal Street you will see scenes that will remind you of Spain-and Franee, but on Canal Street you will see the up-to-date, hustling American city. That street is full of history and romance, and we are going to maintain it for all time to come. Glorious pages of history are written with the deeds performed that brought about and maintained that section. The men are interested in knowing what this great community is doing. We have here the most magnificent harbor in the country. We are the second port in the United States as to imports and exports. We are, however, the first port as to efficiency. This sounds like egotism, but every word that I am telling, ladies and gentlemen of the convention, you will see borne out before you leave here. The city and State combined own the terminals. The State owns all the docks and great warehouses, but connecting all those is a railroad owned by the City of New Orleans. These public utilities are not built for the purpose of making money for the stockholders. They are built to render efficient service, to encourage coming to the port. So far as a port town is concerned, it is all public ownership, in the hands of the people, operated for them, by them, in the interest of those who want to use them. The -public school system here is unexcelled. There are 87 magnificent temples dedicated to the cause of public education. We have two great universities, great medical schools, and we are doing everything we can to encourage those who live here to stay here and to bring those who are looking for a better place to come to. Let me say to the gentlemen of your Association that we are inter- ested in the work that you are doing. It so often happens that those 522 - Proceepincs or A. V. M. A. of us who live in the great cities pay very little attention to the work that men of your profession do; but here in New Orleans—and I believe that those in your profession will vouch for it—we are interested. We want to assist, and we do assist, in the legislation to do what is necessary for your profession. One branch of your pro- fession that engaged in the eradication of the tick had every repre- sentative in the House and Senate for them. That made tick eradica- tion possible. We are interested in your work. (Applause.) You know the great good that comes from these conventions; men of the same profession coming from different parts of the country, intermingling, exchanging views and ideas, imparting knowledge from one who has acquired it to those who have not. I am glad to see that so many busy men can come to a conven- tion. I am reminded of the story of the busy man. He was apol- ogizing to the convention that there were so few men from his own city there. They were too busy attending to their own business to attend to the business of the country. I told them that it reminded me of an Jtalian who came before Judge Foster of the Naturalization Court for naturalization. The Judge said, “Tony, who is the President of the United States?” - “Mr. Wils’.” “Fine! Who is the Vice-President?” “Mr. Marsh’.” “Why, that is fine, Tony!” It was a little abbreviated, but he knew. “Now, Tony, could you be President of the United States?” “Me, Mr. Judge? Oh, no. I’m too busy with my banana stand.” (Laughter. ) That is the great trouble in all branches of business today. Some men are too busy at home to help mold an opinion by getting together with his own brothers in his line. . { am glad you have come. I hope that the sessions and clinics of your convention will be successful. I hope when you return home you will have nothing but pleasant recollections of your visit to New Orleans. (Applause. ) THE PRESIDENT: In addition to the Mayor, we tine a word of welcome from Dr. Oscar Dowling, President of the Louisiana State Board of Health. (Applause.) WELCOME BY Dr. DowLinc Dr. Oscar Dow.inc: Ladies and Gentlemen, the Mayor may have aroused your hopes, may have increased the flow of gastric juice and possibly caused your heart to leap with joy, but I want to assure you that there is an ample supply of Mississippi cocktails and you can get them at any soda water stand. It is a steretoyped expression with us to say that we are glad to see you. We are always interested in the preservation of health. When I first undertook the work, my initial invitation was sent to interest the women. I wrote a letter and quoted this: ProcEEepincs oF A. V. M. A. 523 “They talk about a women’s sphere as though it had a limit. There’s not a single joy or woe, . There’s not a whispered yes or no, There’s not a life nor death nor birth, There’s not a thimbleful of mirth, Without a woman in it.” (Applause.) I felt that if we could get the help of the women, it would be a great thing. My next request went to the Bureau of Animal Industry, who assigned a man who went with us on the health train when we began operating in 1910. This splendid representative from the Bureau of Animal Industry explained to the people the need of the tuber- culin test, and he began the test. A thing of that kind had been unheard of by our people. Since then we have had associated with us Dr. Tuck, who has done excellent work, and has wrought miracles in getting people to have their cows tested for tuberculosis. He has had the cooperation of the members of your Association through- out this test. I need not say how glad we are to welcome you this morning. New Orleans and her citizens are pleased always to have within her gates men who, like you, are attempting to apply the principles of science. More particularly are we glad to have those whose purpose is the amelioration of suffering and the prevention of those condi- tions which are a menace to the health and well-being, therefore the prosperity and happiness, of the people. I have been associated for years with a number of your co- workers, among them Doctor Dalrymple of the University, of Baton Rouge. He has been my good friend on many occasions and from him and others I know something of the achievements, scope, pur- poses and outlook of your Association. It goes without saying that a State Health Officer—in fact all medical men—fully appreciate and are in complete accord with the actual work daily accomplished. The growing importance of the relation between the science of diseases of animals and the science of diseases of men is clearly apparent. They are correlatives—each a help to the other. Every step made by you toward a better understanding of the cause of animal disease, every step which means prevention of the spread of many of these means progress in the control of some human maladies and a lessening of the sum total of human disability and suffering. In 1916 there were 4 cases of anthrax; in 1917, 27 cases; 1918, 13; and 1919 to November 1, 3 cases, a total of 47. During these four years to June 1, 1919, there were 9 deaths. The spread of the infection can be traced unmistakably to ignorance. For the illumi- nation of those most concerned you, as medical veterinarians and medical men, per se, are responsible. If in the coming year we could make this clear—make it so well known that there would not be a case of human anthrax, it would be indeed an achievement ‘524 Proceepincs or’ A. V. M. A. worthy of our joint effort. I shall not take your time to give further illustrations—they are better known to you than to me. This thought leads to an expression of what is in all our hearts. A few months ago no man dreamed that there could develop a union of action by the great nations of the world for what seems—even now to some—a vague ideal. That sane, sensible, intelligent men of affairs would believe it possible, even practicable, to unite for a federation based on democratic principles—justice, equity and self- expression for all—seems utopian to a degree. Yet it was done; it is accomplished, if not wholly, in such part as to justify the hope — in the hearts of millions. We have learned—at a tremendous cost—the working possibilities of a coordination of forces and a unity of purpose. Along all lines this is -a dominant thought and all organized social agencies which have the vision are making concrete in action the lesson of the twentieth century. : Again, personally and as State Health Officer, I congratulate you upon the ideal of your Association and the intelligent grasp ofthe present in its relation to the future which is evidenced by your program for this meeting, your plans for the future and the scientific purpose which is the basis of your effort. If tired of or disappointed in your present home, come to Louisiana, the home of the orange blossom and the mocking bird, where people drink coffee eight times a day and women never decay. THE PRESENT: We are disappointed that Dr. Adams is not able ~ to be with us this.morning to respond to these eloquent addresses of welcome. In his place Dr. David S. White of Columbus, Ohio, has consented to perform this duty. RESPONSE BY Dr. WHITE Dr. Wuite: Mr. Chairman, Honorable Mayor, Secretary and Members of the American Veterinary Medical Association: I share in the disappointment of the chairman. When I arrived here at 2 o’clock last night, I didn’t know that I would be standing before you this morning, making an effort to address you in response to the orations of welcome that you have just heard; but in my two years in the Army I learned to be a good soldier, and when my commander-in-chief ordered this thing done I felt of necessity that it must be done to the best of my ability. I feel somewhat like a friend of mine who was a well-known public speaker and usually had at hand a ready word. He was invited to address the prisoners in chapel at the Ohio Penitentiary, and when he faced this immense audience of 2,000 people, he was awe-stricken. “Gentlemen,” he said, “I am glad to see so many of you here.” (Laughter.) : I am glad that so many of you have completed your lives as I have completed my life by coming to New Orleans. I am glad to see our venerable colleague, Dr. Dalrymple, repre- Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. oy 46 senting the Governor of the State (applause), and I hope, Ladies and Gentlemen, that when I return to New Orleans I will find him, not representing the Governor of the State, but the Governor of the State himself. (Applause.) If you will pardon the personal allusion, Mr. Mayor, while I am a Northerner—really a New Yorker, as I understand you are, Sir— there is an affection, a personal affection, for New Orleans. My father was a native of this city, and he laid out Pass Christian, which, as I understand, is an important suburb of New Orleans. One wing of my family lives here. I am going around to see that wing while I am here, and maybe I will get a wing. I hope I won’t get a neck. (Laughter.) I thought perhaps the Mayor, in extending to us the key of the city, would extend to us the key of the cellar. (Laughter.) I notice he didn’t do that, and then | happened to think you don’t have any cellars in New Orleans. Where do you keep it? (Laughter and applause.) I don’t believe anybody’s life, even though he may have come to New Orleans, is entirely complete until he has partaken of that very seductive, oleaginous compound or emulsion that they call a “gin rickey,” and having no cellars and the garrets not being accessible to the stranger, I am afraid we are a little up against it, and we will have to take the Frenchman’s advice and drink of the great waters of the Mississippi, which I understand have been purified and sanc- tified for this special occasion. I only need to tell the representatives of the Queen City and of the State of Louisiana how we appreciate the hearty southern wel- come that we have received at their hands. The veterinary profession, like the professions of medicine and law, has had a struggle for its existence. We were a new thing in a new country twenty-five years ago, and a convention such as this would not have been possible. The profession is attracting to it continuously a better type of ssadaiod: and is fast taking its place alongside of the other professions with which we are more familiar. We have several factors contributing toward this end, only one of which I shall mention, and that is, the American Veterinary Medical Association. We meet here or elsewhere once a year. We get together and exchange experiences. There are certain social features connected with our meetings, and wherever we have gone in the past I think we have left behind us good impressions; at least I was told in one city where this Association had held its meeting that most of the folks thought it was a convention of Presbyterian preachers. I tell this to your Honor, so that you will not feel alarmed while we are in the city. Having given ourselves a splendid reputation (laughter), I will say in closing that we will accept and use this hospitality and will in no way abuse it. Thank you. (Applause.) THe Presipent: I have not been so fortunate as Dr. White, because I have had a long time to think about this, and a great many 526 : Proceepincs or A. V. M. A. subjects to choose from, and consequently I feel that he is now to be congratulated that his troubles are over and mine are to begin. (President Moore then read his address. It was published in THE JourRNAL for December, 1919.) THE PRESIDENT: The next item of business is the presentation and adoption of the minutes of the last meeting. THE SecreTARY: Mr. President, I present the minutes as pub- lished in the special issue of THE JournaL for January, 1919. I _ move that they be approved, dispensing with the reading of them. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Adjournment. Monpay AFTERNOON The meeting was called to order at 2:00 p. m., President V. A. Moore presiding. : THE PreEsIpENT: The first order of business this afternoon will be the report of the Executive Board. REPORT OF EXECUTIVE BOARD ~ Dr. N. S. Mayo (Chicago): I will take up the printed list of © applications, beginning with Alabama. We have checked the names of J. H. Beckham and John Redmond. Dr. A. T. Kinstey (Kansas City, Mo.): Mr. President, I move — that the rules be suspended and these men in Alabama, except the two mentioned, be elected by acclamation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: Next take Arkansas. All of the three applicants have been recommended for membership. Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, I move you the approval in the same motion as before. . (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: Next we have Arizona. All except J. C. McGrath. Dr. KinsLey: I move you the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: Next take California. All except W. J. Lembke were recommended for membership. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All in Colorado were recommended with the excep- tion of Charles C. Stewart. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: In the District of Columbia all have been recom- mended for membership except two, O. H. Basseches and Paul J. Schwarz, and they are rejected. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: The two applicants from Florida have been recom- mended. Proceepincs or A. V. M. A. 527 Dr. Kinsey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried. ) Dr. Mayo: In Georgia all have been recommended for member- ship with the exception of C. J. Miller. Dr. Kinstey: He comes under the suspension of ates I move the recommendation be approved. _ (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All in Idaho and Illinois have been recommended for membership. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All in Indiana with the exception of Charles J. Gruber and C. C. Winegardner have been recommended. Dr. Kinsey: I move the recommendation be approved with the exception of the last name on the list, F. E. Wyant. (The motion was seconded and Seriied. ) Dr. Mayo: I move that all be elected except Charles J. Grober and Winegardner, and F. E. Wyant, who was laid over for further information. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: In Iowa, I. A. Anderson has been laid over for further information. All the others are recommended for election. Dr. Kinsey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All applicants from Kansas have been recommended for membership by the Executive Board. Dr. Kinstey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants in Kentucky have been recom- mended for membership. Dr. Kinsey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from Louisiana, Maine, Maryland and Massachusetts have been recommended for membership by the Executive Board. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All applicants from Michigan with the exception of E. H. Fletcher, whose application has been laid over for further investigation, have been recommended for membership. Dr. Kinstey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr.-Mayo: All applicants from Minnesota with the exception of the first one, C. H. Aamoth, and Ira M. Ford, who have been laid on the table for further investigation, were recommended for mem- bership. Dr. Kinstey;: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: I wish to state that if any of you have any informa- 528 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. tion detrimental to any of these names who are proposed you ought to make it known. All applicants from Mississippi, Missouri and Montana have been recommended for membership by the Executive Board. Dr. KinsLey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All applicants from Nebraska, with the exception of R. F. Lovell, have been approved, and his name has been laid over for further recommendation. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All applicants from New Hampshire and New Jersey have been recommended for membership. Dr. Lowe: In regard to New Jersey, I move you, sir, the election of the men whose names have been favorably recommended. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Kinstey: I move the approval of two applicants from New Hampshire. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All applicants from New York, excepting W. J. Chynoweth, have been recommended for admission and it is recom- mended that Dr. Chynoweth’s name come under the suspension of the rules. Dr. KinsLey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: The applicants from North Carolina have been recom- mended for admission with the exception of Dr. Flowers and Dr. C. A. Greenig. They are laid over for further information. Dr. Kinstey: I move the approval of the recommendation. - (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Kinstey: To be fair to North Carolina, it should be explana that the two names mentioned were short on vouchers. Dr. Mayo: Last year it was the desire of the Association in the case of applicants who were vouched for by army officers and whose applications came in from army camps to get a voucher from applicant’s home State, and so far we have not been able to find anyone from North Carolina to vouch for these two men and they have been laid over for that information. Others were in the same shape, but additional vouchers have been secured and I have the names here if you want them. All the applicants from North Dakota have been approved. Dr. H. P. Roberts was recommended by Dr. White, Dr. Moore and Dr. Mayo. Dr. KinsLey: I move they be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from Ohio have been recommended with the exception of R. J. Gutermuth of Pittsburg, who was laid over for further information. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 529 Dr. KinsLey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: In Oklahoma two applicants, Lewis and Rader, have been recommended, and McElroy is to come under suspension of rules. Dr. KinsLey: I move approval. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applications from Oregon have been approved and recommended for admission. Dr. Kinstey: I move they be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from Pennsylvania have been recommended for membership. Dr. Marshall has vouched for Dr. Hutchins and Dr. Martin. . Dr. KinsLey: I move they be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from South Carolina except S. A. Richardson have been recommended for admission to membership. Dr. Kinstey: What is the recommendation on him? Dr. Mayo: We recommend that he be rejected. Dr. KinsLey: I move the recommendations be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington have been recom- mended for admission to membership in this Association. Dr. Kinsey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: The applicants from West Virginia and Wisconsin have been recommended for membership. Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Hart and Dr. Knapstein have been vouched for by Dr. Eliason in addition to those here. Dr. Kinstey: I move the approval of the recommendation. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All from Wyoming, Alaska and Canada have been recommended with the exception of Dr. Ungar of Canada, and it is recommended that he be elected under suspension of rules. Dr. Kinsey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: All the applicants from the Philippine Islands and an applicant each from London and France have been recommended for admission. Dr. Kinstey: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Mayo: The 1919 men will have to be admitted under a sus- pension of the rules, and they have been recommended by the Executive Board. They are on the first page, Beckham and Red- mond; Chynoweth under New York, C. J. Miller from Georgia, McElroy from Oklahoma, Ungar from Canada, and Dr. Bray and Dr. Hamner. 530 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A.. (It was moved and seconded that these men who graduated in 1919 he elected under the suspension of the rules. The motion was carried. ) Dr. Mayo: The following applications that came in too late to be included in the regular list have been acted upon by the Executive Board. (Dr. Mayo read the list.) Dr. Mayo: The Executive Board has recommended that all of these with the exception of W. S. Dodge and T. W. Atkinson be accepted. (It was moved that the recommendation be approved, and the motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Kinsey: Mr. President, if it is in order, I should like to move a reconsideration of the vote on the Ohio list. (The motion was seconded by Dr. Bennett and carried.) Dr. Kinstey: Mr. President, I move you the list as recommended be accepted with the exception of A. C. Dunlap in addition to Gutermuth. Dr. Baker: In regard to Dunlap, concerning his affiliations and graduation from the Western, we have members elected who are graduates of that school, who are properly vouched for. Consider- ing that Western is a defunct school, I would like to recommend that if he can be properly vouched for by people who know him he be accepted on his personality. Cox. L. A. Merttiat: I move that this matter be laid over until Dr. Planter, who is here at the meeting, is consulted. I move to amend the motion. Dr. Mayo: It would seem to me it would be better to refer these two names back to the Executive Board and approve the rest of them. Cox. MerILiat: I am willing to withdraw my motion. THE PRESIDENT: The question is that these names from Ohio be voted upon, including the one laid over before and excluding the name of Dr. Dunlap. (It was moved, seconded and carried that all of the candidates from Ohio, with the exception of the three, Alspach, Dunlap and Gutermuth, be elected.) Dr. Mayo: I have another matter to present. Charges have been preferred against a member, Dr. W. D. James of Martinsville, IIL., and the Executive Board recommends that he be expelled from the Association. Dr. KinsLey: I move that the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded.) Dr. Hoskins: I would like to ask what are the charges? (Dr. Mayo read the charges.) (The motion was carried.) _ Tue Preswent: That completes the business as recommended by the Executive Board up to this time. The next order will be the report of the Secretary. (The Secretary read his report, which follows.) Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 531 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY ~ The past year has been a prosperous one for this Association, although there has been an extensive movement of members, due largely to demobilization of army forces. There has also been a very marked development of local and State veterinary associations. Many new associations have been organized and those already established have had an incréased attendance. There has also been a decided increase in public interest in the whole field of veterinary science and particularly along educational lines. The year has been a busy one for the Secretary’s office. On taking over the office it was necessary to arrange and systematize the work. In addition to this the membership was increased nearly 40 per cent by the addition of over 1,000 new members. For these, ledger records had to be made. The frequent changes of addresses of members, particularly those in the army service, has also added . to the work. All changes of addresses have been made on the Secretary’s records and a notice has also been promptly sent to the Editor of THe Journat of the Association. In addition to the alphabetical ledger index of Association members, a card index of members by States has been made. This was necessary in order to take postal-card votes. On account of a rearrangement of districts it was necessary to take a postal-card vote for nomination and elec- tion of members of the Executive Board for Districts Nos. 2 and 3. Dr. T. E. Munce was elected in District No. 2 and Dr. S. E. Bennett in District No. 3. There are at present 3,470 active members of this Association. During the past year 153 members have been dropped for non- payment of dues. It is probable that a number of these will be reinstated. Sixteen members have been reinstated and 16 have tendered their resignations. -During the year 48 members have died. The number of new applications for membership is 792. While the work of the Secretary’s office has increased, I am pleased to report that the expense has been less than for several previous years. This is largely due to the availability of the equipment of a large business office that has been utilized without cost to the Association. The expenses of the Secretary’s office other than the Secretary’s salary may be classified as follows: Cagrionl helps, oo isi oe ee ae eae. $582.21 Printing and stationery.............. 375.20 eee eR ree 1 a re bee 433.17 Traveling. expenses ................. 73.71 ~ Witsceanceus’). 3 se oe SE 165.55 More than 20,000 pieces of first-class mail have been sent out from the Secretary’s office. A change was made in the method of handling the money received by the Secretary. Formerly it was the practice to forward all checks, drafts, money orders and cash to the Treasurer every month. In many instances, particularly among the army veterinary officers who 532 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. were moving frequently, bank accounts had been closed and checks were returned unpaid, causing increased work to the Secretary’s and the Treasurer’s offices. Now all funds are deposited immediately by the Secretary in a local bank for collection and a remittance is made to the Treasurer every month. From September 1, 1918, to November 1, 1919, the Secretary has received from all sources and sent to the Treasurer $27,592.48. Of this amount $3,713.45 was collected and entered by the former Acting Secretary. The balance amounting to $23,579.03, mostly in remittances of $5 and $10, was handled by the present Secretary. Vouchers to the total amount of $14,559.86 have been drawn on the Treasurer. Of this amount $2,500 was sent to Prof. Vallée from the Veterinary Relief Fund, and $500 from the same fund was placed at the disposal of the Veterinary Relief Committee. One voucher for $293.04 was for funds belonging to the Salmon Memo- rial Fund that had been deposited with the Treasurer of the A. V. *M. A. by, mistake. The sum of $5,873.76 was invested in United - States and Canadian Government bonds, and a revolving fund of $200 for the Secretary’s office is to be returned. Subtracting these items, the net expense of the Association for the 14 months is $5,486.10, the net receipts from the Secretary’s office being $22,399.39. This does not include the JourNnAL funds of the Association. ee The Secretary has had an opportunity of attending quite a large number of veterinary association meetings without expense to the Association, and in all cases the advantage of joining the A. V. M. A. and advancing the interests of the profession has been pre- sented with good results. One trip to the meeting of the Southeastern Veterinary Association was at the request of President Moore, and with the approval of the Executive Board was made at the expense of the A. V. M. A. The importance of having an official representative of the A. V. M. A. attend veterinary meetings has been presented to this Associa- tion previously. This Association should use every means to encour- age and stimulate the organization and development of State and local veterinary associations, for it is largely through these that progress in all lines can be best obtained. Many of the smaller associations need such assistance and this offers an excellent field for constructive work by this Association. At present there is no official connection between the A. V. M. A. and State or local associations. It would seem that a method could be devised by means of which some official connection could be established that would be mutually helpful and increase the effi- ciency of both for the advancement of the interests of the profession as a whole. I would recommend that a special committee be ap- pointed to consider this subject and report at the next meeting of | the Association. _ A question has been raised by members of this Association who are practitioners regarding Section 7 of the Code of Ethics that Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 533 prohibits members for contracting with live-stock insurance com- -panies for the treatment of live stock insured by them. This class of veterinary work is becoming important in some sections of the . country and it is claimed that a member of this Association is placed at a disadvantage. The subject should be given your careful con- sideration. Dr. J. V. Newton of Ohio has suggested the adoption of an official emblem for the A. V. M. A. that may be used on stationery of members who are in good standing, the printed stationery to be supplied by the Secretary’s office at cost. This idea appears to be an excellent one. Some members are unwittingly using illustrated stationery and bill heads of doubtful propriety. The adoption of a neat Association emblem would do much to establish an ethical standard in this line. Such an emblem might also be used as a pin. I recommend that this be considered by the Association. There were over 2,100 veterinarians in the army service, a large majority of whom were members of the A. V. M. A. The military record of every member of this Association should be sent to the Secretary’s office so that it can be entered as part of the permanent ‘records of this Association. This is important and the value will increase as time passes. There are a number of minor changes that should be made in the Constitution and By-Laws of this Association to make them better adapted to the needs of the Association, and I would recommend that a committee be appointed for this purpose. A well-organized effort is being made through State legislatures to secure the passage of laws that will prohibit veterinarians as well as physicians from dispensing medicines. This is a matter of much importance, particularly to veterinarians with a country practice, and I would urge this Association through the Legislative Com- mittee to watch carefully for State legislation that is inimical to the interests of the veterinary practitioner. I wish to express my thanks for the cordial assistance of the officers, Editor of THE JOURNAL, committee members and resident secretaries. The chairmen and secretaries for the sections on Prac- tice and Sanitary Science and Police have arranged for most of the excellent program that is offered at this meeting. I also want to acknowledge the efficient services of my secretary, Miss Apeland, who. has looked after all the details of the Secretary’s office and handled all the funds. The books have been neatly and accurately kept. Respectfully submitted, N. S. Mayo, Secretary. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the report of the Secretary. I think it is customary that this should be referred to the Executive Board. Dr. Kinstey: I move that we receive the report of the Secretary. Dr. Hoskins: As Treasurer of the Auxiliary League Fund, I would like to make some corrections there. That motion was that 534 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. $500 be put in the hands of Dr. Smith, so he wouldn’t have down into his personal funds for expenses. Dr. Mayo: It was placed at his disposal. to go Dr. Hoskins: That was the Veterinary Relief Organization. (Dr. Kinsley’s motion was put and carried.) REPORT OF THE TREASURER THE PRESIDENT: The next item is the report of the Treasurer, Dr. Jacob. Dr. Jacos: The Treasurer’s report has been prepared in pamphlet form and I presume is in the hands of most of you and is self- explanatory. (The Treasurer’s report follows.) Receipts from” September 7, 1918, to November 4, 1919 1918 Sept. 7 From F. H. Schneider, A. V. M. A. Fund......... 3. .& Sept. 7 From F. H. Schneider, Journal Fund............. ofp Sept. 7 From F. H. Schneider, Relief Fund.......:.....: 3% Sept. 11 From N. S. Mayo, Secretary, A. V. M. A. and Journal Funes). 0. Gas Sa ee Sept. 11 From N. S. Mayo, Secretary, A. V. M. A. and SOULMATE MURS... Sk cul. aaa cam aumin eat ae oleae 1 Sept. 11 From N. S. Mayo, Secretary, A. V. M. A. and Journal Pee «ooo ss SS ea 28. Gee 1, Sept. 11: Front Py isk Journal.3..).25 cc. + a eee Sept. 11 -From-T- EB Sunth, Relief Fund... 0: 3.02 axe ee Sept. 21 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. . 1, Sept. 21°From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Nov. 1 From N.S. Mayo, Corrected Checks and Money COIR er cS oss. aia seh snl Caaae SRR ee eae Nov. 15 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... Nov. 18 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. ne Oct. 18 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. 1 Nov. 30 From T. E. Smith, Relief Fund................. Dec. 18 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Dec. 18 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... Dec. 34Krom:- Po Smith, Relief Fund s.'\'...5555.28. be Jan. 6 From City National Bank, interest on $7,000 for 60 GAGE etn 6. oe oven Fe ke Mee eek ee eee Jan. 18 From N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Se Feb. 4 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... Feb. 4 From T. E. Smith, Relief Fund................. Feb. 18 From N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. 1, Feb.. 18 From C. E. Hayden, Salmon Memorial Fund..... March 5 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... March 17 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. March 17 From S. H. Gage, Salmon Memorial Fund........ April 5 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... April 17 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. May 3 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... re May 20 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. June 10 From City National Bank, interest on $7,000 Jour- 2 4 OEP Ee ere eS June 21 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... June 22 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. July 19 From T. E. Smith, Relief Fund................. 051 08 611 61 176 94 938 15 ,490 00 285 30 405 63 235 00 247 00 5 00 25 00 67 91 493. 47 358 25 100 00 602 45 101 78 75 00 70 00 204 57 754 88 29 00 620 78 268 01 314 44 229 00 25 00 314 33 700 50 366 10 706 90 ProceEpincs oF A. V. M. A. - July 4 From N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Aug. 20 From W. H. Dalrymple, Journal Fund........... Aug. 22 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Sept. 18 From N.S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Oct. 18 From N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal Fund. Oct. 20 oe “oF National Bank, interest on $1,000 Relief MS Cota eas, Ss oc Soh ws eee ae Nov. 1 From Dividends on Dominion of Canada Bonds... Nov. 1 From Dividends on U. S. Government Bonds..... 535 289 50 733 67 466 50 692 00 6,890 35 : for N. S. Mayo as Secretary ©. .....:............ Sept: 21 H. Preston Hoskins, expenses as Secretary of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police......... Sept. 21 P. A. Fish, salary for August, 1918.............. Sept. 21 Jas. G. Jervis, expenses as Provincial Secretary for Bice, Gurmie boas ONG 1918. ese eee Sept. 21 A.S.C ooley, expenses as Ohio State Secretary.... RE NN a ok sa brug oa-alda vn eo a0 5 $ 46,697 52 Less checks deposited but returned uncollected... . ~ - $2.00 a Ea I Ee a $ 46,645 52 PGE PROC eos iin sce ho bad ves en cd 29,485 50 Dialga CAG OP NANG ico ae cases oie voy ee does $ 17,160 02 Dominion of Canada Bonds on hand $ 3,023 20* U. S. Liberty Bonds on hand....... $ 2,850 00* 5,873 20 ON» pe Salad ey a a ad $ 23,033 22 *Purchase price. RECAPITULATION Journal Fund RRS rc San va «ar dt oa Wabi s aie cee’: $ 22,366 15 EO ON nev Sid's Ca oN ah gee u eats 175207. 22 Balance........... Kise oem Sst eapintin ss. $ 5,108 93 Liberty Bonds........... te a GS, aS ae 2,850 00 $ 7,958 93 Association Fund Receipts. MMM ve phnin ee be « KR cco Mated ata btr ae Yeo nos $ 18,573 43 EE ee re ne eee 9,225 82 GEE Seka tke LS ich oe gant CMe ean eps $ 9,347 61 DME EUAN Fee oe ca vans kidney ca ee 3,023 20 $ 12,370 81 Relief Fund Receipts. .......... SSO ey Ot See ean OS, Bote $ 5,705 94 AML LPIMONRS Soto's 1a S's ba eas Whe A WO OL aise e's-0.0 0 br 3,002 46 BIND cos icsvle exh aicloawe AED Pa ITs 1 | § 2,703 48 Total balance cash and bonds on hand................ $ 23,033 22 EXPENDITURES : Association Fund 1918 Sept. 21 American Surety Co. of N. Y., premium on bond 12 50 6 25 125 00 1 81 5 00 536 Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. 1919 Jan. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 21 The Ravenswood Press, printing stationery....... 21 P. A. Fish, office assistant for August............ 21 F. H. Schneider, one-half of office expenses....... 21 Julian Grayson, auditing Secretary’s accounts..... 21 F. Torrance, expenses President’s office, 1917-1918. 21 T. W. Stewart, refund of application fee......... 21 Wm. B. Casilear, refund of application fee......... 21 Claude E. Thompson, refund of application fee... . 21 Jos. C. Mitchell, refund of application fee........ 21 J. F. Kagey, refund of application fee............ 21 Thos. J. Ahern, refund of application fee......... 21 H. M. Clarvoe, refund of application fee......... 21 Wm. G. Saunders, refund of application fee....... 21 Adrain A. Martin, refund of application fee....... 21 Danl. W. McCallum, refund of application fee... . 21 E. B. Simonds, refund of application fee.......... 21 E. V. Fenton, refund of application fee........... 21 Robt. P. Huffman, refund of application fee...... 21 M. V. Wilmot, refund of application fee.......... 21 L. Enos Day, expenses of Secretary’s office, August 21 Wm. A. Carter, refund of application fee......... 14 The Ravenswood Press, letterheads and envelopes. 14_N.S. Mayo, salary as Secretary for September, 1918 14 The Ravenswood Press, printing postal cards. .... 14 The Workman Mfg. Co., printing............... 14 W. H. Martin, transcript of proceedings of 55th annual meeting of A. V. M. A. and incidental ex- Lt Ras Ren aay pie Mra LS Ni Se. 14 N. S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary’s office for Sentient isd 2. os ee RO Se ee 14 H. E. Hosbach, auditing books of Treasurer’s office . 14 F. H. Schneider, expenses of Treasurer’s office for june: tals and August... S00 oc cates ee eee 14 M. J. Belton, refund of initiation fee............. 25 W. Horace Hoskins, expenses on Western trip.... 25 The Cayuga Press, printing stationery........... 23 The Modern Press, printing 1,000 membership cards 23 W. H. Hoskins, wreath of flowers for Dr. Gill...... 23 The Modern Press, printing cards............... 23 Library Bureau, filing case. : 2. 6; onc. ek a 23 The Ravenswood Press, printing card ballots...... 23 Bean, Warters & Co., books and files for M. Jacob. 23 N.S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary’s office for Octo- 23 N.S. Mayo, salary as Secretary...............4- 21 V. A. Moore, President’s office expenses.......... 21 Cassius Way, expenses inspecting veterinary col- leges for Committee on Intelligence and Educa- COM es a eaten EPS eee 21 Addressograph Company...............c0cee00: 21 N.S. Mayo, salary for November, 1918.......... 21 N.S. Mayo, revolving fund for expenses......... 21 Ris Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for Novem- OR as cai dye a co oy, d etende atta ah eee aa es 21 The Ravenswood Press, printing stationery....... 31 N.S. Mayo, salary for December, 1918.......... 6 N.S. Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for Decem- Ge bi bcs Lig ak oem te Ue o% ae ee ee Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A._ _6 Doll & Mynderse Co., premium on Treasurer’s bond 6 The Ravenswood Press, printing letterheads. ..... 6 The Ravenswood Press, printing application for PAPUA VELODIT. grates ok lie Se Cee cae stat pens .6 The Ravenswood Press, printing letterheads and PEE al ei ee es Se ee pe 6 Mrs. H: R. Millard, refund of dues of H. R. Millard. 22 G. H. Smith, clerical services... .....0...eee.00. 22 Commercial Stationery and Loose Leaf Co., office Fy AIGA RC Na ee laid aiepsiscin a preebin ah #83 10 The Ravenswood Press, printing envelopes....... 10 N.S. Mayo, salary for January................. 10 N.S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary’s office for Janu- oy gaat aa A ee ee ee eee 18 Wayne Alter, balance refund on application....... 8 N.S. Mayo, salary for February................ 8 O. A. Longley, refund on application of E. L. OS OCR Se Sho A ae a PO ER Bee de RN eg ta tia Sle the = Bee NN ese ees Wien SF Ck ts a asi e ed 050 8 The Underwood Typewriter Co., typewriter...... 15 City National Bank, Dominion of Canada Bonds.. 17 V. A. Moore, office expenses for President........ 17 The Ravenswood Press, printing envelopes, etc. 7 N.S. Mayo, salary. for March..::..........6.... 7 N.S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary for March..... 18 The Modern Press, printing membership cards. . 18 E. J. Sieburg, refund on application.....:........ 18 H.S. Murphey, report of Committee on Anatomical ee ae ae ee 3 H. D. Bergman, expenses inspection trip repre- senting Committee on Intelligence and Education Pia we EOVO, GRIATY TOE ADT .. Gs + ciecinn's sen ess 3 N.S. Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for April. . 20 W. Horace Hoskins, expenses Salmon Memorial SE DS Pee 20S. J. Walkley, expenses Committee on Legilsation. 20 vi Horace Hoskins, expenses Committee on Legis- LO pitta a OE aa Pi ie a 2 AI ot a 20 Geo. W. Dunphy, expenses inspecting veterinary oe Ea ok A Se Pe eb 2 a 20 T. E. Munce, expenses on Committee on Legislation 3 The Ravenswood Press, printing voucher blanks. . 3 Cassius Way, expenses in connection Committee on Intelligence and Education................... 3 Geo. H. Hart, expenses in connection Committee on Intelligence and Education................... 10 The Ravenswood Press, letterheads and envelopes. 10 N.S. Mayo, salty (6b Mag !> PEGs. ees 10 N.S. Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for May... 23 Louis A. Klein, expenses attending of American Association of Pharmaceutical Chemists........ 23 G. H. Roberts, postage as Resident Secretary..... 23 V. A. Moore, expenses of President’s office........ 8 N.S. Mayo, ‘salary AL” peens as 35 ie an ae 8 N.S. Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for June... 8 The Ravenswood Press, printing application blanks 15 W. Horace Hoskins, expenses Legislation Com- ee ea in bn sips ods 15 W. Horace Hoskins, expenses Salmon Memorial 1b eas epee Sere Reese oT OR Cm aTe 4 \ s-0 5 « xs 21 21 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. S. J. Walkley, expenses Committee of Legislation. . C. H. Noffinger, refund on rejected application. ... Jas. T. Seely, expenses as Resident Secretary..... The Ravenswood Press, printing letterheads and envelopes: §2:2:3 3c cut ee eas Pee ee N. S. ‘Mayo; salary for Jutys cos erecsee recess fe N.S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary’s office for July. . RSa wes SSS Sse The Ravenswood Press, printing stationery....... 78 00 W. Horace Hoskins, expenses Legislation Com- THittess eo oe con See oa ee ae ee a" 53 79 S. J. Walkley, expenses Legislation Committee... . 21 90 N. S. Mayo, expenses Secretary’s office for August . 126 29 N.S. Mayo, salary for August.................. 100 00 W. Horace Hoskins, account Salmon Memorial Find eri ite ds ee ae Ve eS teak eee 293 O1 The Ravenswood Press, printing stationery....... 7 50 S. J. Walkley, expenses Committee on Legislation. 24 20 V. A. Moore, office expenses as President......... 15 07 W. Horace Hoskins, postage Salmon Memorial PU ae oe os bn See Co eee eke ae eee Ce ee 3 14 E. I. Smith; expenses as Resident Secretary...... 4 12 The Ravenswood Press, printing envelopes...... 13°50 N. >, Mayo, expenses Secretary’ s office for Septem- a A. M. Wright, refund on application and dues. 16 00 The Ravenswood Press, printing stationery....... 27 50 N.S. Mayo, salary for September Seca Oe ae as eae 100 00 M. B. Mertens, refund on rugpea se oo Arne aaa 3 00 ger ier Surety Co. of N. Y., surety bond of N. S. VOT ne aes ss be Lew Ae ae pee 12 50 Doll & Mynderse Co., premium on Treasurer’s cit Dyan i ae Sn EMRE eR eRe ty A at 35 00 S. J. Walkley, expenses Committee on Legislation . 30 90 Bonsley, Florist, wreath flowers for Harry Moore. . 20 00 The Ravenswood Press, printing 1,000 application DIMMU ro Cais Cot es Peas Dae ee aaa 7 50 The Ravenswood Press, printing cards.......... 24 85 John S. Grove, expenses Resident Secretary’s office . - 3 80 $ 9,225 82 EXPENDITURES Journal Fund H. J. Bool Co., packing and drayage on material in connection with transfer to Baton Rouge, La.... 79 12 P. A. Fish, work in connection with above transfer . 30 00 Norton Printing Co., printing September i issue. 633 08 Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing Journal and GUPLIOROEY ©. 0.6 sac ciais diss 5.5K oe ee ee 605 40 Miss Byrne Monget, salary for September...... ‘3 60 00 W. H. Dalrymple, salary for September.......... 125 00 Bigelow Binder Co., June account.............-. 1 95 Miss Byrne Monget, salary for October.......... 60 00 W. H. Dalrymple, salary tor October............ 125 00 Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing Journal. .... 721 64 J. B. Kroger & Son, shelves,% occ is cca eee 14 40 W. H. Dalrymple, expenses attending Executive. BOGLG , no; 5:0:0.« o-0:in. ¢s9nco a ceranigiaeee ieee nie 110 08 W. H. Dalrymple, salary for November.......... 125 00 Miss Byrne Monget, salary for November........ 60 00 J. K. Roumain, typewriter table and chair........ 4 00 Jj. K. Roumain, office rent... 5000s face one eee : 28 00 21 21 22 22 22 22 18 18 18 18 18 18 8 8 8 oR 17 29 19 27 25 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing Journal for PMI 6 og Sa ease BRE Sa hee «eee vide ER W. S. Hall for purchase of $3,000 in Liberty Bonds Miss Byrne Monget, salary for December....... a W. H. Dalrymple, salary for December.......... J. K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom for MEN oe tet cig e's sear cae se ooe he Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing Decembe Journal, etc........... eis Wao aw Cy baal oe W. H. Dalrymple, subscription for Journal for W. W. H. Dalrymple, salary for January............ Miss Byrne Monget, salary for January.......... Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing 4,500 copies extra edition of January number.............. Bigelow Binder Co., binders...................- J. K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... Addressograph Co., purchases for December and IOC RG SU Teligiyrel oiss sce y ese panes Pee aetay Biel Printing Co., printing stationery. . . Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing February Ra og st EE a ae J. K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... Ortlieb-Ranney Printing Co., printing stationery. . Miss Byrne Monget, salary for February......... W. H. Dalrymple, salary for February........... Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing November Oe oe (eyo. ie Ry Ot oi Addressograph Co., stencils furnished............ . K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... . E. Ortlieb Printing Co., printing ey: eee mires-Jones Printing Co., printing Journal..... W. H. Dalrymple, salary for March.............- Miss Byrne Monget, salary for March........... National Blank Book Co., binders.............-- Addressograph Co., May account.............+++ Ramires Jones Printing Co., printing May Journal. Miss Byrne Monget, salary for April...........-- J. K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... W. H. Dalrymple, salary for April..............- W. H. Dalrymple, salary for May........--...-- Ramires-Jones Co., printing June Journal. ....... . K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... iss Byrne Monget, salary for May.........-.--- Addr ee) ee) ee Wachites lanes Printing Co., printing July Journal. . K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... iss Byrne Monget, salary for June..........--- W. H. Dalrymple, aakery tor iC 3 W. H. Dalrymple, salary for July............-..- Miss Byrne Monget, salary for tale Bhs 5 og ak ¥'e K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... se ipo Printing Co., printing August Jour- Ro DS ee . K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom...... . H. Dalrymple, salary for August............. Miss Byrne Monget, salary for August........... Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing September FOUPRRTS AAP UR Oe PTS ORE es eee The Addressograph Co., stencils................. J. K. Roumain, rent of office and storeroom.....: 540 PrRocEEpINGs oF A. V. M. A. Oct. 25 The Addressograph Co., September account... ... , 7 18 Oct. 25 J. E. Ortlieb, printing 400 postal cards........... 7 00 Oct. 25 Miss Byrne Monget, salary for September........ 60 00 Oct. 25 W. H. Dalrymple, salary for September.......... 125 00 Oct. 25 Ramires-Jones Printing Co., printing October Journals... 23233; Ree Patt te on ile! oe 845 99 $ 17,257 22 EXPENDITURES Relief Fund 1918 Dec. 28 Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins, Treasurer Auxiliary Relief Pattee ee ea ic eae ca ee See $ 500 00 1919 , April 1 City National Bank to be forwarded to Prof. H. VaRGes 5c. dieuteb he teeta tvnk aigh: aera 2,502 46 $ 3,002 46 Knoxville, Tenn., November 4, 1919 Dr. M. Jacob, Treasurer, American Veterinary Medical Association, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dear Sir:— We enclose herewith cancelled checks and statements of the balances as of this date in the following accounts: American Veterinary Medical Association...$ 7,364 03 JOnrRAE PMH ae. cL ee aie 8,334 23 REBT PRB sassy sis cb eXie per eeee een 1,693 48 Yours truly, THE CITY NATIONAL BANK, R. E. MOONEY, Vice-Pres. THe Presipent: You have heard the report. What is your pleasure? Dr. Hoskins: The same correction ought to be made there that was in the Secretary’s report—about the $500. Tue Prestpent: It will be referred to the Auditing Committee. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I have some more applications that have been approved and recommended for election by the Executive Board, and I will read them. (Dr. Mayo read the list.) Dr. Hoskins: I move the recommendation be approved. (The motion was seconded and carried.) REPORTS OF COMMITTEES THE PrestipENT: The next item on the program is the report of the Editor. That, I believe, goes to the Executive Board. The next is the reports of committees. The first committee is that on Intel- ligence and Education. Dr. George W. Dunphy, Chairman, not being present, the matter will be laid over until later. The next is the report of the Committee on Legislation. Dr. Hoskins: That will have to be laid over. ; THE PresipENT: Next is the Committee on Resolutions, which I think of necessity will be laid over. The next is the Audit Com- mittee, Dr. Ryder, Chairman. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 541 Dr. H. R. RypEr (Chicago): The Committee is not ready to report yet. THE PRESENT: Committee on Necrology, Dr. Conway. (The Committee was not ready to report.) Tue Presipent: The Committee on History, Dr. R. C. Moore. Dr. R. C. Moore (St. Joseph, Mo.): The Committee would like to have a little more time. THE PresIDENT: Next is the Committee on Anatomical Nomen- clature, Dr. Murphey, Chairman. Dr. MurpHey (Ames, Iowa): Mr. President and Members of the Association, I believe it would be advisable to read simply a letter and not a list of terms. The Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature reports for the year 1919 as follows: 1. We are submitting the second list of terms which, with the first list published in the 1913 proceedings, have been submitted to and accepted by the veterinary anatomists of North America. The lists of terms are considered a part of this report. 2. We move their adoption and publication by this Association. 3. We move that the Committee be continued to prepare and submit a table of suggested English equivalents together with such additions and corrections as are necessary to conform to the lists of the American Association of Anatomists; and that the Committee be directed to cooperate with the veterinary anatomists of other English-speaking countries in the preparation of said lists of anatomical terms. 4, We urge and advise the general adoption of these terms for all branches of veterinary medicine in the interest of brevity, uni- formity and clearness. H. S. MurpuHey, F. W. CHAMBERLAIN, Mark FRANCIs. Dr. W. H. Hoskins: I move it be received and referred to the Executive Board for action. Dr. Murpuey: Mr. President, I believe the committee felt that it was their prerogative to move the adoption. We did so move. (The motion was seconded by Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe.) Dr. MurpHrey: The committee moved the adoption and’ accept- ance of this report as one part, and as a second part further cooper- ation with the American Association of Anatomists in the final prep- aration of the list. Explanatory to this, I might say, that we feel that inasmuch as the Association started this work originally, and that as the lists are finally submitted, they ought to be approved, but subject to minor corrections to conform to a list which is in preparation on the whole matter of human and comparative anatomy. Tue PresipeENT: The chairman of the committee feels, as I understand the question, that this report should be adopted or rejected and not merely received. 542 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. Dr. W. H. Hoskins: The chairman doesn’t read anything but the transcript of the report; he fails to tell us the changes. It seems to me the Executive Board could come to some conclusion after the examination. Dr. Murpuey: I believe I have the first motion before the house in presenting this report. I believe that the second motion is out of order. THE PresipENT: Did the chairman of the committee make a motion ? ‘i Dr. MurpHey: The first thing was that we move the adoption and publication by the Association. (Dr. Murphey’s motion was seconded and carried.) Dr. Cuartes E. Cotton (Minneapolis, Minn.): I think the members of this body should know that the chairman of this com- mittee has been made a member of the American Association of Anatomists. All other members of that association are human anatomists. They are to revise the nomenclature of all branches of anatomy. Tue Presipent: I think that is a very merited recognition and I am glad it was brought before the members. I believe the Executive Board will undoubtedly make recommendations regarding the dis- posal of this very elaborate piece of work that has been performed by this committee. Next is the Committee on’ Army Veterinary Service. (There was no report from this committee. The Budget Com- mittee was not yet ready to report.) THE PRESIDENT: The next is the Salmon Memorial Committee, Dr. J. F. Winchester, chairman. Dr. W. H. Hoskins: The chairman asked me to report for him. REPORT OF THE SALMON MEMORIAL FUND This Committee, after a period of quiescence for the past two years, owing to the many war-fund calls and our own Veterinary Relief Fund, resumed its efforts toward the completion of this fund. The total amount now in hand and subscribed has passed the $5,000 mark, or one-half the amount contemplated by the Commit- tee. Some subscriptions were contingent on this amount being raised. During the year an amount reaching $293.01 collected from the profession in New York State was placed in the Committee’s hands. A balance collected from the Bureau of Animal Industry veteri- narians, remaining after the procuring of a beautiful portrait that — now hangs on the office wall of the Chief of the Bureau at Wash- ington, amounting to $515.86, was turned over to the Committee. From Minnesota came $55 collected in $1 subscriptions at one of their meetings. Twelve additional subscriptions of $25 each has been added to the list, making the number 41. This list we hope to reach 50 in number. The expense incurred during the year has not reached $30, which Proceepincs or A. V. M. A. 543 in accordance with the action of this Association ‘was paid from the funds of the Association, and all subscriptions and interest have gone to the completion of the fund. The amount received since January 1, 1919, to November 12, inclusive, reaches the sum of $1,299.87. The amount in bank to same date, $4,072.64. About $1,000 pledged, part of this contingently, brings the amount, in round numbers, to $5,000. This will be greatly added to before the expiration of the year, as the plans recently inaugurated to complete this fund attain their fruition. Respectfully submitted, W. Horace Hoskins, Sec’y-Treas. STATE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SALMON MEmorRIAL FunpD Ba Ce) eee a ee $647.07 Miri 2... . cee ee eees $59.00 District of Columbia...... 614.86 MisSOliti: <3. est kes ws 52.00 1 SU ee 469.61 pr oee se 51.00 MIMMCGOEA 455. ven tvvne ss 236.00 PRAIA 055 i ic kek ein we 33.00 (St pe EG eS na ae he 220.00 MSATOUUIA oa ee ike ees 27.00 Pennsylvania ............ 212.00 ree 25.00 Massachusetts ........... 205.00 Mississippi ............0% 20.00 SUN 65. See ves e'e neces 194.00 Army Veterinarians...... 17.00 New Jersey ............. 165.00 DO ols oievis vec ens awa _ 16.00 EEN oS os, cia “asepacathiwe 138.00 LT Ie eo 15.00 BEART SSS. , . ahdebie cic enc 131.00 South, Carolina...) 3. 5.00 NNISCOMEIN, 1... <5... case 106.00 Norte Dakota... wes. 2.00 EDS OU hw idircen eave 75.25 _ SSSA 1.00 RaPNNEESCUIE oc i. os See 73.00 EG ore os a's via « wae 1.00 ese DoL_LaR SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE SALMON MEMorRIAL FuND Dr. J. C. Meyer, 1111 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Lester H. Howard, 187 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass. Dr. S. H. Gillilland, Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. M. N. McKillip, 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicaco, Ill. Dr. Robert W. Ellis, 477 West 150th St., New York City. Dr. C. J. Marshall, 39th and Woodland "Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. D. M. Campbell, Chicago, III. . F,. J. De Vine, Goshen, N. Y. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La. . C. M. Haring, Berkeley, Calif. Dr. Samuel Brenton, Detroit, Mich. Dr. E. B. Ackerman, 215 Washington SE, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. Elijah E. Patterson, Detroit, Mich. Dr. Charles E. Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn. Dr. J. G. Rutherford, ‘Alberta, Canada. Dr. John V. Newton, Toledo, Ohio. Dr. J. T. Claris, Buffalo, N. Y. Dr. J. F. Winchester, Lawrence, Mass. Dr. Samuel Brenton, Detroit, Mich. (Second contribution.) Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, 338 E. 26th St., New York City. Dr. James Law, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. U. G. Houck, B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Dr. George H. Berns, Brookly oe. ae Drs. Baker and McClelland, Buffalo, N. Y. Dr. F. H. Gage, Veterinary Comps of U. S. Army. Dr. John R. Mohler, B. A. I., Washington, D. C. 8 ey PY Holinenort Utica, ie a Dr. P. A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. Otto Faust, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 544, Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. Dr. Veranus A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo. Dr. Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J. Dr. H. Jensen, Kansas City, Mo. Dr. Fred Torrance, Ottawa, Canada. Dr. J. W. Scheibler, 271 Court Ave., Memphis, Tenn. Dr. M. Jacob, Nashville, Tenn. Dr. L. A. Merillat, Orrville, Ohio. Dr. Robert S. MacKellar, 351 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. Dr. H. B. Cox, 1516 Snyder Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Pearl River, N. Y. Drs. McAuslin and McAuslin, Brooklyn, N. Y. THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the report. What shall be done with it? ; Dr. MurpHey: I move we refer it to the Executive Board. Dr. W. H. Hoskins: Most of the members of the committee are located in this zone, and an effort to get them to work hard has been of no avail. In the West we had another member that has not been active. By the plans which we have now devised and which we are going to carry out in the whole, we ought to be able to accomplish something. (The motion was seconded and carried.) THE PresIpENT: Next is the report on Liautard Memorial, Dr. Ellis to report. (Dr. Ellis not being present, there was no report.) THE PresipENT: Next is the report of the special Committee on Veterinary Reconstruction Work for the United States, Dr. Mohler, chairman. Dr. J. R. Monier (Washington, D. C.): Mr. Chairman, your committee submits the following report. Unfortunately, the cor- respondence with the other members of the committee failed to produce any reconstructive views and I anticipated meeting a few of them here, but thus far only one member has appeared. There- fore what I am going to say will represent only the chairman’s views. (Dr. Mohler read his report. It will be published later.) THE PRESIDENT: You have heard this report. What shall we do with it? Dr. Kinsey: Mr. Chairman, I move you the report be adopted. (The motion was seconded and carried.) : THE PresIpENT: The next is the report of the International Com mittee on Bovine Tuberculosis. There is a little. mistake on this program. Dr. Rutherford, who was chairman of this committee, early in the year expressed his inability to perform the duties of that office, but we desired to have him continue as a member, and at his suggestion Dr. J. G. Wills was asked to act as chairman of the committee. Later Dr. Rutherford resigned and Dr. Torrance was appointed in his place. Dr. Wills, however, has acted as chairman of this committee in the’ preparation of the report. We will hear Dr. Wills. 7 Dr. J. G. Wits (Albany, N. Y.): Mr. President and members of the Association, owing to but one other member of the committee Penesrsincs oF A. V. M. A. 545 so far appearing, except myself, it has not been possible to go over .this final report as fully as we would wish. A tentative report was submitted to the members and a final report has been gone over by Dr. Cotton, who is the other member of the committee here, and myself. Report OF COMMITTEE ON BovINE TUBERCULOSIS In the preparation of a report on bovine tuberculosis your com- mittee has been confronted with the difficulty of having no specific recommendations or new theories to advance. The vast amount of ‘work done and numerous papers, pamphlets and_ publications prepared dealing with this subject have so fully covered the ground that there is little new material left for presentation at this time. It was felt, however, that a summary of the progress made since the last report by the International Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis justified our submitting a general report on the situation now exist- ing, with an attempt at gathering together and making comment upon some of the most recent developments. As a preliminary statement it would appear that the most im- portant advance in recent years in the eradication of bovine tuber- culosis is the tuberculosis-free accredited-herd plan. This system has been put in quite general operation in the United States and more recently inaugurated in the Dominion of Canada. It should be stated that the influence which brought about the introduction of this method in the tuberculosis eradication problem are directly traceable to the work done by the International Commission of the American Veterinary Medical Association many years ago. Your committee believes that this plan is based on sound and logical rinciples and is capable of being developed into a potent force in billig about the control of tuberculosis in the bovine. It must be conducted in such a way as to secure the hearty cooperation of the cattle owner, the authorities in charge of live-stock sanitary con- trol work, and the veterinary profession. It will not succeed unless scientific principles are followed and the supervision by competent men secured. In the appendix of this report will be found copies of the uniform regulations adopted by the United States and Cana- dian Governments covering this method. It is understood that these rules will of necessity have to be modified from time to time and that they will not meet all conditions or always receive the unanimous support of all concerned. It is believed that they form the basis for a better organized plan for combating this great plague to the end that success may ultimately be assured. Your committee feels that it should take a definite position on the question of tuberculin and is warranted in stating that this product forms the principal basis and groundwork for diagnosis of the dis- ease; that the subcutaneous method is the most widely adopted and must be relied upon as the general standard under most conditions. We realize that the ophthalmic and intradermal methods are both of value and under certain conditions may be preferable. In any method adopted for examination of a herd your committee desires to 546 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. emphasize the necessity of the work being done by properly trained and equipped men and in such a manner as to insure a maximum of accuracy in every respect. The careful reading of thermometers, attention to control of the animal as regards feed and water, and taking sufficient temperatures before and after injection of tuberculin are all of the utmost im- portance if accurate results are to be obtained. Success or failure in the eradication of the disease from the herd is largely a matter of skill on the part of the examiner, coupled with proper equipment and help from the animal owner. We believe that frequently a combination of several or of all known methods may be of advantage, for the reason that there is a greater probability of infection being detected if several methods are used, providing they do not interfere one with the other. It should be understood that positive indications of infection shown by any reasonably reliable test should be accepted in pref- erence to the negative manifestations of any other test. In other words, the positive evidences of reaction should outweigh negative’ evidences under all ordinary conditions. In the application of any test we wish to emphasize the import- ance of careful observation of the individual animal while under examination. It is generally conceded that many of the alleged deficiencies of tuberculin have been due to the failure of the ex- aminer to recognize and interpret clinical symptoms in the animal before him. The escape of the so-called “spreaders” from detection by the test is the principal means whereby the disease is enabled to perpetuate itself and has been the means of undoing many attempts at control or eradication. The examination should be considered from a clinical as well as a - physical standpoint. Much valuable data have been lost in the past due to the lack of careful observation of the animal after the ad- ministration of tuberculin. A comprehensive study of these phen- omena and their comparison with the postmortem results would be of great value in determining the relationship, if any, existing. The practice of retesting animals that have once definitely reacted should be discouraged as unnecessary and only tending to confusion and misunderstanding. Your committee views with great regret the tendency on the part of many veterinarians, particularly of the younger generation, to rely upon diagnostic aids, both biologic and mechanical, to the complete exclusion of their own natural senses. The inclination of the examiner to depend entirely upon the artificial aids that he employs, rather than supplementing such aids by his own observation and abilities, has resulted and is resulting disastrously in many cases, with the effect of making the physical diagnosis of this disease an almost forgotten art in the hands of many veterinarians. The mechanical apparatus now at our command has developed a ten- dency to rely upon such outside aids and to create in the minds of many the erroneous belief that this, a biological problem, may be Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. - 547 solved by the application of mechanical principles. An important objection to carelessness in connection with -the physical examina- tion of the animal is the opportunity presented for criticism of the examiner and the efficiency of the means he employs where unsatis- factory developments occur later. Your committee wishes to point out the necessity of careful in- vestigation and study as to the channels for distribution of tuber- culous organisms and consequent opportunity for spread of the disease. It is possible that there are unsuspected means of exposure which require attention. The work of Van Es wherein it has been shown that sparrows serve as distributors of the virus should be considered. The investigations by the Federal station at Bethesda, Md., indicate that mice may have some significance in a similar way. These are important and should be given further attention and study. It is unfortunate that the cleansing and disinfection of premises where diseased animals have been kept has not received more care- ful attention in the past, since this is a prolific means of the dis- ease being carried from animal to animal or from herd to herd. It not infrequently happens that after much time and money have been expended in the detection and removal of the reactors the thorough destruction of the virus remaining in stables or premises is almost entirely ignored. The disposal of any and all infected material is essential after the removal of the diseased individuals, if susceptible cattle are later to be placed on such premises. In the past there has been some tendency to lose sight of the importance of rendering the virus outside of the animal itself inert and non- infective. Your committee feels that there is opportunity for closer coopera- tion between the medical and veterinary professions in the tuber- culosis problem. It is now generally conceded that the possibility of transmission of the germ of the bovine type is limited almost entirely to young children, and likewise generally understood that the danger of transmission of the human type of the germ to the animal is comparatively unimportant. The presence, therefore, of bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle would seem to be of more im- portance to the medical profession because of the possibility of transmission of the disease to children than would the presence of human tuberculosis in relation to danger to the animal kingdom. However, since the entire problem bears relationship to the welfare of the human family, the veterinarian must necessarily be con- cerned with the danger to the human from the organism in the bovine. In a matter of such vital importance it is better to err on the side of safety, and when one realizes the limitations of science so often painfully demonstrated in the past, and the frequent changes in the attitude of scientists following fresh discoveries, there would appear to be full justification for the adoption of all possible precautions to prevent the infection of human beings with bovine tuberculosis. It is believed that much good would come 548 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. from more systematic and concentrated effort between, the two pro- fessions than seems to be the case at the present time. Your committee feels that it should point out the importance of proper isolation, so far as practicable, of individual cattle, particu- larly while stabled, by means of individual mangers and drinking and feeding troughs. Attention has been given in human medicine in recent years to the individual drinking cup, and the proper sani- tary control of receptacles for feed and drink is a principle entirely applicable to the control of infections in animals. It is of course not possible to carry this isolation to the extent of entirely avoiding contact between individuals or even approaching that ideal. Re- ducing the opportunity, however, of disease organisms being dis- tributed can not fail to limit the distribution of infection. Repeated evidences of this principle could be given. The interchange of cattle from State to State, from county to county and even from herd to herd is a fertile means for the dis- tribution of infection. It is possible that in time more drastic con- trol of such traffic will be necessary, and your committee believes that this Association should through its membership or even by resolution point out and prepare those interested for more severe restrictions on interchange of such animals. The prohibition against disposition except for slaughter of cattle coming from herds in which the percentage of reactors has reached dangerous propor- tions would have an important effect in reducing the distribution of disease by such interchange. The custom which at present gen- erally prevails of allowing the distribution of animals without restraint except a health certificate issued on the basis of the con- ditions found in the individual animal is far from affording the protection that such a certificate is commonly accepted as carrying. In other words, the practice of breeders and dealers of testing only the animals which they sell and of disposing of those that pass satisfactory test, irrespective of the percentage of infection known or unknown to exist in the herd, offers no definite assurance that the individual examined is not carrying the germs of disease in its system. The frequency with which animals purchased under such conditions are the means of carrying infection into healthy herds is sufficient evidence of the fallacy of such a procedure. . At the present time the tendency to require pasteurization of milk would seem to offer some hope as a means of insuring healthy young stock to take the place of diseased ancestors. Your committee be- lieves that continued effort should be made to impress upon cattle owners the importance of the pasteurization of skim milk prior to’ its being used for the feeding of calves or hogs. There are countless instances on record where contaminated milk by-products have been the means of distribution of infectious diseases in communities where the practice prevails of distributing unpasteurized skim milk from public creameries or skimming stations. We believe that the tendency in the past to place the great stress on the destruction of the diseased individual with lack of attention Proceepincs oF A. VY. M. A. 549 to the other sources of infection has been one reason for lack of progress in eradication. When it is recognized by cattle owners and others interested that the protection of the individual, particu- larly while young, from exposure to infection is the most efficient method of control, we will then have made an important point in the fight against this great plague. It would seem that the protection of the younger generation from exposure to disease distributed by older animals offers the best possible weapon in controlling and eradicating bovine tuberculosis. Your committee suggests consideration as to the advisibility of continuing this committee. In the absence of new developments or of radical departures from established methods little remains to report except progress from year to year. J. G. Wits, CHARLES E. Corton. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS Tue Unitep States PLAN Uniform methods and rules for tuberculosis-free accredited herds of pure- | bred cattle, as adopted by the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association and by representatives of purebred cattle breeders’ asso- ciations and approved by the United States. Bureau of Animal Industry. 1. A tuberculosis-free accredited purebred herd is one which has been tuberculin tested by the subcutaneous method, or any other test approved by the Bureau of Animal Industry, under the supervision of the Bureau of Animal Industry, or regularly employed veterinary inspector of the State in which cooperative tuberculosis eradication work is being conducted jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture and the State. Further, it shall be a herd in which no animal affected with tuberculosis has been found upon two annual or three semiannual tuberculin tests, as above described, and by physical examination. 2. The entire herd, or any cattle in the herd, shall be tuberculin tested or retested at such time as is considered necessary by the Federal and State authorities. 3. No cattle shall be presented for the tuberculin test which have been injected with tuberculin within 60 days immediately preceding or which - have at any time reacted to a tuberculin test. 4. No herd shall be classed as an accedited herd in which tuberculosis has been found by the application of the test, as referred to in paragraph 1, until such herd has been successfully subjected to two consecutive tests with tuberculin, applied at intervals of not less than six months, the first pueene: cating from the time of removal of the tuberculous animal from e herd. 5. Prior to, each tuberculin test satisfactory evidence of the identity of the registered animals shall be presented to the inspector. Any grade cattle maintained in the herd, or associated with animals of the herd, shall be ee eed by a tag or other marking satisfactory to the. State and Federal officials. 6. All removals of registered cattle from the herd, either by sale, death, or slaughter, shall be reported promptly to the said State or Federal officials, giving the identification of the animal and, if sold, the name and address of the person to whom transferred. If the transfer is made from the accredited herd to another accredited herd, the shipment shall be made only in properly cleaned and disinfected cars. No cattle shall be allowed 550 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. to associate with the herd which have not passed a tuberculin test approved by the State and Federal officials. 7. All milk and other dairy products fed to calves shall be that pro- duced by an accredited herd, or, if from outside or unknown sources, it shall be pasteurized by heating to not less than 150° F. for not less than 20 minutes. 8. All reasonable sanitary measures and other recommendations by the State and Federal authorities for the control of tuberculosis shall be com- plied with. 9. Cattle from an accredited herd may be shipped interstate, by certifi- cate obtained from the office of the State live-stock sanitary officials of the State in which the herd is located or from the office of the Bureau of Animal Industry, without further tuberculin test for a°period of one year, subject to the rules and regulations of the State of destination. 10. Strict compliance with these methods and rules shall entitle the owners of tuberculosis herds to a certificate, “Tuberculosis-Free Ac- credited Herd,” to be issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry and the State live-stock sanitary authority. Said certificate shall be good for one year from date of test unless revoked at an earlier date. 11. Failure on the part of owners to comply with the letter or spirit of these methods and rules shall be considered sufficient cause for immedi- ate cancellation of cooperation with them by the State and Federal officials. CANADIAN REGULATIONS Dominion of Canada—Department of Agriculture—Health of Animals Branch. Regulations for the Establishment and Maintenance of Tuberculosis-Free Accredited Herds of Cattle 1. A tuberculosis-free accredited purebred herd is one which has been tuberculin tested by the subcutaneous method, or any other test approved by the Veterinary Director General, and applied by the regularly employed veterinary inspectors of the Health of Animals Branch of the Federal Department of Agriculture. Further, it shall be a herd in which no animal affected with tuberculosis has been found upon two annual or three semi-annual tuberculin tests, as above described, and by physical ex- amination. 2. The entire herd, or any cattle in the herd, shall be tuberculin tested or retested at such time as is considered necessary by the Veterinary Director General. 3. No cattle shall be presented to the tuberculin test which have been injected with tuberculin within 60 days immediately preceding or which have at any time reacted to a tuberculin test. 4. No herd shall be classed as an accredited herd in which tubereutGnts has been found by the application of the test, as referred to in paragraph 1, until such herd has been successfully subjected to two consecutive tests with tuberculin, applied at intervals of not less than six months, the first rath from the time of removal of the tuberculous runes from the her 5. Prior to each tuberculin test satisfactory evidence of ‘ae identity of the registered animal shall be presented to the inspector. Any grade cattle maintained in the herd, or associated with animals of the herd, shall be identified by a tag or other markings satisfactory to the Veterinary Director General. 6. All removals of registered cattle from the herd, either by sale, death or slaughter, ‘shall be reported promptly to the said Veterinary Director General, giving the identification of the animals, and, if .sold, the name and address of the person to whom transferred. If the transfer is made from the accredited herd to another accredited herd, the shipment shall be made only in properly cleaned and disinfected cars. No cattle shall be allowed to associate with the herd which have not passed a tuber- culin test approved by the Veterinary Director General. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 551 7. All milk and other dairy products fed to calves shall be that pro- duced by an accredited herd, or, if from outside or unknown sources, it shall be pasteurized by heating to not less than 150° F. for ie air than 20 minutes. { 8. All reasonable sanitary measures and other s cideiniabanbiihone tiy the Federal authorities for the control of tuberculosis shall be complied with. 9. Cattle from an accredited herd may be shipped to the United States accompanied by the certificate of the Veterinary Director General, without further tuberculin test for a period of one year, subject to the rules and regulations of the State of destination. 10. Strict compliance with these methods and rules shall entitle the owner of tuberculosis-free herds to a certificate, “Tuberculosis-Free Accredited Herd,” to be issued by the Veterinary Director General. Said certificate shall be good for one year from date of test unless revoked at an earlier date. 11. Failure on the part of owners to comply with the letter or spirit of these methods and rules shall be considered sufficient cause for im- mediate cancellation of cooperation with them by the Federal officials. 12. Whenever in carrying out this order it is necessary to slaughter an animal or animals for the eradication of tuberculosis from a herd, the animal or animals shall be valued and compensation awarded as provided - in Sections 6 and 7 of the Animal Contagious Diseases Act. _ Persons desiring to enroll their herds under these regulations should apply to the Veterinary Director General, Ottawa, who will forward the official forms. F. TorRANCE, Veterinary Director General, Ottawa. CoMMUNICATIONS From MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE BerkELey, Cal., November 13, 1919. To the Members of the A. V. M. A., New Orleans, La.—GENTLEMEN : For one reason or another, your Chasnitics on Bovine Tuberculosis has ~ not met this year. The past year has no doubt been the most active in the history of the control of bovine tuberculosis and it therefore seems desir- able that you should obtain some expression regarding this important sub- ject from your committee. The report submitted to this Association in September, 1910, by your commission was so comprehensive and free from erroneous statements and unwise recommendations that it has stood the test for the past nine years, and it seems to me that your present committee could do no better than to bring to your notice the developments that have been brought forward since the date of the above-mentioned report. The two most important developments in the control of bovine tuber- culosis are: (1) The plan of accrediting tuberculous-free herds, and (2) The attention that the methods, other than the subcutaneous tuberculin test, have received in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Even these two phases of tuberculosis control did not entirely escape the notice of your first commission, for in 1912 that commission saw the wisdom of registering dairy herds known to be free from tuberculosis and asked, by letters, the Governments of the United States and Canada to take definite action in this matter. In their reports of 1913, 1915 and 1916 the commission mentioned other forms of tuberculin testing but did not think it advisable to adopt methods other than the subcutaneous test on the knowledge at hand at the time of their reports. The certifying and accrediting of tuberculosis-free cattle by the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, in co- operation with the various State live-stock agencies, should be highly com- mended. This is one of the most extensive moves ever undertaken in the 552 Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. control of bovine tuberculosis, and the greatest feature of the plan is that it is entirely voluntary—no law to force cattle owners into this cooperative plan. This plan will develop many tuberculous-free herds. It will also no doubt be attended by some setbacks, by uncontrollable, undesirable and unlooked-for results, but careful observation and interpretation of its. failures will be a means of bringing to light new thoughts or more probably emphasize some already-known facts that have hitherto not received proper recognition. This was very evident to everybody present at the conference on tuberculosis held in Chicago October 6 to 8, inclu- sive. I now have in mind the open and free discussion on the various forms of tuberculin testing. This, however, leads up to the other im- portant development since the last report and will be discussed presently, In connection with the establishment of accredited tuberculous-free herds there appears to me to be a grave question as to the advisability of indiscriminately slaughtering animals that react to the tuberculin test. This procedure is now being practiced in establishing accredited herds. The bearng that reacting animals have upon the milk supply, the dairy industry and the development of the breeds in the community or the country at large should be carefully considered in determining the dis- position of reacting animals. The establishment of individual or com- munity tuberculous herds should receive due considération. We can no longer fail to recognize the place that forms other than the subcutaneous tuberculin ‘testing have in the control of bovine tuberculosis. What the future will produce can not be absolutely foretold, but the evidence at present at hand makes it very plain that the intradermal tuber- culin test is at least as accurate as the subcutaneous; that the ophthalmic test can replace neither of the above, but, in combination with them, it makes tuberculin testing more accurate; in fact; it has been demonstrated beyond dispute that a combination of tests should be made wherever possible, since no form of tuberculin testing detects all cases of tuber- culosis, and since a tuberculous animal, while giving negative results to one form, may be positive with another form of tuberculin testing. The intradermal injection of tuberculin gives rise to a thermal reaction when used in suitable doses. The practical application of this observation is very evident; that is, by one injection, one can make use of two diag- nostic manifestations of tuberculin application, namely, (1) general re- action as indicated by a rise in temperature and (2) a local reaction. The San Francisco County Medical Milk Commission has taken advantage of this observation and has recently adopted this method for testing for additions tc herds producing certified milk. The subcutaneous test was formerly used. The physical examination for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle when used in conjunction with bacteriologic examination and tuberculin testing will no doubt add another safeguard in making cattle environs free from tuberculous cattle, and, in the final analysis, the control of boyine tuberculosis resolves itself into providing for the uninfected cattle environ- ments which are free from tuberculous animals and from materials made infected by such animals. To be able to make a proper physical examination is an attainment which every practicing veterinarian should strive to develop. To use it as above mentioned is highly recommended whenever practicable, but to depend upon it to the exclusion of other methods of diagnosis will lead to worse grief than does the use of tuberculin testing alone. The activities of the various bodies interested in the control of bovine tuberculosis now. under way will no doubt bring forth new facts and new thoughts, and it appears to me that your committee can serve no better purpose than to bring before you every year such new developments and suggest recommendations concerning them. Respectfully submitted, J. Traum. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 553 Cuicaco, November 15, 1919. Dr. Joun G. WItts, Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis, American Veterinary Association, New Orleans, La. Dear Doctor: We are living in an age of rapid radical changes which we believe will ultimately result in greater good for all the people. Theories of five years ago are facts today, and no man can safely say how many more time-honored usages may within the next five years go in the discard. In line with this idea of evolution and progress, I believe this occasion is timely to present a suggestion on tuberculosis control which, while it may appear revolutionary, is in fact merely in line with the best governmental practice demonstrated absolutely necessary, workable and advantageous during the war period. The location of reactors is a comparatively simple matter. The dis- position of reactors on a fair and equitable basis is the crux of the whole problem. Owners of reactors who have acted in good faith in maintaining animals which in fact are a menace to the health of the people can hardly be expected to cheerfully consign such animals to slaughter with the prospect of carrying practically the entire burden of financial loss. . I wish to suggest to this committee a plan by which the burden would be placed upon the public, to wit, the consumers of live-stock products. Under this plan a Federal law would require a stamp tax imposed on every pound of meat, butter and cheese and every quart of milk or cream entering commercial distribution. This tax would be of such size as to provide a fund, of which the U. S. Department of Agriculture- would be the custodian and distributor, from which would be paid the cost of all cattle condemned and slaughtered on account of tuberculosis, with, of course, proper credits for such hide, carcass and offal returns which would be possible under a careful system of handling. To direct this work and properly administer this fund a commission or bureau would be provided by act of Congress with its sole concern the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in all classes of meat animals and poultry. The act would provide penalties for violation of the law and regulations. I believe now is the time to begin work on this plan, as probably a considerable period would be involved in carrying it to the point of practical operation. Careful consideration by your committee is respect- fully recommended. Yours very truly, J. J. Fercuson. | THE PRESIDENT: There is one announcement that I wish to make. I am afraid it is required by the Constitution and By-Laws that the President appoint men to fill vacancies when they occur on commit- tees and especially the Executive Board. Dr. Archibald is unable to be with us on account of illness, and he requested that one of two men from California should represent him on the Board. I do not think that either of those men are here. It is important that that district should be represented, and consequently I wish to announce the appointment of R. P. Marstellar to act as the substitute of Dr. Archibald during this session. I wish also to call attention to a matter that I should have men- tioned earlier, and that is, a letter that I received. from Prof. Vallée in acknowledgment of the receipt of the money that was sent to the veterinarians of France and Belgium through this Association. The - letter was exceedingly appreciative of the efforts and work of this 554. Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. Association. I think that we should understand that Prof. Vallée and his colleagues on the other side are fully grateful for what we have done, which certainly was not very great. The report of this Committee on Tuberculosis is before you for discussion. Are there any remarks? : Dr. W. H. Hoskins: In regard to the two men referred to as having some knowledge as to the means of propagation of tubercu- losis, 10 or 15 years ago Dr. F. E. Weber was investigating tuber- culosis in rats just outside of Lancaster. He found nearly 8 per cent of the rats affected with tuberculosis. His observations went further and he observed that those rats went all around that neighborhood, in the field, and would go out in the grass and have coughing fits and throw that material out of their lungs onto the grass, and ob- served in many instances great numbers of cattle that grazed there, consuming that grass. Later, plans were made to destroy those animals. Later on, in an endeavor to demonstrate the conditions where there was no proper meat inspection, they hired a store and exhibited some of the meat that was being killed there, bought from such sources, but local and other authorities thought the thing was dangerous for the public and suppressed the efforts of Dr. Weber. THE PresipenT: Are there any other remarks, any further dis- cussion? This matter comes under the head of Committee Reports. Dr. Munce: In view of the fact that the chairman of that com- mittee suggested that the Association consider the advisability of continuing or discontinuing the committee, I move that the report be referred to the Executive Board. (The motion was seconded and carried.) THE PresmpENT: Under the heading of Committee Reports would come the reports of the Resident State Secretaries. I should like to know if there are any who care to present their reports. I wish to say on behalf of the State Secretaries that I believe they have been exceedingly active this year. They have done splendid work and they should have full recognition, and I do not doubt but what they have some very valuable reports. It would take some time to call on all of these. Are there any who have not submitted their reports, who would like to present them at this time? Dr. Hollingworth, would you like to present your report?: (Dr. Hollingworth responded negatively.) THE PresipENT: If there are none and if there is no opposition they will be read by title and printed in the proceedings. That concludes the work for this session unless some of the chair- men of the committees have come in since we went over the list. If there is any chairman of a committee who was absent when his committee was called, will he please come forward? If not, the meeting will stand adjourned until tomorrow, and I wish to call attention to the importance of prompt attendance at these section meetings tomorrow morning. The secretaries and chairmen of the _sections have provided most valuable and instructive programs and we hope that you will each be in the section of your choice and that Proceepincs oF A. V. M. A. 555 you will see that all of the members who are in attendance are also present. Has any one any further business to come before the meeting? Dr. ErcHHoRN: The extract of the letter which you conveyed to the members of the Association by Prof. Vallée, I think should be responded to, and I make a motion to the effect that a cablegram be sent to Prof. Vallée, expressing our willingness to continue the sup- port of the leading members of the profession in the stricken countries. (The motion was seconded and carried.) Tue Presipent: Whom do you wish to formulate that cablegram? Do you wish to have a committee appointed? Dr. EicuHorn: It is up to the President. THE Presipent: I will appoint Dr. Eichhorn, Dr. Mohler and Dr. Dalrymple. Adjournment. (Proceedings to be continued.) OTHER MEETINGS ALUMNI OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY THE Veterinary College Alumni of New York University, which includes the graduates of New York College of Veterinary Sur- geons and the American Veterinary College, after 40 years of a separate existence has combined with the alumni of the other eight schools and colleges in the General Alumni Association of New York University. The purpose of the amalgamation is to bring the united power of the alumni to bear upon the problems of all the schools and to establish a close relationship between the graduates and undergraduates. It is contemplated providing a fund of $100,000 for the Veterinary College, whose chief interest is medicine as applied to animals and the interrelations of animal diseases and the health of the community. The officers of the Veterinary Association are: Dr. George H. Berns, ’79, President; Dr. William H. Kelly, ’89, Vice-President; Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, ’00, Secretary; and Dr. David W. Cochran, 80, Treasurer. The Executive Committee are Dr. L. H. Howard, *82, Boston; Dr. Robert W. Ellis, °89, New York; Dr. M. W. Drake, *90, Philadelphia; Dr. Thomas E. Smith, 97, Jersey City, N. J.; and Dr. W. C. Miller, 04, New York. Dr. William H. Lowe, representing the Veterinary College, is a director of the General Alumni Association. Mr. Howard F. Langland, *14, has been appointed Secretary of the General Alumni Association with offices at 512 Fifth Avenue, New York City. CONFERENCE OF MARYLAND VETERINARIANS THE first of a series of meetings of the veterinarians doing control and eradication work in the State of Maryland was held at the office of the State Board of Agriculture, Baltimore, on Janu- ary 8, 1920. Dr. R. C. Reed, Chief of the Live Stock Sanitary Section of the Board, at whose instigation the meeting was called, presided. In his opening remarks he stated that the object of the meeting was to get together the Federal, State and practicing veterinarians for the purpose of an exchange of views on the methods and plans for the continuation of the regulatory and field work within the State. The morning session was devoted to a symposium on bovine tuberculosis with special reference to the control and eradication of the disease by the accredited-herd plan. Dr. J. A. Kiernan of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry was the chief speaker. He gave a very encouraging account of the progress of this work © throughout the country. The keynote of his speech was the neces- sity of hearty cooperation between the live-stock owners, the veterinarians and the State and Federal authorities. After Dr. Kier- nan’s address the subject was discussed by several prominent veterinarians among whom were Drs. Lash, Ladson, Smith, Mackie, Gilfillan and several others. Dr. Pickens of the Maryland Live Stock Sanitary Laboratory made the statement that the labora- tory was well equipped to handle the diagnosis of the infectious dis- eases and would be glad to aid the field men in every way possible. The afternoon session was devoted almost entirely to hog cholera and its control. Dr. U. G. Houck of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry gave the principal address. Among many other interesting things he stated that the Federal Government in cooperation with the States hopes to be able soon to start a national campaign to eradicate hog cholera from this country. He also emphasized the importance of careful technic in the administra- tion of immunizing agents to hogs. The discussion was continued by Drs. Atherton, Melody, Cole and others. Those present were Drs. Houck, Kiernan, Lash, Ladson, Ardotd Ernest, Benner, Simonds, Atherton, Cole, McLaughlin and Cass, of the Bureau of Animal Industry; Drs. Reed, Hoffman, Grapp, Sill, Pickens, Shivers, and Welsh of the State force, and the fol- lowing practitioners: Drs. Koerner, Sapp, Corrigan, R. H. Smith, R. V. Smith, Melody, Zinkham, McClellan, Lambert, Gilfillan, Rome, Grubb, Mackie, Horner, Young and Ryan. KE. M. PIcKENs. 556 NECROLOGY DR. HARRY E. STATES died at Detroit, Mich., Monday after- noon, December 8, 1919, in his forty-ninth year. Death was due to heart disease following a complication of other diseases from which he had been a sufferer for more than a year. About a month before his death he went to the Mayo Clinic at Rochester, Minn., to see whether any treatment other than that already prescribed for him by his own physician would give him any relief. He had returned to Detroit and was looking after his official duties up to the end. Dr. States was born at Laceyville, Pa., April 6, 1871. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in the fall of 1900 and received his degree in 1903. About that time Frederick Stearns & Co. of Detroit were entering the biological manufacturing field and wanted a vet- erinarian to take charge of their serum-producing horses. When they wrote to the late Dr. Leonard Pearson, then Dean of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Veterinary Department, he selected Dr. States for the position, which the latter held for about four years. In 1907 Dr. States accepted a position as veterinarian to the Detroit City Board of Health, and at the time of his death he was one of the oldest employees of the Board of Health in years of continuous service. He had charge of the meat inspection in Detroit, as well as the inspection of the herds supplying certified milk to that city under the direction of the Medical Milk Commission. Dr. States personally supervised the tuberculin testing of these herds, and was exceptionally accurate, painstaking and conscientious in this work. During the late war he had the additional duties of director of the dairy and food department of the Detroit Board of Health when the position was made vacant by Mr. C. H. Chilson entering military service. Dr. States was an enthusiastic association worker. At the time of his death he was President of the Southeastern Michigan Veteri- nary Medical Association and also of the Michigan Milk and Dairy Inspectors’ Association, in both of which organizations he was a moving spirit. He was a member of the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association, the Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association, the Michigan-Ohio Veterinary Medical Association, the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association and the International Asso- ciation of Dairy and Milk Inspectors. He was a member of Ionic Lodge No. 474, F. and A. M. 557 558 MISCELLANEOUS The funeral took place Saturday afternoon, December 13, under Masonic auspices. The services were attended by many members of the profession from Detroit and vicinity. Many beautiful floral offerings were sent in the names of the associations in which the deceased had taken such an active part. Dr. J. M. Urba of Oklahoma City, Okla., died December 10, 1919. Dr. Urba was a graduate of the McKillip Veterinary College in 1908 and was admitted to membership in the American Veterinary Medi- cal Association in 1917. MISCELLANEOUS A TRIP TO THE PACIFIC COAST IN response to an invitation from the California State Veterinary Association to come to the “Golden State” and assist in holding a short course for the veterinarians of the State, the writer, accom- panied by Mrs. Mayo, left Chicago December 21 for the coast. We went out over the Santa Fe partly because there is less snow along the line and partly because it crosses Kansas, our old stamping ground, where 30 years ago we sought out glandered horses and chased the gay and festive cattle tick and mange mite. Once in those long-past days I was rather skeptical as to whether the tick was the real cause of Texas fever, so skeptical in fact that I put some young ticks, hatched from eggs sent me through the mail by Dr. Francis of Texas, upon a Jersey cow I owned. It is unnecessary to add that when I hauled out the cow for “the last sad rites” I had become a convert to the “tick theory.” We passed near the old Fort Larned ranch in Southwestern Kansas where I first reported cattle. scabies in the United States, so the trip revived many pleasant memories of days of long ago. Several inches of snow covered the ground when we left Chicago, but in Kansas this had disappeared, although we could see snow in the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona and California. It was. a delightful surprise, after crossing the Mojave desert and the Sierra Madre mountains, to literally drop down into the beautiful orange groves of San Bernardino. We went on at once to San Francisco, reaching there Christmas morning. We spent several very pleasant days in and about San Francisco. Dr. O. J. Kron, who has a fine small-animal hospital and a large practice, gave us a delightful automobile ride, showing MISCELLANEOUS 55% us all over the city. Dr. and Mrs. Haring also entertained us royally. While in San Francisco I called on Dr. R. A. Archibald, ex-President of the A. V. M. A. and member of the Executive Board. Dr. Archibald has been in poor health and confined to his bed for a year, but was showing some improvement at the time of my visit. While he was not able to attend the A. V. M. A. meeting at New Orleans, he takes an unusual interest in the work of the Association, and I was able to give him an account of the interesting meeting in New Orleans. He inquired about his many friends. I hope that all who can will write to Dr. Archibald, for I am sure he would appreciate this very much. On December 29, under the guidance of Dr. Haring and with a group of veterinarians, we went to the University Farm at Davis, Calif., where the short course was held. At Davis we met Dr. W. J. Lentz of the University of Pennsylvania, who had also come to help with the short course. I shall not attempt to report the excellent meeting, as someone else promised to do this for THe JourNnaL. Everything went off promptly, and an active interest was taken in the meeting by the 70 veterinarians who attended and stayed the full three days. While I enjoyed the meeting very much, I am not boosting the climate of Davis. It’s wonderful how near one can come to freezing with the thermometer above the freezing point. A dense fog enveloped everything three days we were there, so we did not see the sun. We were assured, however, that the weather was very unusual. On New Year’s Eve we left for Los Angeles, where we were to meet with the southern branch of the California Veterinary Asso- ciation. When we got off the train at Los Angeles New Year’s morning we were met by Dr. and Mrs. Bushong, who took us in their motor directly to Dr. Boucher’s residence in Pasadena. Dr. Boucher was assistant marshal of the great Carnival of Roses that was to take place at once, so we did not see him until he rode past in the procession. We all voted him the handsomest man in the parade. As soon as the parade was over we returned to Dr. Boucher’s home, where his charming wife kept “open house” and served us a fine lunch, and then away to the park to see the foot- ball game between Harvard and the University of Oregon. The “bheaneaters” won, 7 to 6, but it surely was “some game.” New Year’s night the Southern California branch of the asso- ciation gathered for an excellent dinner at the Hotel Green, and 560 A Patriotic VETERINARY FAMILY a veterinary meeting was also held. The next morning Dr. Boucher took us for a fine ride about the city of Pasadena, showing us the famous Busch Gardens and the interesting old Mission of San Gabriel. In the afternoon a clinic was held at the fine small-animal hospital of Dr. Agnew, at which Dr. Lentz operated and lectured. About 40 veterinarians were present. In the evening another dinner and meeting were held at Hotel Green. We do not want to indulge in any flattery, but the California veterinarians are a “live bunch,” up to date and anxious to keep in the front line of progress. They are royal entertainers and gave us a delightful time, and to them we wish to express our gratitude. After a few days in the delightful sunshine and among the flowers and orange groves of Southern California we left for Chicago, stopping en route to visit the magnificent Grand Canyon, then back to the cold of Chicago. After all, about the best part of such a delightful three weeks’ trip is getting back to the place one calls home. N. S. Mayo. A PATRIOTIC VETERINARY FAMILY ~ THE JOURNAL is pleased to present to its readers a picture of Dr. Frederick William Grenfell, of Washington, D. C., and his three fine-looking sons, all of whom were “across” and all of them severely wounded. Seldom has a family in this world’s war suf- fered a 100 per cent casualty of those engaged. Dr. Grenfell is the oldest graduate veterinarian practicing in Washington, coming to this city directly after his graduation at the Royal Veterinary College, England, in 1888. He has been a leading practitioner of this city since that date, and at present is Secretary- Treasurer of the District Veterinary Examining Board. The Doctor is the proud father of four sons, the youngest not being eligible for military service on account of his youth. Ist Lt. Frederick A. Grenfell, V. C., on crutches, was the most severely wounded veterinary officer in the A. E. F. He was com- missioned June 20, 1917, called to active service July 2, 1917, pro- moted First Lieutenant March 19, 1918, and went overseas with the 33d Division as Brigade Veterinarian, 65th Infantry Brigade. He was assigned to 18th Field Artillery, June 28, 1917, and was in the second Battle of the Marne and the Aisne-Marne offensive with the 121st Field Artillery. On September 24, 1918, he was assigned to ' 128th Field Artillery and was wounded October 1 at 1 a. m. at 561 .~ q 4 4 Dr. FREDERICK WILLIAM GRENFELL AND SONS 562 A Patriotic VETERINARY FAMILY Charpentry (Argonne) by’a high explosive shell, sustaining a com- pound, comminuted multiple fracture of left tibia and fibula, and deeply burned by mustard gas while lying on the battle field. Lieut. Grenfell was evacuated to base hospitals at Dijon, Poitiers and Bordeaux, France, and later to Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D. C., on February 23, 1919, where he has undergone several very painful operations and is at present under treatment at this hospital. He is a graduate of the College of Veterinary Medicine, George Washington University, and was in the Virus- Serum work of the Bureau of Animal Industry when commissioned. Wm. Joseph Grenfell, sitting on the edge of his father’s chair, was a Corporal in the Signal Corps and was transferred successively to the 30th Engineer Gas and Flame Pioneer Regiment and then to the 38th Engineers, where he was promoted Sergeant. He was knocked off a 65-foot pole August 18, 1918, sustaining a fracture of the second cervical vertebra. He was evacuated to the United States June, 1919, and discharged August 25, 1919, at Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D. C. Carrol Joseph Grenfell, standing in rear of his father, enlisted in — the Navy, June 5, 1917, and was discharged on account of physical disability January 17, 1918. He enlisted in the Medical Corps, U. S. Army, April 3, 1918, and went overseas June 24, 1918, with the 145th Infantry. He saw active service in the Argonne offensive and in Belgium. A piece of high explosive shell went through his right thigh, his “bunkie” being killed by the same shell. He was evacuated to the United States and discharged June 29, 1919, at the Walter Reed General Hospital, Washington, D. C. Dr. and Mrs. Grenfell should be proud of their three fine sons, and the JouRNAL wishes to congratulate these young heroes on their splendid. military records. EXECUTIVE BOARD NOMINEES As a result of the postal-card vote for nominees for the Executive Board vacancy for the Fourth District, the following selections were made (arranged alphabetically): | Houck, Kiernan, Kinsey, McInnes, Musselman, Turner, a tie vote requiring a sixth name. These names are now being presented for’ a final selection to be announced March 1. May the best man win. JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n). J. R. Mou_LeEr, Editor, Washington, D. C. C. A. Cary, President, Auburn, Ala. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn. Executive Board Gro. HILtTon, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District, J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. H. STANGE, 5th District; R. A. ARCHIBALD, 6th District; A. T. Kinsley, Member at Large. Sub-Committee on Journal Gro. HILTON R. A. ARCHIBALD The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Reprints should be ordered in advance. A circular of prices will be sent upon application. Vot. LVI, N. S. Vou. 9 Marcu, 1920 F No. 6 THE VETERINARIAN’S RELATION TO THE BETTER-SIRES MOVEMENT TIMES are changing, each year bringing new developments in the number and quality of domestic animals in the United States. These changes are of importance to the veterinary profession. Dur- ing 1919, according to the latest estimates, there was a slight fall- ing off in the number of horses and some gain in dairy cattle. When any trend of this kind is in the same direction for a number of years the situation becomes one that merits thoughtful consideration by practicing veterinarians. : In recent years there has appeared to be a decreasing demand for the incompetent, commonly termed “horse doctor” and more for veterinarians qualified to apply, for example, the various forms of tuberculin tests. That condition probably is due to developments in motor transportation on the one hand and to increased knowledge of systematically controlling tuberculosis on the other. There appears also to be a somewhat narrower field for the heavy-fisted practitioner whose specialty is large dosage forcibly administered, and increasing opportunity for men who can diagnose and cure with less medicine and superior knowledge. 563 564 EDITORIAL Scrus Sires OpsoLete In UNITED STATES Within the last year the cost of feed, labor, and other factors af- fecting live-stock production have directed attention to the need for better-bred animals of all species. To help meet the situation, the Bureau of Animal Industry, cooperating with other Bureaus in the Department, the various States, the press, breeders, and others interested, inaugurated a movement known as the “Better Sires— Better Stock” campaign. This movement practically declares that scrubs and other inferior sires in all classes of live stock must be banished from farms in the United States, and that purebred sires of good quality must replace the nondescripts. Inferior purebred sires must go along with the scrubs. The campaign, as organized, is essentially a reenforcement of local effort and in no way interferes with initiative by States, counties, and communities in hastening the exit of inferior sires and the advent of good ones. Many Benerits FoLttow PuREBRED SIRES Information developed within 3 months after the campaign began showed that better sires lead rapidly to improved female stock also. It was noteworthy that of all female breeding animals owned by persons enrolled in the better-sires campaign at the end of 1919, 71 per cent were purebred, 26 per cent were grades and crossbreds, and only 3 per cent were scrubs. The percentages of purebred females found in herds and flocks owned by purebred sire users also was noticeably similar for the various classes of animals. Numerous other deductions are possible from the information col- lected, but they all point in one general direction. They show that better sires result in herds and flocks which are more profitable to their owners and which benefit the general public likewise through a higher quality of meat and work animals. TimME TO STAKE OUT New BounparRIEs With such a situation developing it is an opportune time for the veterinary profession to consider carefully what its attitude toward such a movement shall be. Not long ago the profession was some- what concerned about the growth of the county-agent system. At various other times discoveries in the field of biological medicine likewise affected the kind and quantity of work that veterinarians were called on to do. The time apparently is near when the veterinary profession must EDITORIAL 565 WHICH WAY @ IS & ( | YOUR LIVE STOCK yu ‘BETTER SIRES BETTER STOCHS 7 Oa. _CAMPAIGN ENROLL AND GET AN OFFICIAL EMBLEM CONSULT THE COUNTY AGENT, YOUR AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OR THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A Reproduction of a Colored Poster Issued by the United States Department of Agriculture in the Interest of the Better-Sires Movement. J 566 | EDITORIAL stake out new boundaries. Shall veterinary practice be limited to the diagnosis and treatment of disease, to the handling and ad- ministration of biological products, to a certain amount of surgery, and, generally speaking, to the physiological field? Or, shall the scope of work be extended to include an accurate working knowl- edge of the principles of animal breeding as well as feeding and as- sistance to live-stock owners in the various problems which arise in handling finely bred stock—problems which occur less frequently among average farm animals? The one field is narrow and the other broad; and in considering the decision, it is well to decide whether the veterinary profession shall be only a casual onlooker or whether it shall take a definite and active part in the better-sires. movement. BREEDING ADVANCEMENT Brincs AppED VETERINARY DuTIES Let us consider briefly some of the points where activities of the veterinary profession come into contact with those of live-stock breeders. Sterility and irregular breeding are matters in which a trained veterinarian can be of service. Failure of valuable animals to breed regularly is a more serious condition than deficiency of inferior stock in this respect. Control of internal and external parasites and pests of various kinds becomes gradually more important as stock increases in value. A $500 animal justifies attention that is less likely to be given a $50 “critter.” Abundant experience shows that the health of a valuable herd is guarded more zealously than that of a bunch of scrubs. This principle includes the tuberculin testing of cattle, immunization of swine, and other similar veterinary practices. There is more likely to be a demand for careful autopsies of valu- ° able animals which die from unknown causes. The use of purebred sires, and especially the business of raising purebreds of both sexes, results in the considerable movement of stock into and out of a community. This movement involves the necessity for certifying to the health of animals, in many cases, as a safeguard in preventing spread of disease. The presence, in a community, of well-bred herds and flocks indi- cates intelligence and skill on the part of their owners. Such a com- munity should offer a more attractive practice to qualified veterin- arians than neighborhoods where inferior animals, crude home remedies, and lack of progress and prosperity are the rule. EDITORIAL 567 In most cases the men who are on the firing line actively conduct- ing the drive against inferior sires are county agents. The work is a logical county-agent activity involving education, surveys, and meetings—all of them excellent means for getting results. More than that, the introduction of purebred sires brings lasting benefits; a good sire used this year means better offspring for decades to come. When breeding stock is properly handled, the improvement in offspring is progressive and perennial. Alert county agents know these facts and in live-stock com- munities they are devoting much time to better-sires work. Such a situation is not displeasing to veterinarians who, observing the work of some county agents at close range, have regarded them as com- petitors in community service. That feeling has been strongest per- haps when county agents have staged extensive demonstrations in the inoculation of swine against cholera. OPPORTUNITY FOR TEAMWORK Thus in the “Better Sires—Better Stock” campaign there is prom- ise of balm for irritations of the past and abundant opportunity for county agents and veterinarians to work together. The county agent’s field in this work is principally that of bringing about the use of purebred sires, while the veterinarian with his professional skill helps the breeder safeguard the valuable herds and flocks de- veloped. Members of the veterinary profession who are not already familiar with the principles by which type, coat color, absence of horns, and various other characteristics are transmitted may well inform themselves of these matters. Breeding as well as feeding problems are closely related to the vital processes already a part of veterinary study. . WINNING THE CONFIDENCE OF A COMMUNITY In addition to the purely professional side of the matter, another side of greater importance must not be overlooked. Breeders are becoming better and better informed. What shall be their estimate of a veterinarian who is unable to advise them properly on certain semiveterinary matters that relate to breeding? I have in mind such topics as herd sanitation, artificial impregnation, and frequency of service. These subjects may be considered on the borderland between the fields of breeding and of veterinary practice, but every vet- erinarian should be at least as fully informed as the breeder whom he attempts to advise. Failure in this respect may results in a general loss of confidence 568 EDITORIAL on the part of the breeder, who concludes that if his veterinarian is not abreast of the times in such matters he is behind in other branches of the profession also. So, from the business side, the professional side, and for psycho- logical reasons, the better-sires movement with all its ramifications merits careful attention by the veterinary profession. The move- ment promises beneficial and far-reaching results, and the profes- sion may wisely hitch the veterinary wagon to this star. THE SOUTHERN VETERINARIAN THE veterinarian of the South is rather of, a new type and acutely represents the product of the modern school. His splendid training is adequate to meet all the requirements, which make it possible for his ethics and principles to dominate his field of action. Now and then an empiric may be encountered, but they are so . scarce that they have been unable to permeate the atmosphere of veterinary medicine with a domineering spirit of charlatanism. Con- versely, the practitioner’s clientele, to a large extent, is free from the toxic effects of quackery. The A. V. M. A. has extended its mighty arm of influence to the Gulf of Mexico and, in turn, received a cordial welcome which has produced two powerful results; notably, an increased number in the membership of the Association, and the elucidation of the advantages of spreading to the people the gospel of clear, definite thought along the channels of comparative medicine. This propa- ganda is doing a tremendous work and gaining a prestige for the profession throughout America which will remain indelibly en- graved through the changes of time The southern veterinarian is contributing his share toward the victory. He has sincerity of pur- pose; that is, to serve a just and compelling cause at a reasonable compensation. His attitude and behavior as a veterinary medical man rings true and his desire for expansion, in all branches of the calling, is equal to the majority. He measures up to every require- ment and his achievements are a crowning event in the history of veterinary education. BE. bd. SERUM THAT SAVED HUMAN LIFE MADE FROM SHEEP’S BLOOD THE serum that saved the life of a little girl, after the other six members of her family had died from eating poisonous olives in EDITORIAL 569 New York, was made in the Bureau of Animal Industry from the blood of a sheep that had been immunized against bacillus botu- linus poisoning. The serum was rushed to New York by the Bureau on request from the United States Public Health Service. Three members of the family were alive when the request was made, but one of these died before the serum reached New York and another was so nearly dead that treatment was unavailing. The little girl was the only one with sufficient vitality left to make possible a test of the efficacy of the serum. The Bureau happened to have the life-saving serum because of the fact that the bacillus botulinus has been suspected of causing forage poisoning of horses. In investigating that subject the veterinarians of the Bureau made extensive experiments with serums. It was discovered that there are two strains of the bacillus botulinus. They look alike and the poisons they create produce the same effect, but immunization against one does not afford immunization against the other. The two strains are commonly referred to around the Bureau as “the olive strain” and “the cheese strain,” or sometimes as “strain A” and “strain B.” The three recent instances of olive poisoning—one in Michigan, one in Ohio, and the third in Montana—were all caused by “the olive strain” or “strain A” of the bacillus botulinus. The veter- inarians, therefore, were reasonably certain that the serum affording protection against the poison generated by “strain A” botulinus would be effective in the New York cases, and it proved to be so in the one case where it could be given a fair trial. A NEW VETERINARY PERIODICAL A new veterinary journal is to be published in Chicago under the name of The North American Veterinarian. Doctor J. V. La Croix is to be the managing editor. Doctor La Croix was formerly as- sociated with the American Journal of Veterinary Medicine and is well qualified to edit a veterinary periodical. The Journat wishes him unbounded success in his new venture and a long life for The North American Veterinarian. MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER: By C. J. MarsHatt, T. E. Munce, M. F. Barnes and FRED BOERNER Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, Harrisburg, Pa. DURING December of last year, a disease occurred in a herd of dairy cattle which was later diagnosed as malignant catarrhal fever. The disease is uncommon in this section of country. For this reason arrangements were made between the owner and the State Bureau of Animal Industry for careful and rather exhaustive study of it. The farm upon which the disease occurred is located on the historic Brandywine in Chester County, which is one of the most fertile sections of Pennsylvania. The land is rolling and well drained. The buildings are stone and concrete. The stable is in the basement of a large combination farm barn with cement floors and mangers. The drainage, light and ventilation are excellent. The drinking water is of good quality from a spring which is located on the hillside opposite the dairy and piped a distance of one-quarter of a mile. The cattle were receiving ensilage, Arcadia dairy feed, bran, gluten, oat, clover and timothy hay, all of which were considered of good quality. Conditions in general at this farm are most excellent. It is recog- nized as one of the very best arranged, equipped and managed dairies in the East. It is the last farm upon which one would expect to find malignant catarrhal fever, as this disease, according to most writers, appears in insanitary barns and badly managed herds. The owner had two other farms several miles distant. The dis- ease did not appear on these farms, although the cattle were handled and kept under similar conditions. _ The only cattle introduced came from a healthy herd in the immediate vicinity two months prior to the outbreak. History About the middle of December a cow and a heifer were taken sick. The attending veterinarian was promptly called and diagnosed the trouble as probably hemorrhagic septicemia, a disease which was rather common in his territory. He reported the condition to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry. The cow died and 1 Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 570 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER 571 necropsy indicated hemorrhagic septicemia and the whole herd was promptly vaccinated. The heifer, case 2, died December 24 and was disposed of without a necropsy. On December 26 a 3-year-old cow (case 3) was tobi sick, and the following day a 2-year-old heifer (case 4) showed symptoms. When these cases developed it was believed to be a virulent out- break of hemorrhagic septicemia, that the first vaccination had not produced sufficient immunity and that a revaccination would be advisable. This was done December 27. Case 3 died December 30, and the necropsy showed leaiisié similar to case 1. The lesions found in case 4 were characteristic of hemorrhagic septicemia, and a subsequent bacteriological exami- nation revealed the presence of Bacillus bovisepticus in the tracheal exudate. The fact was not overlooked that the presence of these organisms might have been the result of vaccination with a living vaccine, or possibly existing as a saprophyte on the membrane of the upper respiratory tract, as they were not demonstrated in any of the internal organs. On January 2 a 4-year-old cow (case 5) and two days later case 6 became sick. On the 7th case 5 and on the 9th case 6 died. The latter had been treated with anti-hemorrhagic-septicemia serum as soon as the symptoms appeared. On January 8 case 6, which had been sick for several days, was very weak, showed a temperature of 106° F., and died the following day. The remainder of the herd appeared normal. The cases did not develop in any particular section of the stable or group of animals. Case 6 had received in addition to prophy- lactic vaccination four injections of hemorrhagic septicemia serum, a total of 350 c.c. The symptoms, course and necropsy findings of all cases thus far showed a striking similarity. The absence of pneumonia and the presence of enteritis in all cases led us to suspect mycotic enteritis. The ensilage was considered as a possible causative factor and was discontinued January 1. The disease abated for a few days, but on January 17 cases 7 and 8 developed. The cattle from then on received mixed hay, chopped mangels and ensilage and were bedded on corn fodder, some of which they ate. The concentrated feed consisted of a mixture of Arcadia dairy feed, 500 pounds; ground oats, 500 pounds; cottonseed meal, 100 pounds. Each animal received from 2 to 16 quarts per day. Those not milking (heifers and dry cows) received the minimum amount. 572 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER On January 19 all remaining animals were again given hemor- rhagic septicemia vaccine. From January 17 to February 9 no new cases developed and it was thought that the outbreak had stopped. On the latter date, however, cases 9 and 10 developed. They showed symptoms similar to those of the preceding cases. The herd was again vaccinated. The bacteriological examinations to date were not conclusive, yet in a few cases the Bacillus bovisep- ticus was demonstrated. The chemical analysis of feeds and organs failed to reveal evidence of poison. The symptoms and autopsy findings were suggestive of three infectious diseases, viz., hemor- rhagic septicemia, malignant catarrhal fever, and rinderpest. On account of the difficulty in getting to and from the farm it was decided to have the next few cases sent to the State Laboratory at the Veterinary School of the University of Pennsylvania for observation. It was also decided to inoculate cattle to determine if the disease could be transmitted artificially. On February 15 a cow and her calf were inoculated with material from case 10. Both were injected subcutaneously with 5 c.c. of emulsion of heart’s blood, spleen and lymph glands, and also fed an emulsion of pseudo-membrane from upper respiratory tract. The results of this experiment were negative. On February 17 case 11 developed symptoms and was brought to the Laboratory for observation. This animal died six days later. The necropsy findings and laboratory examinations failed to furnish any definite information other than the presence of the Bacillus bovisepticus on the mucous membrane of the upper respira- tory tract. Not being fully convinced that the disease was not hemorrhagic septicemia, it was decided to vaccinate the herd with a vaccine prepared from the strains of B. bovisepticus isolated from these cases. The herd was first vaccinated with a bacterin and later injected with a living vaccine prepared from these cultures. Cases continued to develop in spite of the fact that the animals had repeatedly been vaccinated against hemorrhagic septicemia. On April 13 Dr. V. A. Moore of Cornell was called in consulta- tion. He examined a number of cases and witnessed an autopsy. From the history of the outbreak and the symptoms and lesions found it was suggested that the disease was probably malignant catarrhal fever. Working on this basis, we were soon confronted with the development of new cases that manifested a more typical picture of the latter disease. 4 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER $73 About the middle of May the herd was turned out but returned to the stable each day for milking. One more case developed soon after the animals were on pasture. A shed was built for milking ' purposes and made use of about June 1, thus eliminating exposure to stable infection. On June 24 another case, the last, developed, but as little is known of the incubative stage it is supposed that it contracted the disease in the stable prior to June 1. Table 1 shows the number of new cases that developed each month from the middle of December, 1918, to July 1, 1919: TaBLE 1.—Development of Cases by Months Cases developed mrocember, LOTS (Half month) :.6.....5.....0000 eaes A A Bk & peck & Pe eagles Ml li ae a ara ahr 4 EN REE NO Set oe. PAPA § March, NOL Diy aire ae Lael vod ileal 6 April, PERRRia hice stelsin chap anabe les's + «ce vispoupant 8 May, LU RRs Ged 2 Se ay eo 3 June, RRO arate BAe Pree ay IES wo ob ed te RD 1 SYMPTOMS Thé disease was ushered in by loss of appetite, high temperature and nervousness or dullness. Some female animals showed signs of estrum at the beginning of the disease, which may have been only a coincidence. The appetite for water was increased. Milk secre- tion was rapidly decreased. In the majority of cases the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, mouth and even the vulva were highly congested. Quivering and twitching of the various groups of mus- cles of the body, also an uneven distribution of body temperature, were observed. Extensive salivation and lachrymation with a nasal discharge of a clear, glassy-like, watery material were prominent symptoms. The secretions usually were not pronounced until the second day. After several days they became muco-purulent. The nasal discharge in most cases was brownish red to blood colored and of an offensive odor. The submaxillary region in a few in- stances was edematously swollen. The sick animal was uneasy and irritable and sensitive to palpation over various regions of the body, especially along the back and loins. The muzzle was dry and hot and after three or four days cracked and assumed a checkered appearance. In cases that extended be- yond this time large pieces of epiderm appeared as loose scabs on the muzzle, and the longer the course the looser the scab became, 574 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER until in about ten or twelve days it was entirely peeled off and the end of the muzzle presented a red, raw surface. There was conjunctivitis accompanied by swelling of the lids and lachrymation which became more noticeable after the second ~ or third day, and the discharge continued running down the cheeks during the remainder of the course of the disease. The lids were often swollen to three or four times their normal thickness and the eyes showed a half-closed appearance. The cornea usually re- mained clear until after the disease had progressed several days. In some cases it was hazy and later became completely clouded. The labial mucous membranes were much reddened and usually showed from small erosions to deep cracks and in a few more prolonged cases distinct ulceration in the gangivo-labial commis- sure. In no case was a loosening of the horns observed. The hair was quite lusterless in the beginning, and in prolonged cases rapid shedding was noticed. The skin was dry and scaly and later showed signs of peeling off. In chronic cases scabs were found on the skin of the infracervical and scapular regions, the medial surface of the thighs, udder and the intra-abdominal region. These scabs measured about 14 to 1% inch in diameter, and when picked off a yellowish, slightly blood-colored serum was séen at their base. The type of breathing was usually irregular and painful. In the more acute cases the respiratory movements of the costal walls were almost unrecognizable and were replaced by a shaking, jerking, trembling movement, and it was almost impossible to determine whether the animal was trying to inspire or expire. Auscultation revealed from nothing abnormal to gurgling, rattling, cracking and whistling sounds. Snoring was sometimes heard. Constipation in many cases was observed as one of the first symptoms, and was often followed by a diarrhea which usually developed about the second or third day and continued until death. Some animals remained more or less constipated to the very end and a few showed tenesmus. Others developed a diarrhea at the beginning which usually continued. In some cases blood was passed with the feces. The vulvar mucous membrane was generally «reddened in the early stages and later became more or less necrotic and peeled off. Few showed frequent urination of small amounts of slightly red- dish urine. In others the amount and frequency were apparently normal, but the urine usually showed a reddish tint. MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER 575 Emaciation was marked in all cases. The temperature varied in accordance with the acuteness of the disease. A rise in temperature was among the first symptoms noted and usually reached about 106 or 107° F. at the end of the first, second or third day and in the acute cases remained high until shortly before death. The pulse was increased in frequency at the beginning. The rapidity in acute cases ran as high as 100 or more per minute. Analysis of the urine from four animals during the middle to the latter course of the disease revealed a distinct acid reaction, large amounts of albumen, numerous casts and a few bacteria. Blood was present in the urine in three or four cases and indican was found in two of them. The specific gravity ranged from 1010 to 1025. Sugar and acetone were not present. Blood samples from these same animals showed an average count of about 4% millions of red blood cells and about 10,000 white blood cells, average hemoglobin about 40 per cent. There was apparently a decrease of red blood cells and an increase of white blood cells as the disease progressed. A differential count of the white cells showed approximately 40 per cent lymphocytes, 13.5 per cent mononuclears, 42 per cent polymorphonuclears, and 3.5 per cent eosinophiles. Table 2 shows the temperatures, pulse and respirations of a few cases. Course AND PRocNosiIs The 23 cases as outlined in Chart 1 for which accurate records were kept ran a course of from 2 to 18 days with an average of approximately 614 days. The course of the disease was generally acute. All affected animals died. ANATOMICAL CHANGES The anatomical changes varied according to the duration and localization of the disease. The most constant findings were inflam- matory changes of all the mucous membranes, those of the upper respiratory tract being the most characteristic and constantly af- fected. The nostrils, eyes and skin manifested changes which were recog- nized during life and which have been discussed under symptoms. The mucous membrane of the nose was bright red in color, pete- chiew were often present, and frequently showed a muco-purulent discharge. In one animal two large ulcerative surfaces covered with MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER 576 “ABP UIST UO PICs iZ4 st ot cz 0z (G4 x4 1x4 LT 97 oe 0@ 97 0% |" * "°°" “woreIdsoy 06 9L 99 eor 06 zor 96 Oot FOr 80T L8 96 zs Ce a ed #£0T| T°€OT!] Z°EOT| O'SOt 8°€OT| €° POT] €°FOT) C'FOT| O' VOT) S°EOT Z°ZOT| O'ZOT| Z°90T| E°9OT| T°SOT|***** “eangeraduoyL £4 9o¢ o¢ OF 8Z sees *aorzeIdsayy os os os Pr oy sence? St * OR peed] FEOF] Z°90T| £°90T| O° 90T| €°FOT|******eInyeeduIaL £@ FZ LZ lt eeeee *worzyerIdsay 88 ws zs 218 "aes -*:* * OB ital peed] $*F0T| O'SOT] O°90T| T° ZOT|**** **aanqesoduey (x4 oe £4 z (Zé 7 iZ4 Sz oe 97 (6 97 9¢ 8E 9¢ | °° °° WoRnesdsey Oct 86 cor cot 06 06 06 06 L8 tL 99 SL 89 = a ee Rie om 1”: b Peed] T°EO1| F'FOT! F'FOT| F'FOT] S°FOT| SOT] S*FOT| O'SOT| O'SOL| O'SOT| 0°90T| O°90T| 9°SOT| T°90T| F°90T} E°90T| "°° ** eInzeIEduIDL <4 8¥ 9s Bg |° °° + aorzeIIdsoy +9 ZS OS [torte aging Peed] F401] O'LOT| F'SOT|******eInzeIeduIaL LT <4 OF 8P Lad OF vs OF |°*** ** ‘WorzeIIdsoy 06 oot vs Oct 96 96 C=" 2 OT peed] F° E01] F°90T| O'SOT| 1°90T| O° 90T| S*SOT| E°SOt|*****"eInzeredueL 135 Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Aep Wal] “ON Y3ZT | UOT | UIST | GE | Wer | UIZE | WITT | WOT 436 433 WIL qy9 qas qWw pig puz 3ST asvD "NOILLVUIdSau GNV ASINd ‘AYNLVAAdWAL—s% ATAVL MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER 577 CHART 1.—COURSE OF DISEASE IN TWENTY-THREE CASES. NuMBER oF Days FRoM First SyMpTOM UNTIL DEATH a diphtheritic material were present and on each side of the anterior extremity of the nasal septum. The sinuses in a few cases showed slight injection of the vessels but no collection of pus or inflamma- tory exudate. The ethmoid and turbinate bones and the horn cores showed no inflammatory changes. In the more acute cases the mucous membrane of the pharnyx, larynx, trachea and bronchi showed catarrhal inflammation which occasionally became croupy and diphtheritic. Usually small ero- sions were present which varied in size from a pin-head to a dime. In some instances they were covered with a croupy or diphtheritic exudate. In one case the croupous exudate covered the trachea to its bifurcation, while it others only the pharnyx and larynx were affected. Petechial hemorrhages of the membrane were common. Ulceration of the larynx with a diphtheritic deposit was observed in one case. The lungs were hyperemic and usually showed acute edema and interstitial emphysema. The mediastinal and bronchial lymph glands occasionally were acutely swollen and hemorrhagic. Sub-epicardial and endocardial hemorrhages and albuminous de- generation of the myocardium were often present. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity in the early stages was of a pink to reddish color, particularly the gingiva and the ends of the papilla. In some of the less acute cases superficial erosions, especially over the soft and hard palate and on the sides and frenum of the tongue, were present. Sometimes the erosions were present ns 578 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER on the mucous membrane of the esophagus. The abomasum gener- ally showed catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane and in one case was ulcerative. The changes in the intestines varied from . a simple catarrhal inflammation with or without superficial hemor- thages to a severe hemorrhagic inflammation with hemorrhages into the lumen of the canal. Solitary follicles were usually swollen. The mesenteric lymph glands were acutely swollen in animals indicating severe intestinal changes. In others no changes were noticed. The glands situated in the cervical region usually showed acute swelling and edema and some were hemorrhagic. Albuminous degeneration of the liver was a very constant lesion and in a few instances there was focal necrosis of this organ. The kidneys were usually hyperemic and occasionally hemor- rhagic. Albuminous degeneration was constant. The eurethra gen- erally showed inflammatory reddening and in a few cases puncti- form hemorrhages were present. The membrane of the urinary bladder showed some changes, ranging from a slight catarrhal to a hemorrhagic inflammation, with marked thickening. The spleen occasionally showed moderate acute swelling. Fresh hemorrhages in the subcutaneous and subserous connective tissues were often present. ETIOLOGY A careful bacteriological study of many cases revealed nothing of etiological importance. In a few cases bacilli of the hemorrhagic septicemia group were isolated from the upper resipratory tract, buccal mucous membrane and in one case from the heart’s blood. It is probable that they were present as saphrophytes or secondary invaders. A number of experiments were carried out for the purpose of determining, if possible, whether the disease could be transmitted to other animals. Subcutaneous and intravenous injections were made of heart’s blood and emulsion of tissue. Secretions and excre- tions from affected cattle were fed to healthy cattle; healthy stock were exposed to natural infection by keeping them in contact with affected animals. All these efforts gave negative results. In no instance was it possible to produce the clinical symptoms exhibited by the animals on the infected farm. SUSCEPTIBILITY Table 3 shows the number of animals of the different ages that died, the number remaining, the total number of the different ages ” MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER 579 and the percentage of deaths for the different ages. Calves that have been born since the beginning of this outbreak are not included in this table: TABLE 3.—STATISTICS OF DEATHS BY AGES. NUMBER NUMBER PER CENT AGE DEAD REMAINING Toran DEATHS Under 1 year —- 2 2 00.00 Under 1 year 5 4 9 55.55 Under 2 years 7 4 11 63 .63 Under 3 years 8 5 13 61.53 Under 4 years 8 4 12 66 .66 Under 5 years 1 5 6 16.66 Under 6 years 3 3 _— Under 7 years -- 1 1 a= Under 8 years — 1 1 — Age not given 2 1 3 66 .66 Total 31 30 61 50.81. ‘The animals most susceptible were those over 2 and under 5 years of age. Several calves dropped during the outbreak did not become sick. Some were sucking their mothers at the time they were taken sick. One calf was purposely left with its mother until her death and it remained healthy. There were no data to show whether male animals were more sus- ceptible than females. There was only one male animal, a 2-year- old bull, in the herd. It died of the disease. During a period of about 614 months, from the middle of De- cember, 1918, to July 1, 1919, slightly over 50 per cent of the herd of 61 animals died of this disease. They were apparently suscepti- ble to infection during the winter, spring and part of the summer. The last winter having been rather mild may account to some extent for the continuance of the disease. Most all the animals of this herd were in good physical condition before they became sick. Several breeds were represented. There were several purebreds and a number of grades. Whether the cow was dry, a heavy springer, or fresh, seemed to play no important part. Sheep and swine were kept in adjacent buildings and cared for by the same attendants but escaped the disease. Exposure to cold, debility and insanitary conditions are generally accepted as predisposing causes. Each of them were conspicuously eliminated in this outbreak. 580 MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER TREATMENT The treatment, both medicinal and biological, failed to check or alter the course of the disease. The premises were frequently cleaned and disinfected. | The disease may be more prevalent than is generally supposed. A diagnosis in this case would have been overlooked if the disease had occurred in a small herd with but few deaths. Up to the present time there appears to be no cause for the disease and no prevention or cure for it. We desire to acknowledge our appreciation to Drs. Benjamin Price and D. E. Hickman, of West Chester, for their valuable assist- ance, also to Capt. R. A. Kelser and Dr. E. W. Price for their help in the Laboratory. GOVERNMENT STALLION WINS TROUBADOUR of Willowmoor, 6459, the Morgan stallion ‘at the head of the Government breeding work at the Morgan Horse Farm, Middlebury, Vt., won over all Morgan sires exhibited at the 1919 International Live Stock Exposition. In a class of nine entries Troubadour of Willowmoor was first, Sir Ethan Allen was second, and Ajax was third. Troubadour is a solid bay in color—is nine years old, and was selected by specialists of the Bureau of Animal Industry as a yearling. ° He has been maintained and devoloped at the Morgan Horse Farm, where he has been used in military remount breeding service as well as for improvement of the registered Mor- gans. Troubadour of Willowmoor weighs 1,200 pounds and stands 15% hands high. He is a son of Troubadour, by Jubilee de Jar- nette, a purebred Morgan. His dam was Fannie 2d, a well-con- formed type mare of the breed. SANITARY PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF MILK: By F. J. Campon, New Orleans, La. Milk is often stated to be a perfect food. By this I mean that it contains all the essential elements for normal human. growth and development. To produce such a valuable article of food we must depend upon the knowledge of several classes of workers—the veterinarian, the chemist, the bacteriologist, the sanitarian, the pathologist, the research worker, and the dairyman, but the stan- dards in the last analysis must harmonize with and satisfy the needs of the consumer. There is no topic engaging the serious attention of sanitarians, the civilized world over, more than milk inspection, with the view of securing for the people a sound, nutritive and wholesome supply of this important article of food which figures so largely in the health, the development and the very existence of the race. The susceptibility of milk to the many and varied changes and the many possibilities of its contamination renders a careful method of pro- duction and handling of vital importance. In producing and main- taining a safe and sanitary milk supply for a city of the size of New Orleans, or any other city for that matter, certain definite re- quirements as to production must be maintained, and cleanly methods of handling, refrigerating, transporting and delivering are essential. These problems can not be solved by the layman; they require experience, business sagacity, medical assistance and skill, all working toward a common end. The strong tendency nowadays in business, governmental and medical questions is to deal with things of the future in order to avert trouble rather than to solve problems under the stress of con- ditions. The veterinarian who, by his skill in diagnosis and sani- tary control, prevents the outbreak of a serious infectious disease is worth a dozen, however skilled they may be, after the disease has become an epidemic. If this reasoning is sane the milk question naturally falls under the surveillance of preventive medicine, and the three. watchwords are health, cleanliness and temperature, and an abundance of pure water. © The maintenance of a healthy herd is the most potent factor in a sanitary milk supply. The herd should be under the sur- veillance of a skilled veterinarian, and any animals suffering from 1Paper presented at the Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 581 522 SANITARY PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF MILK diseased udders, general constitutional disease or disorders of any . kind that will in any way harm the milk should be segregated from the milking herd and treated, killed or disposed of as the case demands. The herd must be rendered tuberculosis free by the proper application of the tuberculin test; new animals not to be admitted to the herd until after passing a tuberculin test made in accordance with the United States Government’s rules; and immedi- ately following the tuberculin test, the cow stables and exercising yards are to be disinfected. A second tuberculin test should follow each primary test after six months. Thereafter the herd should be tested annually. The veterinarian by virtue of his training and varied experience in sanitation is the proper individual to watch over the health of the herd. The attendants should be free from disease of all kinds, for, owing to its susceptibility to contamination, and being an ideal cul- ture medium, milk is often rendered a disease-carrying medium while the vendors of such milk are innocent of any contamination with human disease-producing organisms. To this end a thorough and systematic medical inspection of dairymen, their families and employees should be maintained by all milk producers in order that they may protect their customers and themselves as much as pos- sible. When illness of a suspicious nature occurs such employee should be quarantined and removed from the premises. These medi- cal inspections should be made at least twice a month. Milk should be drawn from the cow at regular intervals into clean pails, preferably of the narrow-top design. From a bac- teriologic standpoint this is the most important stage in the pro- duction of clean milk. Excessive numbers of bacteria indicate the presence of foreign matter—filth and dirt. Milk that is drawn into an open pail from cows whose udders, flanks and hips are loaded with dirt and stable filth must from the very nature of the process of milking be heavily laden with organisms of an undesirable nature. Therefore clean cows, clean barn, clean, healthy milkers with clean, dry hands, and clean pails, are prerequisites to clean milk. Next in importance to clean milking is the proper cooling. This should be done immediately after the milk is drawn from the cow, inside a clean milk house situated within clean surroundings. The time is past when the dairyman can satisfactorily cool milk without the use of ice. The milk should be cooled to 50° F. immediately after milking and kept at this temperature until delivered. Clean, sanitary milk therefore can be obtained if the cows are SANITARY PRODUCTION AND HANDLING oF MILK 583 clean and kept in clean surroundings, providing the persons caring for them and doing the milking are clean in their habits and per- sonal appearance. This requires careful daily routine. The stables should be well lighted and ventilated, whitewashed at least twice a year, have tight, sound floors with gutters of nonabsorbent material ; they should be cleaned and swept daily. The udders, flanks and hips of the cow may be clipped and the tails trimmed up and the bush corded out; this will aid materially in keeping the cows clean, and when these parts are wiped off with a damp cloth just before milking many fine particles of dirt and large numbers of bacteria are prevented from faling into the pail. The milkers should milk with clean, dry hands and wear a suit used for milking only. The fact that milk is such a delicate article of food, so susceptible io change and an ideal culture medium should control all methods of production. The bottling, whether done at the dairy, bottling plant or milk station, in order to handle milk in a sanitary manner should be so constructed as to have different rooms or apartments for dif- ferent kinds of work. There should be a boiler and pump room, containing boilers, engines and pumps that will furnish an ample supply of pure water, steam at 80 pounds pressure and power for running the various machinery throughout the plant; a receiving room where the milk is received, inspected as to odor, taste, tem- perature and physical appearance of the fluid, and weighed, and where the farmers’ cans are rinsed in cold water, washed and steamed; a storage room; a clarifying and bottling room, and finally ice houses containing an ample supply of safe ice, which is used in crushed form around the bottles which are packed in cases and transported to their destination in refrigerator cars. It has long been recognized that the only safe way to serve milk to a customer is in the original sealed package bottled in the country, direct from the dairy, under conditions which from a sanitary stand- point can not be duplicated in a large city. Surely there can be no more unfit, dangerous or disgusting methods of serving the public with milk than by filling the bottles from cans on the street while in transit where it is subject to dirt, flies and other accidental and vicious causes of contamination. The importance of clean con- tainers in vending clean milk is far more reaching. These bottles should be washed, rinsed, sterilized and kept covered in this steril- izer until they are to be used. To the consumer this feature should be vital, for greater danger lurks in dirty bottles than in dirty milk. Now let us consider for a moment the consumer’s part in the 584, SANITARY PRODUCTION AND HANDLING OF MILK sanitary handling of milk. Assuming that this bottle of milk is clean and cold, he has certain duties to perform for the protection of the health of his household. A clean, cold place should be pro- vided where it will not be exposed to the heat of the sun or subject to the licking of every stray dog and cat. The cap should be kept in the bottles as long as any of its contents remain unused, and when empty the bottle should be washed first in cold water and then scalded. It is a deplorable fact that too few people treat the milk bottle as a dish in every-day use on their dinner table containing a very delicate and sensitive food. To this end some cities have passed ordinances making it a misdemeanor for the consumer to re- turn dirty bottles to the distributor. The education of the con- sumer along these lines by boards of health through bulletins, the schools and public press seems to me to be of vital importance. It is proper that every city should adopt practical, prudent methods in an attempt to protect its food supply, with due regard for all parties, whether it be for the grower of meats or the pro- ducer of dairy products or the manufacturer of any edible food. However, the authorities should not overlook the importance of safe- guarding the producer’s end from the transmission of unclean con- tainers to the source of supply, for the dairymen are not always responsible for some of the troubles that are said to be brought to the home in milk. Therefore, cooperation on the part of the consumer on the one end and the producer and distributor on the other will make a complete and strong daily chain in the sanitary handling of commercial milk. The foundation of the dairy business lies in the producer; its success in the education of the producer and consumer alike. Give the producer a knowledge of the right methods in| producing, hand- ling and caring for the milk, and he will in turn seek information relative to the best means to accomplish this end. Owing to the fact that the production of milk is a confining occupation and re- quires careful attention to a large number of details twice every day, Sundays and holidays included, from one year’s end to another, we should not expect to revolutionize the entire business immedi- ately, but by working carefully, step by step, educating the pro- ducer in clean, safe milk. A high price does not necessarily mean clean milk, but clean milk means an increased cost of production. In this advanced age we are face to face with the revelations of science on the one hand and nature’s practical problems on the other. You hear some say that the country has gone bacteria crazy; SANITARY PRODUCTION AND HANDLING oF MILK 585 even the children on the street are talking about bacteria. This marks the advancement that is being made in general education in the fundamentals of scientific knowledge, and will in time eliminate many erroneous and distorted ideas in these important every-day scientific questions. The American people are not satisfied to pass step by step from the present condition to the ideal, but they must reach the ideal by a single jump, which from a practical standpoint is not a success. Reaching the desired goal through the matural channels and gradual evolution of education and development is more conducive to healthy, businesslike and permanent growth than through the application of spontaneous theories and fancies. Let oir united efforts in this great work be toward product even though we may differ slightly in methods and details. Therefore, careful conservation work along practical scientific lines, together with education and cooperation of all parties concerned, is bound to work together for the good of public health and humanity. NEW MEMBER OF EXECUTIVE BOARD The committee appointed by President Cary; consisting of Drs. L. E. Day, H. R. Ryder and George Frost, to count the ballots cast at the recent election to fill the vacancy on the Executive Board from the Fourth District, report the result as follows: Total votes cast, 197, of which Dr. Kiernan received 63, Dr. Houck 44, Dr. Musselman 30, Dr. Turner 30, Dr. McInnes 16, and Dr. Kinsey 14. Dr. J. A. Kiernan of Washington, D. C., was thereupon declared elected. BACTERIOLOGIC STUDIES OF A PERACUTE DISEASE OF HORSES AND MULES By Rosert Grattam, Captain, V. C.; Francois H. K. REYNOLDs, First Lieutenant, V. C., and Dr. J. F. Hitt, Contract Surgeon, U. S. Army (Continued from the February number) CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS The designations and origins of the cultures studied were ‘as follows: Culture Origin . Gartner RV... . vikiihitiead: Rabbit inoculated with splenic tissue, stock yards. Gartner 104-B........... Spleen of Mule B inoculated with RV. Gartner Sp, 2.) ous Rat inoculated with spleen 93. Gartner No; 1.) vice epee Stock, S. E. Department Laboratory. Gartner 25660". eens Stock, University of Chicago. Gartner QMG. +o .104* wan: Quartermaster Stable, McPherson. Strains from Equine Sporadic Cases. Csartnier 92". kat sateen aes Spleen. Gartner 93... } POMS ¢ Spleen. Gartners94 oo a. Spleen. Cartier: 107). ue tae Spleen. — Gartner 132.............Heart blood and kidney. Gartner 139 and 141...... Kidney and axillary vein. Gartner 147 ..chioremec es". Spleen and liver. Gartner 1700.00 0.020.000. Kidney, liver, spleen, mesenteric gland. Cultures from Natural Sources. Gartner‘ OMe Oey oe Quartermaster Stable, McPherson. Gartner H-35..... pk wah: Dr. Burkland’s stables. Gartner. H-215 ge ios Feeding pens, fences, stock yards. Experiment Cases. Gartner, MulesBoraree.. Inoculated with strain RV, Experiment 1. Gartner, Mule C......... Inoculated strain RV, Experiment 2. Gartner, Mule E......... RV. (culturally positive, serologically negative). Gartner, Horse P......... Inoculated strain, QMC., Experiment 5. Gartner, Horse S......... Inoculated, Gartner No. 1, Experiment 7. Gartner, Mule T......... Inoculated 104-B, Experiment 7. Gartner, Horse U........ Inoculated QMC., Experiment 7. Paracolon’P. D..:: 4eiie'.s Horse W, Experiment 7. : PArAtypnOI Bo cea. » Horse X, Experiment 7. The cultural characteristics of the various organisms and strains are shown in Table 16. 586 ASVASIGd AHL AO ASVD SNOANVINOdS V PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 588 Ps er ee tar ce eet se eT eee I ee PS eae leas hp ee Brees ee "91qBIS "CL “AA ‘2LT a a a a | ° ] Vv 1. | re | Ps | da da Vv ion ae te weee eeertereeeee enews 3923S ‘d ‘007 pan UO Me a ee ees es yk a ee ee A ae A es ES ae ee *yBNOsL pat ‘261 Sieg 1m |e ei ed ee ee ee ee Dav cuaeags ccs. Ue BUypeoy *6LT #1 aod a | 8 Se ee oa a eee eer Teas ressesseess* 5B) 99095 ‘691 a a a a a > se 3 3 °) 2) 5) a oud a whe ereeweee eeeeee o-g5 49 Sea *d *t0t ti a Ms eee ee ys ee ge Se oe Di ee a Oe Oe ysnorL peed ‘98 S toe te | oe eee ot et eo Se eee Tt gee... es ysnor], pera ‘bs q a a a | Pe | *} 3 3 3) 5) ‘) a ay, eS bk er ee ee eee 21923S ss f 44 a a a a a a gq 6 > | 3) 5) i | Geos aR + seer were eee e reer eeee 31927S i | o¢ dl a ekg eg es es SR EA a a ae, oe ae ed ee eS ysnor |, pred ‘Tg Oe Se ee Ce ag ee Se Ps Re ae OE ee oo ae hee ee a mopeenenerorss a19eIS “CM ‘SIE a be be mee oe ee oO de emer eT feces. "+" -91qbIS “A ‘SE S 281-8. | pee oe ee Oem pr br fe aqqers “IW °O ‘TS ull} Reis) 280} | ssole oyu esour asojAX| 250} 280} 9801} sheq sinoyy |smnoyy | Ses) + prey] (qutq) -xaq | “Hes | -oeT |-qooes} -uey | -qezy oyen| jew | -xeq | zt | 8h | “yng / j a@unLino VIGa,. ABLVM—WNAGS S,SSIH MUW SAWLI’T WOIdzY{ S, TIZSSAY = (7 !8eF pue woNenZv0d ‘ple = D Suonjeynzeod pus poe = gq tppe = VY :suo!OVey *gadInog snosuvIzxXy WOIJ S2INn3ziND (Cauyeqre = 5 fauyeqre Apysys = 4 :pasueqoun = q ‘pre ApysHe “SNOLLOVaY NOLLVLINAWaaA—"9t ATAVL *— DAIeSou ‘+ aATpsod ‘suoeUIyN|ssy :sjoquiAs 03 Aey) Paratyphoid Group. PERACUTE DISEASE OF HorsES AND MULES 589 AAAARARARA AARAAAAMARAAA RARARAM AAAAAAAMAM AARARAAAARAaA AARAAAAA ARARANARAA RPERARAAAARARA ARAARANA AAAARAAAAA AAARAARAAHANHA ARAAARAN OVVOULUU0RYU OCULVUOUOU0O0UUO VOOO000N OCOLOULLUOAY OMOVOVUOLOUUOUYU OVUVOVOUNU OVULOUHROARY OVUVVOU000UU0U0U OOUV00000 OVULOOLV0ORO YVVVOUOU0U0000N OVVULVOV0UNU VVVOOOOURY i OVULOUOOUU00000U ; VOVUOUANVLYU 4 3 OCOUOVLVUVUAY 3 OVOOCUCOOUOU0UN § OOU000000 VUUOOUUORE é VOUVOUUOU< <<< i OVVOOUOO 2 : cooooounnA | 3] evveoovvv< ae = ++ ++ 000‘O¢-T eee eee yooyos “pel Auly ee proydAy = wa ESS OOT -T =e ries Sed ray ss poe Zia + ab ++ 000‘9 -T see eee *Tooyas “paw AULIY eee ee ww www ee a ploydAjzeieg as | Feel OOT at oem ae —s Ss ae, ae oat Shack aa 000‘9 SE peek Mes se qey -ydaq ca) ips | ll ele at Neat Vv pioydAzereg Be — OO =F 3d ot) As ries aon aay tiie: + +b 000‘Z -T see ween ane qe *ydaq Bol ‘Ss eee eee ee sny ‘Vv ‘uojooRleEg = eid, 000‘T -T aoe: ye a +4 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ 000‘ Z -T eee eee ee (Ayonquey) poosy ee boa *y10q VY mei aac Sh 0 iy Gt CR Ae TU ee Cate le wk le are he a We we ah egy ic 2 aoe geen | OOO E ah pee Bi Oo get ‘ed “A'S | “oT PAW “VY Uo[ooered “ ced Qu) Yay Aree Sg Be ce ea joe, scot OM ees eet As ea ch Pin ge tl OR See scons ce wats cA (i a ag es | Sl ke em QE ANTS ay an eer nee Cc *d wopooereg = ot 000 OPE Aare. 1th eee aeirotnnl = shores orate teak scat eet trae | OOO OF SE a onT Gey 309k HS) for es ¢ ‘ON JeuyED sarrvelnauae] TLL | $00'r | 000° | oor't | o00'r | 099 | ooF | ooz | oor | os aa aDuN0g WAYAS *(Z-"ds) GUNLIND WINLUVD HLIM VUES GAITIV—SNOILLVNILATODV SSOUO HLIM SLSAL NOLLVNILLOTOOV— s&s ATAVL PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES ‘597 # COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TESTS The complement-fixation test demonstrated the fact that typhoid serum would fix the complement in the presence of the several strains of Gartner’s bacillus as readily as their homologous sera (immune sera from rabbits), but added little to the agglutination reactions. In one sporadic case, that of Mule 12, the complement was fixed in the presence of 0.1 and 0.2 of the serum, while the agglutination test showed it to be plus-minus at 1-400. The technic of the test differed in no way from that employed for glanders except in the case of the antigen which comprised a suspension of organisms washed from solid medium with car- bolized salt solution, instead of an autolysate. One-tenth of 1 c.c. of serum was employed. Twice the antigenic unit was employed, provided twice that quantity did not inhibit alone or in company with negative serum. (See Table 25.) TABLE 25.—CROSS-FIXATION OF MEMBERS OF TYPHOID- DYSENTERY GROUP. ; CONTROLS SERUM ANTIGEN REACTION SERUM | ANTIGEN Gartner 388 Gartner No. 1 +++ ++ =e dacs Gartner 52 Gartner No. 1 of ff eee ait Gartner 657 Gartner No. 1 ++++ — es B. typhosus Gartner No. 1 +444 ‘bi tae Gartner 388 Gartner OQMC., ++ + 4 — pas Gartner 52 Gartner OMC. +444 pel Le Gartner 657 Gartner QMC. +++ sats tue B. typhosus Gartner OMC. +++ + sea Lad Gartner 388 Gartner G. P.-65 +444 ee oe Gartner 388 Gartner 104-B +++ 4 igs tnd Gartner 104-B Gartner 104-B ++4++4 ve ees Gartner Sp.-2 Gartner 104-B ++44] — ue B. paratyphoid A Gartner 104-B — _— — B. paratyphoid B Gartner 104-B — — — B. dysenteriz (Flex.) Gartner 104-B ~- “= — B. dysenterize (Hiss.) Gartner 104-B a — — B. dysenteriz (Shig.) Gartner 104-B — — — B. typhosus Gartner 104-B ++++ as pat CONCLUSIONS In terminating the preliminary bacteriological study of this fatal equine disease the following conclusions seem justified: 1. In the absence of more conclusive evidence it can not be 593° PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES ~ claimed that Bacillus enteritidis Gartner is the prime and specific cause of the disease in question. Yet it appears that this organism, and possibly certain strains of B. paratyphoid B, are closely related to the bacteriology of this disease. The symptoms-complex of the animals experimentally fed B. enteritidis Gartner isolated from the spontaneous cases are identical with those displayed by animals suffering from a spontaneous attack. B. enteritidis Gartner was isolated from approximately 22 per cent of the spontaneous cases under observation. 2. Experimental animals not fasted to induce fatigue were not susceptible to B. enteritidis Gartner infection by feeding.” 3. B. enteritidis Gartner proved fatal to experimental mules which were fasted and subjected to conditions inducing fatigue, as incurred incident to shipment. 4. B. enteritidis Gartner could not always be demonstrated in the heart blood, even following death in experimental animals by artificial infection, suggesting that the type of the disease induced is probably a toxemia per se. 5. Complement-fixing bodies or agglutinins could not be demon- strated in the blood of all sporadic cases, and negative results to the above serological tests were likewise obtained in experimental mules artificially infected. 6. Feeding avirulent cultures, as well as inoculating killed cul- tures subcutaneously and intravenously and live cultures subcuta- neously, appeared to have produced a degree of immunity. Yet the value of immune serum, as well as bacterins, in establishing an artificial immunity was not satisfactorily or completely demon- strated. Some limited experimental evidence is indicative of their value. 7. B. enteritidis Gartner appears to lead a somewhat saprophytic existence and to possess a capricious pathogenesis. It is possible that some animals possess a degree of immunity or resistance against this organism. 8. Paratyphoid organisms were encountered in cultures from extraneous sources, though their pathogenic significance was not completely determined. The isolation of B. enteritidis Gartner from equine feces of a healthy animal is suggestive of the relation which this organism might play in the development of an acute toxic gastro-enteritis, exclusive of outsicle sources of infection. 9. The sterile filtrate of B. eriteritidis Gartner, experimentally fed, was not sufficient to induce |: 1th in healthy mules, and it PERACUTE DISEASE OF Horses AND MULES 599 appears that the live organisms in the digestive tube are essential for the elaboration of additional poison. 10. The relation of B. coli-like organisms constantly encountered in the internal organs of animals suffering from acute toxic gastro- enteritis could not be determined experimentally. It is believed, however, that a colon bacillosis is a common secondary invader. ll. B. enteritidis Gartner, B. paratyphoid B and B. paracolon appear closely related morphologically and culturally, and certain strains of,the former and latter were identical serologically. ACKNOWLEDGMENT In concluding this report the writers take this opportunity to thank Major George R. Moffitt, officer in charge of the Southeastern Department Laboratory, for timely suggestions and cooperation throughout the investigation. Acknowledgment is also made to Dr. Herman Burkland of Atlanta for his very valuable assistance in donating the use of his hospital for certain phases of the work and the supplying of clinical ma- terial; to Dr. William M. MacKellar of the Bureau of Animal Industry for data on shipments of animals and specimens, and to Sergeants Doyle and Kendrick for the spirit and interest displayed in the furtherance of the work. REFERENCES Dick. Jour. of Infec. Dis., vol. 23, no. 6. Bul. 207-208, Ky. Agric. Exper. Station. Hiss and Zinsser. A Textbook of Bacteriology. 1917. A Study of Paratyphoid Bacilli Isolated from Cases of Hog Cholera. Jr. Exp. Med., Dec. 1, 1918. Nineteenth Annual Report, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dept. Agric., 1902,:p. 297-331. Meyer, Traum and Roadhouse. Reprint from Jour. of Am. Vet. Med. Assn., April, 1916. Park and Williams. Pathogenic Microorganisms. 1914. Osler’s Modern Medicine, 1907. Edelmann (Mohler and Eichhorn). Meat Hygiene. Stitt. Practical Bacteriology, Blood Work, Parasitology, 3d edition. . Buchanan. Veterinary Bacteriology. ok 3 SOPrN A MN — — INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES: By J. N. Frost, Ithaca, N. Y. THE subject of intestinal obstruction has always been one of great interest and will continue to be so until our methods of diagnosis and results in treatment are greatly advanced. Abdominal surgery in veterinary practice is usually confined to puncture of the intestine, spaying and occasionally rumenotomy, but there is a fertile field for work along other lines and with other operations. i The intestinal tract of our large domestic animals is a long muscular tube, varying in size, with anatomic constrictions in cer- tain portions formed from changes in the course of the canal or from the gradual decrease in the size of the canal. This tube has for its function secretion and absorption and the power of pro- pelling its contents by its own muscular contractions. Intussusception or invagination results when one part of the in- testine passes in telescopic fashion into the part immediately below. Having once been fairly engulfed, the normal peristaltic movements tend to increase the displacement until the utmost degree of in- vagination is attained. In the small bowel the limit is attained much sooner than in the large. An intussusception usually consists of three parts or layers of bowel, the entering and returning, the intussusceptum, and the en- sheathing layer, the intussuscipiens. This whole mass may in turn be invaginated which would involve five layers of intestine. The effect of intussusception is to drag severely on the mesentery which is drawn into the bowel. A minor result of this is that the tumor has a curved shape like a sausage. The more important effects are upon the circulation and the lumen of the bowel. The former soon becomes impeded and ultimately arrested, while the latter tends equally to pass from stenosis to occlusion. The drag on the mesentery creates stenosis of the veins, the mucous membrane of the bowel becomes congested and blood and mucus are exuded from its surface into the bowel, to be later discharged from its sur- face per rectum. Ultimately the circulation is entirely arrested, the bowel is occluded and the tissues become gangrenous. CAUSES Nothnagel demonstrates by experiment that circular spasms of the intestine may be the starting point of invagination, and assumes 1Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 600 INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES 601 that such invagination may frequently occur under natural circum- stances, and after slight symptoms of colic disappear again. The immediate cause seems to be peristaltic irregularity whereby one part of the intestine is active, while a neighboring part is in- active. This may be brought about by anything which irritates the intestine or produces spasms of certain portions of the intestinal tract. Law gives as a cause the drinking of ice-cold water or the eating of frosted grass or fodder. It sometimes follows diarrhea or con- stipation with severe straining. Occasionally it is associated with parasites either in the intestinal lumen or in the wall, and at other times it depends on pressure or traction of tumors or new growths. Straining, from being controlled when cast for operation, is also a cause of invagination. SYMPTOMS The symptoms usually begin with violent colic, the animal pawing, kicking at its belly, throwing itself violently and rolling. Rumination, peristalsis and milk secretion cease. Cattle some- times become vicious and will baw], kick and bunt at the attendant. The passage of feces stops. A few small pellets covered with mucus and blood may be passed. The rectum and posterior colon contain mucus streaked with blood and occasionally blood clots. The animal does not bloat. The temperature remains normal, but the pulse is increased, sometimes as high as 120 or 150, and be- comes weak. After a few hours the violent colicky symptoms cease. Then the animal appears nervous, standing most of the time, occasionally switching the tail, lifting the hind legs, and making frequent at- tempts at urination. Cattle often stretch and many times stand with hind feet in the gutter. At this stage rectal injections of warm water will usually cause a slight increase in the pain. Rectal examination will find an absence of feces but the presence of small masses of mucus and blood. The intussusception may be felt as a firm mass somewhat as the uterus feels in early pregnancy. If not too far anterior one may recognize the edge of the intestine where it is involuted within itself. Movement of the mass tends to drag on the mesentery, which is already tightened, hence it causes pain. Ih thee | In cattle it is usually the ileum which is involved, but it may be any portion of the small intestine. It is not liable to be the large intestine because of its peculiar attachments. 602 INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES In the equine species it is the colt that is most often affected, and as with other young animals and children it is most often the ileum which has passed into the cecum. We have one specimen where the cecum was telescoped into the ileum. Cases are reported in older horses where the cecum has passed completely into the colon. In case the animal is far advanced in pregnancy, finding the intussusception per rectum becomes difficult and the diagnosis will have to be made on the other symptoms shown. Among the other diseases which produce somewhat similar symp- toms in cattle we might mention traumatic gastritis, acute indiges- tion, impaction, torsion of the uterus in the pregnant animal, and uretral or urethral colic, that is, colic due to calculi in the ureter or urethra. ¢ 7 Intussusception may be differentiated from these diseases by the following symptoms: In traumatic gastritis we get greater increase in temperature, passage of feces or their presence in the rectum and colon. The pain is not so acute as to produce violent colicky symp- toms. Acute indigestion produces bloating, also there is the passage of feces or their presence in the rectum or colon. In impaction there is lack of violent pain, more temperature, firmness of the contents of the rumen, or, in case of impaction of the third stomach, pain upon pressure over that part. In torsion of the uterus there is the presence of feces and vaginal examination will reveal the twisting of that organ with the mucous membrane lying in folds. By making a rectal examination in uretral colic, the calculus may be felt or its presence shown when pressure is applied to the ureter at the point where it is lodged. With urethral colic there is distention of the urinary bladder and also of the urethra above the point where the calculus is lodged. In the horse we may also have impaction of the colon and vol- vulus producing symptoms like intussusception. With the former the pain is usually less severe and rectal examination will show the firm mass in the colon, while with the latter the pain does not tend to subside and the temperature is higher. TREATMENT If the diagnosis is made early, the intussusception may sometimes be reduced by manipulations per rectum. One must use great care in this, however, as it is difficult to tell just how necrotic the intes- tine is, and rupture may occur if the manipulations are too severe. The injection of large quantities of warm water into the posterior INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES 603 bowel will sometimes straighten out the intestine if adhesions have not already occurred. Recovery may take place by the formation of adhesions at the point where the inner layer of the intussuscepted bowel enters the outer portion. The whole mass included may then slough away and be passed per rectum. Several cases where this has occurred have been reported in veterinary literature. Jones, in the Veterinary News, reports 15 feet of small intestine sloughing and being ex- pelled per rectum after severe colic in the bullock. OPERATION The animal may be operated upon either standing or cast and under local or general anesthesia. If operated upon standing the animal should be confined in stocks or may be secured against a gate or stanchion with the right side exposed. Very resistant animals may require confinement in lateral recumbency on the left side with the fore feet stretched forward and the hind feet stretched backward. The animal may be anesthetized by an injection of chloral per rectum, with a local anesthetic injected at the point of incision of the skin and abdominal muscles. This will produce sufficient anesthesia, and if the animal is to be operated upon standing the amount of chloral should be small. No anesthesia of the intes- tine is necessary, as manipulation or cutting of the intestine does not seem to cause the animal pain provided traction is not too severe on the mesentery. The operative area should be shaved and thoroughly disinfected, preferably with an alcholic solution or with gasoline and iodine, and then covered with an antiseptic or aseptic cloth through which an incision is made to correspond to the skin incision which is to follow. . When ready for operation an incision 8 to 10 inches long is made through the skin in the right flank, beginning at a point eqi- distant from the lateral processes of the lumbar vertebrae, the ex- ternal tuberosity of the ileum, and the last rib, and carried down- ward perpendicular to the spinal column. The fibers of the ex- ternal oblique muscle are then separated obliquely downward and forward and the internal oblique in a corresponding manner ob- liquely downward and backward, so that the openings through the two muscles form an X. The peritoneum is then punctured and the wound dilated sufficiently to allow the introduction of the hand. In spreading the muscles in this manner it is not necessary to suture 604. INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES the peritoneum and muscular coats after the operation on the in- testine is completed, as the cross fibers tend to close the wound. An incision may be made directly through the oblique muscles, but this produces more hemorrhage and requires more difficult sutur- ing, besides producing a wound which is liable to gape and ‘allow infection to enter during the operation. E After the incision has been made through the abdominal wall the hand is inserted and a search made for the involuted intestine. An assistant may aid in this search by grasping the diseased intestine per rectum and carrying it up to the incision. An attempt may now be made to straighten the involuted intes- tine. Even though successful in this, it may be necessary to per- form resection and anastomosis of the intestine, as the walls are very liable to be so diseased or necrotic as to rupture or produce stenosis or adhesion later on. If it is thought necessary to perform resec- tion, draw the involved portion of the intestine out through the wound until a healthy portion with good blood supply appears. The mesenteric vessels which supply the diseased intestine may now be compressed with forceps and ligated well down from the intestine. The normal intestine is clamped with the compression forceps, the jaws of which are covered with rubber tubing to pre- vent injury, one pair being placed each side of the diseased tissue. The intestine is then severed with scissors about 1 cm. from the forceps toward the diseased part. The cut ends are then washed with salt solution, care being taken not to let the intestinal contents enter the abdominal cavity or contaminate the healthy intestine. The incisions are then carried into the mesentery in a V shape for 10 or 12 cm., after which the two pair of forceps are brought together. Two sutures with long ends are now passed through the walls at opposite sides of the intestines and the forceps removed. These long threads are to be used as stays to keep the edges of the intes- tine tense while being sutured. Two rows of sutures are used, the second burying the first. A continuous suture may be used by bringing the two edges of serosa in apposition and applying the suture from the lumen of the intestine. This suture, however, is - more liable to prevent dilation and to produce stenosis. Another method is to use a continuous suture for the first half of the intestine and then use Lembert intestinal suture for the remaining half. A better method, however, is to use an interrupted suture known as Halstead’s suture. This is a double intestinal suture or a mattress INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE INTESTINES 605 suture turning the serous coats in. The suture has the advantage over the Lembert suture in that there are only half as many knots to tie and to produce irritation to the surrounding tissue. After the two ends of the intestine have been united, the cut edges of the mestentery are brought together by means of either a continuous or interrupted suture. When the anastomosis is com- pleted, a large supply of warm normal salt solution is allowed to flow over the intestine until healthy contractions have been stimu- lated and a normal blood supply established. If the operation has taken some time the intestine at this point may be edematous, and if a free circulation of blood and normal contractions are established this edema soons disappears and the chances of infection and ad- hesion at this point are greatly reduced. After replacing the intestine in the abdominal cavity the margins of the abdominal wound are thoroughly cleansed and sutured. If the muscle fibers have simply been separated the skin is all that needs to be sutured, otherwise the peritoneum and muscle must be sutured first. In suturing the skin wound the mattress suture is pre- ferred, as it prevents the edges of the wound from turning in and brings a large surface of the skin together so that it is more liable to prevent infection from gaining entrance between the sutures. After releasing the animal a rectal injection of warm salt solution may be used and stimulants given per mouth or subcutem. Nore—Discussion of this paper is reported in the proceedings on page 627 of this issue of the JOURNAL. “Foot-and-mouth disease is now ravaging all parts of Switzerland. The government has prohibited all cattle markets and has even for- bidden farmers from the infected districts entering the cities or vil- lages. A military slaughtering department has been mobilized to kill slightly infected cattle, whose meat, after careful veterinary inspection, is preserved. The epidemic is said to have reached Switzerland from Germany, Austria, and Italy. The flocks of Swiss goats which the American Government recently bought for export to the Philippines are being quarantined for six months.”—Holstein- Friesian Register (December 15). E. S. Brigham, Vermont’s commissioner of agriculture, and him- self a successful farmer, told me in Montpelier that Vermont’s ambition—as well as his own—is to get the largest number of accredited herds in the Union.—Country Gentleman (December 27). SOME CARRIERS OF ANTHRAX INFECTION: By Harry Morris, Baton Rouge, La. NOTWITHSTANDING the fact that anthrax is one of the oldest diseases known to science and the first proved to be caused by a specific micro-organism, many interesting facts may still be found in a study of this ancient disease. Not only is the disease of im- portance to the live-stock sanitarian, but also to the public health official, because anthrax affects man as well as the domestic animal. While sporadic cases of anthrax are reported from many localities in North America, enzootics of the disease occur in the Lower Mississippi Valley and, along the Gulf of Mexico. In discussing the subject of “Some Carriers of Anthrax Infection” a brief report will be given of some of the work done in the Patho- logical Laboratory of the Louisiana Experiment Station during re- cent years. The cause and symptoms of the disease will not be dis- cussed, because all veterinarians are more or less familiar with the disease. One of the most important factors to be considered in the study of the carriers of any disease is the source of infection. The source of anthrax infection can always be traced directly or indi- rectly to an animal sick with anthrax, or to the carcass of an animal that has died of this disease, no matter whether the infection be in the soil of the pasture field or in the bristles of the shaving brush. In Louisiana Bulletin No. 136 a report was given of experiments carried on with flesh-eating animals and carrion-eating birds as carriers of anthrax. These carriers included the dog, hog, cat, opossum, chicken, and buzzard. All were found capable of spread- ing anthrax infection after having fed upon anthrax-infected flesh or artificially prepared food containing anthrax spores. Anthrax in- fection was found in the feces of all except the buzzard. In the case of the buzzard, anthrax infection was recovered from its feet and beak for a period of 48 hours after having fed upon an anthrax carcass. It is not known how long contaminated fecal matter will continue to be a source of infection. During the progress of this work feces were collected from the colon of a dog which had been fed anthrax spores. After a lapse of 8 years virulent anthrax can be obtained from ,this material. 1Paper presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 606 ) . ¢ s, A . / Some CARRIERS OF ANTHRAX INFECTION -607 Later it was found by .experiment that the blood-sucking insects, skin piercing, after they had fed upon the blood of an anthrax-in- fected animal, were capable of transmitting the disease to healthy ones. In this work the horn-fly, the green-headed horse-fly and the swamp mosquito were used. The transmission seemed to be me- chanical and the infection was carried upon the soiled proboscides of the insects. During the past year experiments were carried on using the non- biting flies as carriers of anthrax. It was found that the common house-fly and the “blue bottle” fly could carry infection from an- thrax flesh to a healthy animal by simply walking over a fresh sur- face wound on the latter. The “blue bottle” or blow-fly, bred out of an unopened anthrax carcass, did not carry anthrax infection in or on its body. This seemed to be due to the destruction of the anthrax bacilli in the carcass by the process of putrefaction. The same fly bred in the presence of anthrax spores did carry anthrax on and in its body. This proves the importance of keeping the natural openings of the carcass closed and the skin free from lesions, as anthrax spores do not form in the unopened carcass; but if the carcass is opened and spores allowed to form, the process of decom- position has no effect upon them. The little Argentine ant leaves a trail of infection after having fed upon an anthrax carcass; this point has been proved many times in the Laboratory. One more possible carrier of anthrax should be discussed at this meeting, in conjunction with similar carriers of other diseases, and some action for its control should be taken by this: body of sani- tarians. This carrier is the anthrax vaccine of today, sold upon the open market, to anyone wishing to purchase it, and administered by unscientific men. In past years this unlimited sale of anthrax vac- cine has been practiced in the South, with little danger to either man or domestic animal. The vaccine contained nothing but the vegetative form of anthrax, which had passed through the process of attenuation. After remaining on the shelf of the country drug store for an indefinite period of time this product was absolutely harmless, even to the white mouse or the sterile agar slant. But the same thing does not hold true with the more efficient spore vaccine of today; every cubic centimeter contains millions of anthrax spores, and much better results are being reported from its use and the accompanying anti-anthrax serum than were obtained from the sterile beef-broth vaccine of a few years ago. But outbreaks of the’ / j 608 SoME CARRIERS OF ANTHRAX INFECTION disease are sure to follow its use if sold on the open market and administered by the unscientific man. This point should be of as great importance to the manufacturers of the product as it is to the live-stock owner. In the control of anthrax many problems may be studied, such as the elimination and eradication of insects by means of drainage, screens and other sanitary measures; but they all lead to the one great sanitary problem, and, quoting from Dr. Dalrymple, who has been teaching and preaching anthrax control in the South for many years, “the neglect to dispose of the anthrax carcass is, without doubt, the factor most responsible for the continuance and spread of anthrax in the South.” ” BILL TO PERMIT SENDING MEDICINES BY MAIL To the Editor: Many veterinarians who are engaged in country practice probably know the Post Office Department has ruled that poison, even medici- nal substances, could not be sent by mail. A bill to amend the law permitting the sending of medicines by mail has been introduced in the House of Representatives, and on behalf of the A. V. M. A. I wrote Congressman Steenerson of Minnesota, Chairman of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, urging the passage of this bill. In answer to my letter, Congressman Steenerson writes: “The Postmaster General has fa vorably reported this bill, and I think there will be little or n opposition to its being enacted into law.” N. S. Mayo. DEFICIENCY DISEASES: By C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala. IN order to indicate or point out the meaning of the term “defi- ciency diseases” I may be excused for giving a brief definition, yet knowing that short definitions are always partially incomplete and indefinite and consequently very often unsatisfactory. One author says “an insufficiency disease in one due to defective metabolism caused by a lack of vitamines in the diet.” Another author says it is “any disease due to lack of some element in the diet.” A vitamine is “one of a group of substances of unknown composition, present in very small amount in natural food-stuffs, which are essential to normal metabolism, and the lack of which in the dietary causes beriberi and other deficiency diseases.” Another says the lack of the proper vitamine in the diet causes scurvy and rachitis. Funk in the London Lancet in 1911 gave the name vitamines to all substances that were curative or preventive of deficiency diseases. He classified them as anti-scorbutic vitamines, anti-neuritic vita- mines, etc. Since that time other investigators have proposed new names for this class of materials, such as “growth substances,” “accessory food substances,” “growth determinants” and “food hor- mones.”” McCollum of Johns-Hopkins claims that the word “vitamine” is incorrectly applied to this group of substances, because “amine” in organic chemistry means a compound derived from ammonia by the substitution of one or more of its hydrogen atoms by various organic radicals. He and his co-workers have found that there are organic substances that contain no nitrogen and yet they are essential to health, to growth of an animal body and to reproduction. His ex- periments with these were confined chiefly to tests with rats and guinea pigs. The two unknown organic substances that McCollum has investigated and tested are named by him (1) “fat-soluble A” and (2) “water-soluble B.” Fat-soluble A is so called because it is soluble in fat, especially butter-fat. It is an “unidentified dietary essential.” Its best sources are butter-fat, whole milk, egg-yolk fats and the leaves of plants. It is found in small amounts in seeds of plants but not in sufficient quantities to maintain growth, reproduction and health and prevent eg presented at the fifty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 609 610 DEFICIENCY DISEASES a specific eye disease that McCollum calls xerophthalmia. The dis- ease is readily cured by feeding the affected rats small quantities of butter-fat in the ration. Animal body fats and vegetable fats do not contain fat-soluble A. All test animals (rats) fed chemically balanced rations which did not contain fat-soluble A did not take on normal growth, became stunted and emaciated, lost hair, had deficient reproduction and developed xerophthalmia. This same eye disease has been observed in other experimental animals and re- covery has been readily obtained by introducing 1 to 5 per cent of butter-fat to the ration. This eye disease appears to be a conjunc- tivitis, keratitis, and may become a pan-opthalmia. It is said to have occurred in a large number of children in Japan in a time of food shortage. It also occurred in children of Denmark when fed on separator milk. These children recovered when given, breast milk and butter-fat. Beriberi is a polyneuritic disease found among people who live largely on polished rice or on fish. Its principal lesions are those of a multiple peripheral neuritis. A man fed on polished rice for 3 moriths will develop this disease. Fowls fed on polished rice have polyneuritis gallinarum. Suckling children of affected mothers may have infantile beriberi. There are four or five clinical types of this disease. The atrophic form is manifest by slowly developing muscular weakness leading to paralysis of the lower limbs and trunk, rarely extending to the arms, head and neck. Atrophy of the affected muscles quickly ensues, with loss of deep reflexes. It is extremely interesting to note here how closely these clinical symptoms follow the clinical symptoms of the posterior limbs and body paralysis of hogs. Is it not highly probable that posterior limb paresis of swine is at times a nutritional disease? It occurs in swine fed on corn alone—deficient in required organic and in- organic materials and in fat-soluble A or the unknown extract or the water-soluble B or some other unknown food essential. It also occurs in hogs fed on peanuts alone, a diet still more deficient in the essential food materials. Beriberi is said to be readily cured by giving an extract of rice hulls and rice bran. This extract may be water-soluble B (McCollum). Dogs of the South have the sore mouth or black tongue. The causes are said to be (1) infection, (2) faulty nutrition, (3) hook- worm. Dr. J. I. Handley made repeated transfusions of blood from infected to well dogs and never thus transmitted the disease. Inocu- lations by injections, scarifications, etc., have been made, and the DEFIcIENCY DISEASES 611 disease has never thus been transmitted. Close contact of the sick with the well dogs has failed to transmit it. It appears that all attempts at artificial transmission have failed. The clinical symp- toms (by Dr. Salter of Dawson, Ga.) are at first inability to swallow, then salivation, ulceration of gums, tongue and other regions of the mouth, with a distinct characteristic odor from the mouth; at first constipation, followed by periodic diarrhea; later blood may be passed with feces. In the early stages the affected dog is lame in one or both hind limbs. This lameness disappears when the characteristic mouth symptoms appear. Eyes sometimes exhibit conjunctivitis. Sequels in bird dogs are loss of acute smelling or hearing and liability to show special nerve shock or going to pieces in the hunting. Some never fully recover. It occurs in bird dogs, collies, hounds, bulldogs, etc., but rather infrequently in scrub dogs. Postmortem lesions: Ulcers of mouth and sometimes there are ulcers in the stomach and intestines. As far as I can determine there are no distinct records of chronic cases. Most cases die in 6 to 14 days or recover. There are, no doubt, chronic cases, and such cases are not observed until they become acute. Why class this disease as a deficiency disease? Chittenden and Underhill reported in the American Journal of Physiology in 1917 (vol. 44, No. 13) that they fed a restricted diet of crackers, cooked peas and cottonseed oil to dogs, and in 2 to 8 months the dogs developed typical sore mouth, severe diarrhea and skin changes that were very suggestive of pellagra in man. This _ diet was very deficient in McCollum’s fat-soluble A. It is not con- clusive that sore mouth in dogs is altogether a deficiency disease, but it is very strongly suggestive. In some cases of sore mouth the ration or diet was very narrow, often confined to corn-meal or corn- bread made without oil or meat or milk. Often the only meat the dog obtained was from carcasses. Note the striking similarity of sore mouth in dogs and acute cases of pellagra in man—ulceration of the mouth, and diarrhea and defective digestion, nervous symptoms. In man pellagra is generally chronic. In the dog sore mouth as observed is appar- ently nearly always acute. It may be said that complications often kill the dog—such as absorption of toxins from the mouth and alimentary canal. The same may be said of pellagra. Pellagra has been produced in 5 out of 11 men who were fed a deficiency diet. Yet some claim it is primarily due to a defective diet that 612 DEFICIENCY DISEASES prepares the tissues or body for an infective germ—a complex- caused disease. It is certain that many chronic cases of pellegra recover when given a corrected diet containing not only a chemi- cally balanced diet but a nutritionally balanced or biologically balanced diet. I have seen a number of dogs with the sore mouth get well by giving a restricted non-irritating diet until the ulcers heal and then give whole milk and other foods that were nutrition- ally balanced. But the dog with an acute case does not stand the same relative chance for recovery as the chronic case of pellagra. Osteomalacia, along with rachitis and osteoporosis, has been classed as a deficiency disease. These three diseases have many points in common, and some are inclined to regard them as one dis- ease with three types or forms. Rachitis is a disease of the young where there is a constitutional malnutrition exhibiting incomplete development of the bones and cartilages, resulting in bone deformi- ties. Diminished deposition of lime salts occurs in the long bones of the limbs, in the ribs and in the skull. There is also an absorp- tion of lime salts in bones already formed. Thus hard bones be- come soft and flexible. In osteoporosis there is a concentric atrophy (a halisteresis of compact and cancellated bone) and an excessive development of blood vessels (hyperemia), fibrous and cellular elements of the bones involved. In osteomalacia there is a distinct hyperemia of the bone and marrow; the medullary spaces are en- larged. The bone changes can not be differentiated from osteo- porosis if each case is studied microscopically and macroscopically in the same stage of retrogression or progression. Absorption and removal of bone salts, hyperemia, an excess of cells (fat and osteo- blasts, etc.) are relatively the same in osteomalacia and osteo- porosis. In South Alabama along the coastal plain region sometimes called the wire-grass region there are years when a large number of cases of osteomalacia appear in cattle, chiefly cows. By the laymen the disease is termed “sweeny” of cattle or “creeping sickness.” When the grass is short the cow with a suckling calf takes on flesh and gives her normal flow of milk. By August 1 or September 1 the summer rains cease and the mature wire grass gets very tough and indigestible. Then the cow begins to get poor, shows emaciation, and atrophy of muscles and fat. She exhibits a depraved appetite, tries to chew old bones, and some are said to eat slugs and grass- hoppers. Some cows get very weak and lie down most of the time. If the fall rains come and the grass is revived or the cow is fed or Dericiency Diseases 613 t turned into the velvet-bean field or pea field or soy beans, or on a good pasture, she rapidly recovers. Very often when the muscles of the limbs and back are atrophied, the bones become soft and flexible, the ribs may bend or become indented, the transverse pro- cesses of the lumbar vertebra may be flexed (up and down) by slight pressure of the hand. In some cases of long standing the pelvis becomes deformed and pressure on the nerves produces paralysis. In rare cases the bones of the limbs or pelvis or the ribs may be fractured. In a few instances heifers, steers or bulls may develop osteomalacia. This is especially true if there be some primary reducing factor or if the drouth is long and they get poor from lack of sufficient feed. The milch cow goes down with it more frequently and earlier than the heifer, steer or bull, because she gives most of her feed to produce milk, and the heavier the milker the sooner the cow develops this most rapidly retrogressive change in the bones. The calf suckling the cow does not develop it, and always remains fat and growthy as long as its dam gives milk. Why is this a deficiency disease? The land is sandy and has no lime, hence there is little or no lime ir the soil or water, but there may be some in the plants, the wild grasses; but when the old grass is tough and indigestible and there is no young grass on account of the drouth, then the cow suffers for fat-soluble A, lime and phosphates. The body supply soon becomes exhausted in the milking cow and she gets no feed from the tough, indigestible and old grass. It may not be alone a deficiency in chemical lime and phosphates but also in some physiological or biological substances the lack of which starts or establishes pathological changes. Scorbutus is the most distinct deficiency disease in man. It occurs in sailors and miners and children and is due to a deficiency in some essential nutritional substance found in potatoes, oranges, lemons, apples, and other fruits. It is supposed to be associated with the vegetable acids, such as malic acid. A prolonged diet of dry salt meat and' white wheat flour or corn-meal develops it. It is very possible that scorbutus in the human is a form or type of pellagra. In man scorbutus is coexistent with rachitis. Rachitis is held as a distinct disease, yet often associated in children with scorbutus. Pigs, hogs, pups and dogs may have it, and possibly calves, cows and horses. I have seen cases in horses where the teeth were loose and could be picked out with the fingers and many of the other characteristics of scorbutus were present. It is not improbable that scorbutus is associated with many cases of rachitis 614 DEFICIENCY DISEASES in pigs and pups and with osteomalacia and osteoporosis in mature cattle and horses. It is time for veterinarians to observe and when possible make careful and accurate records of causes, clinical symptoms and lesions. Also they should teach prevention and try balanced biological rations as the chief remedy. | In Florida and some parts of Georgia and Alabama where velvet. beans are grown in large numbers, hogs are fed largely on them.- If brood sows are fed exclusively on velvet beans during pregnancy the sows abort, or when pigs are carried to farrowing time they may be deformed or they do not make normal growth but become stunted. Now this may or may not be a congenital deficiency dis- ease, but it certainly looks suspicious and calls for investigation. It may not be amiss to refer to abortion as a disease that may be caused by some feeds, and if defective or deficient feeds are not primary exciting causes they certainly can be predisposing causes. I predict the time will come when the veterinarians and the dairy- men will find that many cases of so-called contagious abortion are found to be cases due to overfeeding cottonseed meal or some other unbalanced chemical, physiological or pathological feed. This is a day or an age of germ diseases. A few decades—some three or four—have seen the progressive rise of bacteriology in medicine and in the arts and sciences, and now the laity and the medical men think, reason and practice medicine with germs, infections, disin- fectants, bacterins, sera, etc., ad infinitum, and some forget that there are other things that may cause disease. McCollum, Funk, Mendel and others are harking back to foods and feeds to find why some men, children and ‘animals are physically defective in growth, reproduction, longevity and health. This is an age of mixed infec- tions, mixed diseases, symptoms complex and causes complex. CAESARIAN SECTION IN THE SOW! By J. N. Goutp, Worthington, Minn. THIS important operation is not a difficult one after the practi- tioner becomes familiar with the technique. After becoming some- what expert in handling these cases, the veterinarian will much rather operate than make the delivery with the forceps. There is nothing about this operation that should deter the prac- titioner of average ability from employing it as often as the cases are presented. I am of the opinion that fear of failure often prompts the young practitioner to use the forceps, rather than perform Caesarian sec- tion, as the lack of -skill is not so apparent to the owner and ' bystanders. For many years I employed this operation only as a last resort, and consequently my failures were many and successes few. Later on I began using this method more frequently and as I became more skillful the proportion of successful operations increased, especially when I operated mostly on fresh cases. As a preliminary to becoming a successful operator on these cases the practitioner should secure hog intestines from the local slaughter house, on which he can learn to manipulate the sutures and needle. Dogs are particularly fine subjects for practice. They enable the novice to become familiar with handling small patients under anesthesia and furnish opportunity of overcoming awkward- ness in handling sutures and the internal organs of animals. In my own case the factor that most improved my technique was the handling of dogs and performing the simpler operations on the stomach and bowels. The instruments and materials needed for the operation are few and the ordinary veterinarian’s office will supply them without any additions. They are cambric needle, scalpel, large curved needle, pair small pig forceps, sterile catgut suture, heavy suture tape, a piece of gauze about 3 feet square, tincture of iodine, antiseptic soap, sterile normal saline solution, chloroform and ether. An operating table need not be elaborate, but can be any bench of sufficient height for convenience of operator The instruments and gauze should be thoroughly sterilized and the hands of the operator scrubbed with some antiseptic soap. I have not been in the habit of 1 Paper presented at the Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans, La., November, 1919. 615 616 CAESARIAN SECTION IN THE Sow using rubber operating gloves, but they would, I think, add much to the success of the operation. I use a cone or large can for a container to hold the cotton saturated with the anesthetic and start the patient with chloroform. When partly under the drug use ether for the balance of the time. I usually start giving the anesthetic with the patient on the floor and then place the patient on the operating table when it is partly under the anesthetic. This avoids a lot of struggling and delay. The instruments and patient can be made ready while the anes- thetic is being given. The right side is selected for the incision and is either thoroughly brushed dry and then painted with tincture of iodine or the hair over the site is clipped and the skin thoroughly cleansed with antiseptic soap and then covered with the sterile gauze. The opening is made midway between the ileum and the last rib; getting it as high as possible and large enough so the operator’s hand can be inserted easily. The size of the incision is important. If it is not of sufficient size the uterine horns may be ruptured when this organ is drawn outside. After the incision is made the entire uterine mass and fetal bodies are brought outside and placed on the gauze covering. The horn having the larger number of pigs is selected first and the incision is made on the upper side at or near the junction with the uterine body. Here again the operator should be careful to make the opening sufficiently large to prevent tearing the edges of the wound. The pigs should be removed through this one opening as rapidly as possible, also removing all of the loose fetal placenta. The attached membranes should be left to be discharged through the vaginal opening. The blood clots should now be removed from the edges of the uterine wound and the opening closed with sterile suture. A double row of continuous sutures gives the best results. It can be done more quickly than the interrupted sutures and lessens the handling of the parts. The entire mass is flushed with the sterile saline solution and replaced within the abdominal cavity. I usually suture the peritoneum with a continuous suture and close the skin and muscle wound with an interrupted tape stitch. I think that an injection of tincture of iodine into the external wound often overcomes a tendency to subsequent infection. The patient is returned to the pen and kept away from her pigs CAESARIAN SECTION IN THE SOW 617 for a few hours, until she is entirely from under the influence of the antiseptic. The operator should endeavor to perfect his technique so that he can operate rapidly and with as little handling of the parts as possible. This will add materially to his success. If the veterinarian’s clients are properly approached they will co-operate with him and most of these cases will be brought to the hospital. This alone adds to the success of the operation. The fact that the operation can be completed within an hour, and a larger number of live pigs delivered, appeals alike to the veter- inarian and owner. Except in rare cases, Caesarian section is certainly far superior to any other method of handling dystokia in the sow. A CORRECTION To the Editor: I wish to call attention to page 285, vol. LVI, n. s., Vol. 9, No. 3, December, 1919, of the JourNAL, paragraph 3, line 8. The first _ figure in this line, namely 5, should be 8. Inasmuch as the strength of tuberculin is in our view dependent upon the provision of suff- cient surface for growth of the bacillus, it seems that this mistake is of considerable importance and should be recorded. M. Dorset. ABSTRACTS SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS IN A Sow. J. A. Hofmann in Berliner Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, vol. 35, pp. 125-126, April, 1919. Spontaneous rupture of the uterus seldom occurs. In a sow, not quite 11 months old, delivery was hindered. One live pig was wedged into the narrow pelvis; three others could be felt through the abdominal wall. The sow showed evidence of unusual labor pain. Normal delivery seeming unlikely, the owner consented to Caesarian section which was made into the right flank. After open- ing the uterus the pig wedged into the pelvis was taken out alive, but after careful search in the uterus other pigs were not found. Since three pigs had been palpated unmistakably, I searched the ab- dominal cavity with the carefully disinfected arm and brought out all three. They had been washed out of the uterus and had just died. Their navel chords could be traced to a swelling having the size and color of a rose, attached to the right horn of the uterus. I thought of extra-uterine pregnacy, but found, on removing the afterbirth, that there was a new, transverse tear in the uterus, at the tip of the right horn, through which the fetuses had been extruded, drawing enough of the membranes through to make a swelling at the breach. I shoved this back into the uterus, closed the tear and proceeded as usual in the Caesarian section. The sow recovered and was fattened later. This case gives conclusive. proof of the possibility of spontaneous rupture. The diagnosis of rupture in a sow is hardly possible. Only when the pigs can be easily felt through the abdominal wall, does rupture suggest itself. Labor pains may persist after rupture, especi- ally when this occurs at the tip of the horns. On the other hand cessation of labor pains may have other causes and consequently — cannot be regarded in the sow, as an indication of rupture. W. N. Bere. Narcosis: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PracticaAL InvesticATION WiTtH ParticuLAR REFERENCE TO INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF AQuEoUs SOLUTIONS OF CHLORAL- HYDRATE Into THE HorsrE. Veterinarian Caemerer. In Zeit- schrift fur Veterinarkunde, vol. 31, pp. 169-355, Hefts 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1919. A very extensive presentation of the theory of narcosis and cer- ' tain practical applications. Charles Jackson of Boston (1805-1880) 618 ABSTRACTS 619 is mentioned as the discoverer of the use of ether as an anesthetic. The various theories of narcosis are presented; a general theory to explain the action of different types of narcotics has not yet been developed. Narcosis is a complex reaction, not to be explained by any simple theory. All of the various theories so far developed are based on experimental evidence and are of value. By ligating the limbs, thereby diminishing the volume of cir- culating blood, animals require smaller amounts of chloroform for narcosis, and on removing the ligatures, recovery is more rapid. Koppen distinguishes the five following stages in the action of chloral: 1. Incoordinate movement. Animal staggers and falls. Involved are: cerebrum and centers mediating muscular coordina- tion; cerebellum and medulla. 2. Paralysis of the cerebrum; ani- mal lies on its side. Corneal reflex becomes weak; respiration and heart beat slower. Cutaneous reflexes more acute. 3. Heart beat and respiration still slower; corneal reflex barely detectable. 4. En- tire absence of corneal reflex; the tactile hair (whisker) reflex is re- tained. Respiration very slow. 5. Stage immediately preceding death. The whisker reflex absent. The kymograph registers a fall in blood pressure. In horses that had been narcotized with chloralhydrate, it was noticed that wounds, infected or not, healed remarkably well; this is ascribed to the stimulation exerted by the chloralhydrate upon phagocytes. For a 400 kilo (900 lbs.) horse 50 grams chloralhy- drate are required. Use of chloralhydrate—This may be administered in the follow- ing ways: 1. per rectum. 2. By mouth. 3. Intraperitoneal injection. 4, Intravenous injection. It may not be administered subcutane- ously or intratracheally. These various methods are discussed and criticized in detail; author prefers the intravenous injection. Technic of the injection—The patients require no special prepara- tion. The chloralhydrate must be pure and contain no chlorinated impurities. The apparatus required is of the simplest kind. Sal- varsan-injection apparatus is good. A long needle (10 cm., 4 inches) should be used and, of course, the usual precautions must be taken as in any intravenous injection. Author used 7.5 per cent chloralhydrate solutions. This concentration should not be ex- ceeded. This is not irritating; this solution in the eye causes no more discomfort than so much water. The freshly prepared solu- tion is always filtered; warmed to body temperature in a pail of hot water; the solution being in a tightly stoppered bottle. It is ad- visable to dissolve 60 grams of chloralhydrate (for large horses 620 ABSTRACTS 75 grams). Since the least dose is 15 grams, i. e., 200 c.c. of 7.5 per cent solution; little effect will be obtained with the first cylinder full (salvarsan cylinder of 250 c.c. volume). Injection of 250 c.c. should require 1 minute 25 seconds. If all goes well keep running the solution into the animal; one cylinderful every two minutes. The casting ropes, belts, etc., are loosely attached to the animal be- fore the injection is begun. All should be quiet; there is no struggling. The injection is continued as long as the horse can stand; he should be assisted to take the ‘dog- -position (squatting) and during this time the injection is continued. When the animal lies down or is about to do so, the needle is withdrawn. As the - horse slowly slides down on his side, the restraining apparatus is fastened on, no force being necessary. Observation of the pulse and respiration is not necessary; an occasional glance suffices. After the operation the animal should not be allowed to rise too soon. In 500 such injections there were no accidents. Exceptional was a first case in which the horse was allowed to rise too soon; he staggered and fell, breaking his atlas. When two men cannot hold the horse down it is strong enough to get up and stand. Following figures are for pronounced deep narcosis. Averages: Dose 1/6 iste edd Sees ole alate loss kd ha Nee en 51.4 grams Narcpsis, begins AGtEr. wai. 3.4 hs 45s oe pea ee 4 minutes Duration of NSPCOSIS..% 6. Hews obese ee ee 54 minutes Aniinial BPisGs GHOOE «ss see > + as.5 40 POSER eens 95 minutes Time between insertion of needle and animal arising. 99 minutes In one case an animal was killed by intravenous injection; 340 grams of chloralhydrate were required. Injection of aqueous solu- tions of chloroform are very dangerous. W. N. Bere. THE TREATMENT OF PHLEGMON WITH PatTIENT’s Own Bioop. Mid- deldorf. In Berl. Tier. Wchns. 1918. p. 475. Abst. in Mon- atshefte f. Prak. Tierhk. May, 1919, p. 572. The subcutaneous (parenteral) injection of patient’s own blood will produce protective ferments in the body of the sick animal which gradually dissolve and digest the hypertrophied connective tissue in chronic phlegmon. At the same time through the resorp- tion and digestion of the subcutaneously injected blood, there occurs an active formation of antibodies for combining with the bacterial toxins. The blood (50-100 c.c.) is drawn from the juglar vein and immediately injected subcutaneously. In 13 out of 14 horses suf- fering from chronic suppurating phlegmon treated with their own REVIEW 621 blood there was complete healing after 6 or 7 weeks. The author states that in a short time there was.a spontaneous and complete healing of the abscesses and after a few weeks a distinct recession and almost entire disappearance of the swelling and the sclerotic tissue. L. T. GittNer. REVIEW VETERINARY MatertA Mepica and THERAPEUTICS, By Major Kenelm Winslow, B. A. S., M. D. V., M. D., formerly Assistant Professor of Therapeutics, Veterinary School of Harvard Uni- versity. Eighth edition, revised, 640 pp. American Veteri- nary Publishing Company, Chicago, IIl., 1919; flexible cloth. Price, $6. The eighth edition of Professor Winslow’s standard work on therapeutics has been greatly revised and wholly rewritten in accord- ance with the ninth edition of the United States Pharmacopeia. Re- cently approved remedies have been included together with a large number of prescriptions of proved merit. The fact that this work has now reached the eighth edition is sufficient proof of the favor with which it has been received by the profession. The desire of the author to make his book the last word on the subject is attested by the inclusion of a section on biological therapy by Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, who is peculiarly fitted for this work. Further, the author has had the assistance of one of the leading parasitologists of the country, Dr. Maurice C. Hall, in revising the matter on anthel- mintics. It is to be regretted, however, that when the author leaves the field of therapeutics to discuss the diagnosis and prevalence of certain diseases, some lapses have occurred. For instance, on page 585, under “Hog Cholera,” the author gives the inference that swine erysipelas occurs in the United States, while as a matter of fact this disease has never been proved to exist in this country. Likewise, on page 610, under “Surra,” the old method of diagnosing the disease by inoculating rabbits is given, whereas this method is now sup- planted in all modern laboratories by the more accurate comple- ment-fixation test. The names of Bang-and Theobald Smith appear misspelled on page 539, but this form of typographical error is exceedingly rare. All in all, the profession is to be congratulated in having such a valuable work on such an important subject made available and the publishers are to be commended for the excellent manner in which they have performed their work, particularly in furnishing a flexible cloth cover for a work which will be in such constant use by the practitioner. EPS. ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE NEWS FROM THE SURGEON GENERAL’S OFFICE NUMBER OF VETERINARY OFFICERS ON DuTy The Office of the Surgeon-General of the United States Army has furnished the following information as to veterinary officers on duty. Officers Veterinary Corps, United States Army, with temporary rank as authorized by Congress in act providing 18,000 officers until June 30, 1920, on wi on dates shown (1920): January 11. February 11. Colotiels: 3. ais an eae 0 0 Lieutenant-Colonels ....... 4, 3 MAIOLS |. 64s 54.4 53) conan 35 35 CELA ia is cee sce ae 73 73 First Lieutenants.......... 148 142 Second Lieutenants........ 76 72 "TOUBIS tic 5 oe ee oe 337 326 Officers, Veterinary Corps, Regular Army, with permanent rank under act of June 3, 1916, on duty February 11, 1920: Magers \.